Biomass Report: Direct and Indirect Use (Ed 3 - 2009)

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

• Regional usage and development
• Usage patterns
• New feedstocks - second generation feedstocks
• Technologies and transformation
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
• Charcoal production
• Briquetting and pelletising
• Biofuels for transportation
• Bioheat
• MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
• LFG (Landfill Gas)
• Biopower
• Biomass legislation

1. Introduction

2. Biomass as a primary fuel

• TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
• TFEC - Total Final Energy Consumption
• The Fuel Ladder
• Urban usage
• Future primary energy production and consumption
• Bioenergy power generation

3. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy

• Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy

4. Biomass resources

• Agricultural crops
• Energy cropping

5. Biomass conversion technologies

• Direct use
• Cogeneration
• Transformation
• Electricity generation
  • Conventional steam boiler
  • Co-firing
  • Anaerobic digestion
  • Pyrolysis
  • Charcoal production
  • Briquetting and pelletising
  • Modular systems
• Biofuels for transportation
  • Ethanol
  • Biodiesel
  • Bio refineries
  • Bio-based products
• Technology developments

6. Biomass usage and technologies

• Biomass electricity and heat
• Biomass heat
• Technology for biomass heat
• Domestic heat production
• Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
• District heating
• Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat
• European competitiveness
• Market characteristics
• Infrastructure constraints
• USA
• Rest of world
• Liquid biofuels
• Technology and Feedstocks
• Jatropha
• Ligno-cellulose
• Waste
• Algae
• Biofuel production
• Markets
• Food versus fuel
• Ethanol
• USA
• Fiscal stimulus
• Motor fuel applications for ethanol in the US
• Brazil
• EU
• Biodiesel
• Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
• USA
• EPAct 1992
• EPAct 2005
• Biodiesel Tax Credit
• Credit Trading Programme
• State incentives for use of biodiesel
• International incentives for proportion of biodiesel
• Australia
• Thailand:
• Malaysia:
• Technology and feedstocks for ethanol and biodiesel
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Environmental impacts
• Manpower requirements
• Market position
• Brazil, USA, EU competitiveness
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
• Technology
• Waste reduction
• Environmental issues
• Recession
• PFIs (Private Finance Initiatives)
• Private Sector Involvement
• Evolution of Cost and Technical Performance of MSWC
• Global picture
• EU
• Waste policy in Europe
• East Asia
• Japan
• China
• India
• Pacific
• South and Central America
• Future prospects
• Landfill gas
• Environment
• Technology
• Landfill gas market
• EU
• EU environmental regulations
• USA
• Developing Countries and CERs
• Africa
• China
• Other East Asia and Pacific
• South West Asia
• Latin America and the Caribbean
• Market problems
• Future prospects for landfill gas
• Biogas
• Biopower
• Technology
• Conventional steam cycle plant
• Gasification and other advanced processes
• Co-firing with fossil fuels
• Advantages of co-firing
• Disadvantages of co-firing
• Regional development
• United States
• Europe
• Brazil

7. Regional and national biomass market and technology review

• United States
  • Biomass Consumption by Energy Source and Use Sector
  • Biomass Resources
  • Electricity generation from biomass
• Canada
• Transformation
  • Electricity generation
  • Biofuel
  • Equipment for biomass power generation
• National market characteristics in the EU
• Austria
  • Biomass R&D
• Finland
  • Biomass R&D
• France
• Germany
  • Biomass R&D
• Italy
  • Biomass R&D
• Norway
• Spain
  • Biomass R&D
• Sweden
  • Biomass R&D
• Turkey
• CIS
• Russia
• Asia Pacific
• Australia
• China
  • Biomass R&D and technology development
  • New technologies developed in China
  • New energy fuels and products under development
  • Government support
  • South Asia
• India
• Bangladesh
• Southeast Asia
• Indonesia
  • Government support
• Japan
• Malaysia
  • Government support
• Pakistan
• Philippines
  • Government support
• Thailand
  • Government support
  • Government support
• Vietnam
  • Biomass R&D and government support
• Latin America
• Brazil
• Mexico
• Africa

8. Environmental issues

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
• Kyoto Protocol
  • Status of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Annex 1 countries December 31, 2006
  • The "Hockey Stick Effect" and the "Medieval Warming"
  • Comment on Climate Report 2001 and Paris Report 2007
  • USA environmental legislation
• EU Environmental Directives
  • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
  • ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
  • IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
  • EU Biofuels Directive
  • The EU Landfill Directive
  • Hazardous Waste Directive
  • Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
  • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
  • End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
  • The technology and other abatement measures for carbon dioxide - CO2
• Carbon sequestration
• Sleipner Project

9. Comments on biomass statistics

10. Sources