Energy EU 25: The EU Electricity and Gas Markets - Liberalisation and Enlargement (Ed 2, 2006)

Table of Contents

• Contents
• Introduction
  • EU Enlargement
  • Energy policies
• The EU Electricity Market
  • The Physical Exchange of Electricity In Europe
  • European International Transmission Grids
  • European transmission and distribution network structures
    • UCTE
    • ETSO
    • CENTREL
    • Nordel
    • BALTREL - Baltijos Ziedas - the Baltic Ring
    • Unified Power Systems (UPS)
    • BG/RO
    • SUDEL
  • The Middle East and North African Inter-Connectors with Europe
    • Middle East
    • North Africa
  • Energy Market Liberalisation
  • Market Liberalisation 2006
    • EU - original 15 countries
    • Unbundling
    • Network Access
    • Competition
    • Generation market structure
    • Development of liquid wholesale markets
    • EU 10 - Accession States and Candidate Countries
• The Natural Gas Market
  • Gas Production
  • Gas Supply
  • Gas Supplies to Europe
  • Gas Pipeline Transport
  • LNG transport
  • Gas Market Liberalisation in 2006
    • Switching supplier
    • Unbundling
    • Network Access
    • Balancing
    • Storage
    • Competition in the gas sector
    • Trends in wholesale gas markets and market surveillance
    • Supply Market
• Environment
  • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 - Kyoto Protocol
  • EU Directives
    • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
    • ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
    • IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
    • EU Biofuels Directive
    • The EU Landfill Directive
    • Hazardous Waste Directive
    • Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
    • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
    • End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
  • The Environment in the EU 25 Countries
• EU 15
• AUSTRIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• BELGIUM
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• BULGARIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Industry Characteristics
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Deregulation and privatisation
• CYPRUS
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• CZECH REPUBLIC
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• DENMARK
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ESTONIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• FINLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• FRANCE
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• GERMANY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• GREECE
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• HUNGARY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• IRELAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ITALY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LATVIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LITHUANIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LUXEMBOURG
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• MALTA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• NETHERLANDS
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• NORWAY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• POLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• PORTUGAL
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ROMANIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SLOVAKIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SLOVENIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SPAIN
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SWEDEN
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SWITZERLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• TURKEY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• UNITED KINGDOM
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation

Figures

• Figure 1: Installed generating capacity of EU countries MW, 2005
• Figure 2: Growth of installed electricity generating capacity in the EU, 1991 to 2005
• Figure 3: Annual rate of growth of installed generating capacity in EU countries, 1980 to 2005
• Figure 4: Per capita electricity consumption in EU 25 countries, 2002
• Figure 5: Physical power exchanges in Europe GWh, 2002
• Figure 6: Typical network structure in European countries
• Figure 7: Transmission System Operators in Europe
• Figure 8: Nordic Grid
• Figure 9: Electricity supply in the Baltic Sea region
• Figure 10: UPS/IPS - The electrical power system of the Russian Federation
• Figure 11: SUDEL South East Europe
• Figure 12: The Middle East and North African Inter-Connectors, North Africa
• Figure 13: Degree of market opening of the electricity markets in May 2006
• Figure 14: Production, imports, exports, consumption of natural gas in Europe
• Figure 15: Production, imports, exports and consumption by country, Bcm, 2004
• Figure 16: Existing and potential gas supplies to Europe
• Figure 17: Gas transport in the EU in 1970
• Figure 18: Gas transport in the EU in 2000
• Figure 19: The status of gas market opening in 2005
• Figure 20: Net contributions in the EYS first year of operation
• Figure 21: Total carbon emissions in EU 15 compared with the others, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 22: Carbon emissions European countries 1990 and 2004
• Figure 23: Per capita carbon emissisons European countries 1990 and 2004
• Figure 24: Carbon intensity in EU countries, 1990 and 2004
• Figure 25: Market share for Norwegian gas

Tables

• Table 1: Status of privatisation and electricity market opening in EU 25 countries, May 2006
• Table 2: Production, imports, exports and consumption of natural gas in Europe, 2004
• Table 3: LNG terminals in Europe 2005
• Table 4: Status of privatisation and gas market opening in EU 25 countries, August 2004
• Table 5: Extent of switching gas suppliers 2005
• Table 6: Economic background and statistics
• Table 7: Electricity statistics
• Table 8: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 9: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 10: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 11: Principal gas companies
• Table 12: Economic background and statistics
• Table 13: Electricity statistics
• Table 14: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 15: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 16: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 17: Principal gas companies
• Table 18: Economic background and statistics
• Table 19: Electricity statistics
• Table 20: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 21: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 22: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 23: Principal gas companies
• Table 24: Economic background and statistics
• Table 25: Electricity statistics
• Table 26: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 27: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 28: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 29: Economic background and statistics
• Table 30: Electricity statistics
• Table 31: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 32: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 33: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 34: Principal gas companies
• Table 35: Economic background and statistics
• Table 36: Existing interconnections with the Nordel countries
• Table 37: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 38: Electricity statistics
• Table 39: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 40: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 41: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 42: Principal gas companies
• Table 43: Economic background and statistics
• Table 44: Electricity statistics
• Table 45: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 46: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 47: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 48: Principal gas companies
• Table 49: Economic background and statistics
• Table 50: Existing interconnections with Nordel countries
• Table 51: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 52: Electricity Statistics
• Table 53: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 54: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 55: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 56: Principal gas companies
• Table 57: Economic background and statistics
• Table 58: Electricity statistics
• Table 59: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 60: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 61: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 62: Principal gas companies
• Table 63: Economic background and statistics
• Table 64: Electricity statistics
• Table 65: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 66: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 67: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 68: Principal gas companies
• Table 69: Economic background and statistics
• Table 70: Electricity statistics
• Table 71: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 72: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 73: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 74: Principal gas companies
• Table 75: Economic background and statistics
• Table 76: Electricity statistics
• Table 77: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 78: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 79: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 80: Principal gas companies
• Table 81: Economic background and statistics
• Table 82: Electricity statistics
• Table 83: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 84: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 85: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 86: Principal gas companies
• Table 87: Economic background and statistics
• Table 88: Process of Retail market opening
• Table 89: Electricity statistics
• Table 90: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 91: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 92: Timetable for Italian deregulation enacted in the Decree of 23rd May, 2000
• Table 93: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 94: Principal gas companies
• Table 95: Economic background and statistics
• Table 96: Electricity statistics
• Table 97: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 98: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 99: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 100: Principal gas companies
• Table 101: Economic background and statistics
• Table 102: Electricity Statistics
• Table 103: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 104: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 105: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 106: Principal gas companies
• Table 107: Economic background and statistics
• Table 108: Retail market opening
• Table 109: Electricity statistics
• Table 110: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 111: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 112: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 113: Principal gas companies
• Table 114: Economic background and statistics
• Table 115: Electricity statistics
• Table 116: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 117: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 118: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 119: Principal gas companies
• Table 120: Economic background and statistics
• Table 121: Electricity statistics
• Table 122: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 123: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 124: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 125: Principal gas companies
• Table 126: Economic background and statistics
• Table 127: Existing interconnections with Nordel countries
• Table 128: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 129: Electricity statistics
• Table 130: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 131: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 132: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 133: Principal gas companies
• Table 134: Economic background and statistics
• Table 135: Electricity statistics
• Table 136: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 137: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 138: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 139: Principal gas companies
• Table 140: Economic background and statistics
• Table 141: Electricity statistics
• Table 142: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 143: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 144: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 145: Principal gas companies
• Table 146: Economic background and statistics
• Table 147: Electricity statistics
• Table 148: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 149: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 150: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 151: Principal gas companies
• Table 152: Economic background and statistics
• Table 153: Electricity statistics
• Table 154: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 155: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 156: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 157: Economic background and statistics
• Table 158: Electricity statistics
• Table 159: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 160: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 161: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 162: Principal gas companies
• Table 163: Economic background and statistics
• Table 164: Electricity statistics
• Table 165: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 166: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 167: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 168: Principal gas companies
• Table 169: Economic background and statistics
• Table 170: Existing links with Nordel countries
• Table 171: Existing links with other countries
• Table 172: Electricity statistics
• Table 173: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 174: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 175: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 176: Principal gas companies
• Table 177: Economic background and statistics
• Table 178: Electricity statistics
• Table 179: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 180: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 181: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 182: Principal gas companies
• Table 183: Economic background and statistics
• Table 184: Electricity Statistics
• Table 185: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 186: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 187: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 188: Principal gas companies
• Table 189: Economic background and statistics
• Table 190: Electricity statistics
• Table 191: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 192: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 193: The chronology of the privatisation of British Gas
• Table 194: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 195: Principal gas companies