Table of Contents
The Geothermal Energy Report
1. Executive Summary
- USA
- Philippines
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Mexico
- Japan
- Other countries
2. Introduction to geothermal energy
- The development of geothermal energy use
- Direct low enthalpy use of geothermal energy
- Source: IEA
- Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHP), Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Indirect use of geothermal energy for power generation
- Technology of geothermal power generation
- Dry steam
- Flash steam
- Binary cycle
- Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR)
- Geothermal energy efficiency
- Location of resources
3. Overview of geothermal energy capacity & utilisation
- Geothermal direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Geothermal electricity generation
- Geothermal generation potential
- Technology
4. Geothermal power industry
- Geothermal power operators in the US
- Calpine
- CalEnergy
- Chevron
- Ormat Technologies Inc
- A Note on Caithness Energy
- Smaller operators
- Geothermal equipment manufacturers
- USA
- Japan
- Gemany
- France
- Italy
- Russia
5. Geothermal Revenue and Costs - Generation, Construction and Equipment Sales Revenue from geothermal electricity sales
- Capital costs for building geothermal power plants
- Indirect Costs
- Operating and Maintenance Costs
- Cost comparisons with other generation technologies
- Geothermal generation equipment market
6. Country use and development of geothermal energy
- United States
- Geothermal power generation
- The Geysers
- Existing Installations and Active Geothermal Projects in the United States
- Proposed installations
- Source: GEA
- Source: GEA
- Current industry outlook
- Geothermal resources of the USA
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Direct use of geothermal energy
- Federal Government Programmes/Incentives
- Canada
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Mexico
- Geothermal power generation
- Recent power development
- Geothermal fields
- Geothermal generation plants
- Future developments
- Direct use
7. Asia
- Indonesia
- Geothermal power generation
- Resource Potential
- Geothermal plants
- Field development and contractor status
- Pertamina
- Unocal/Chevron
- Amoseas
- Caithness and Florida Power & Light
- California Energy
- Asia Power Ltd
- PT. Wahana Komunikatama
- Geothermal contracts concluded
- Prices
- Regional autonomy
- Law and regulation - insufficient legal protection
- Contractual arrangements
- Joint Operation Contract (JOC)
- Energy Sales Contract (ESC)
- New geothermal guidelines
- Developments in 2006
- Direct use
- Japan
- Geothermal power generation
- First Generation (Mid 1960s - Mid 1970s)
- Second Generation (Mid 1970s - Mid 1980s)
- Third Generation (Mid 1980s - present)
- Future prospects
- Government support
- Research and Development by the Government
- Direct use
- Korea
- Direct Use
- Installed direct use power rose dramatically from 2005, reaching 73.3 MW
in 2007 from a negligible base in 2004
- Source: IEA
- Papua New Guinea
- Source: GHC Bulletin
- Geothermal power development is focussed on the island of Lihir, 900Km
northeast of the capital, the initiative linked to gold mining. After an
initial 6 MW back-pressure plant was constructed in 2003, a new 50 MW station
has been commissioned, comprising one 30 MW unit and two 10 MW units. 75% of
the mine' s needs are provided by geothermal electricity, saving $40m in 2007,
replacing heavy fuel oil and generating £3m pa in carbon credits
- Philippines
- Geothermal power generation
- Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines
- Geothermal plants
- Mak-Ban
- Tiwi
- Leyte
- Mak-Ban
- 11 plants (10 flash units and one binary plant) totalling 458 MW
- Mindanao
- Palinpinon
- Direct use
- China, People' s Republic
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Geothermal district heating
- Geothermal greenhouses
- Geothermal aquaculture feeding and breeding
- Hot spring baths, medical care, and hot spring entertainment
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Mongolia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- New Zealand
- Geothermal power generation
- Future developments
- Direct use
- Geothermal resources
8. Europe
- Albania
- Austria
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Belgium
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Bulgaria
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Croatia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Czech Republic
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Denmark
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Finland
- Direct Use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- France
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Georgia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Germany
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Source: IEA
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- New production capacity
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Hungary
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Iceland
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Italy
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Lithuania
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Macedonia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Netherlands
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Norway
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Poland
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Portugal and the Azores
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Romania
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Russian Federation
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Serbia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Slovak Republic
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Slovenia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Spain
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Sweden
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
- Switzerland
Geothermal power generation Direct use Turkey Geothermal power generation
Direct use UK Geothermal power generation Direct use Ukraine Geothermal power
generation Direct use
9. Central America and Caribbean
- Costa Rica
- Geothermal power generation
- Future development
- Direct use
- Dominica
- El Salvador
- Geothermal power generation
- Future development
- Direct use
- Grenada
- Guadeloupe
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Guatemala
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Honduras
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Nicaragua
- Geothermal power generation
- Future development
- Economic benefits of geothermal energy for Nicaragua
- Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua
- El Najo-Santa Isabel
- San Jacinto-Tizate
- Geothermal Rural Electrification
- Draft of Geothermal Law
- Main concepts of the draft legislation:
- Direct use
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- St. Lucia
- St. Vincent and the Grenadines
10. Africa
- Kenya
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
- Ethiopia
- Geothermal power generation
- Direct use
11. Sources and Acknowledgements
12. Geothermal manufacturers
Figures
- Figure 2.1: Leading Countries for Direct Use, 2006
- Figure 2.2: GSHP principles
- Figure 2.3: Loop designs for GSHP
- Figure 2.4: Commerical application of ground source heat pumps pumps
- Figure 2.5: Geothermal power plant
- Figure 2.6: Schematic Diagram of a Dry Steam Power Plant
- Figure 2.7: Flash Steam Power Plant
- Figure 2.8: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso
geothermal field
- Figure 2.9: Binary Cycle geothermal power plant
- Figure 2.10: The Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal power plants at the
Casa Diablo geothermal field
- Figure 2.11: The schematic layout of the Soultz-sous-Forets HDR plant
- Figure 2.12: The geothermal resource
- Figure 2.13: World high temperature geothermal areas
- Figure 3.1: Development of direct use of geothermal energy, 1995 to 2005
- Figure 3.2: Share of capacity by segment 1995
- Figure 3.3: Share of capacity by segment 2005
- Figure 3.4: Electricity generating capacity (MW) from geothermal energy,
1975 to 2007
- Figure 3.5: Geothermal power generation installed capacity (MW), 2000 and
2005
- Figure 3.6: Geothermal plant capacity by technology, 2005
- Figure 6.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), United States
- Figure 6.2: NCPA Power Plant 2 at The Geysers, Winter 2005
- Figure 6.3: Geothermal Resources in the United States
- Figure 6.4: Unit sales of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) in the United
States,
- Figure 6.5: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Capacity (MW), United
States
- Figure 6.6: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Mexico
- Figure 6.7: Geothermal fields in Mexico
- Figure 7.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Indonesia
- Figure 7.2: Geothermal resources in Indonesia
- Figure 7.3: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Japan
- Figure 7.4: List of existing geothermal power plants
- Figure 7.5: Location of geothermal resources
- Figure 7.6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Korea
- Figure 7.7: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Papua New Guinea
- Figure 7.8: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), The Philippines
- Figure 7.9: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of the Philippines
- Figure 7.10: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), China
- Figure 7.11: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), New Zealand
- Figure 8.1: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Austria
- Figure 8.2: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Denmark
- Figure 8.3: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Finland
- Figure 8.4: Development of Geothermal Capacity, France
- Figure 8.5: Soultz-sous- Forets Project Overview
- Figure 8.6: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), France
- Figure 8.7: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Germany
- Figure 8.8: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Germany
- Figure 8.9: Sales of GSHP units in Germany, 1996 to 2005
- Figure 8.10: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Iceland
- Figure 8.11: One of the geothermally heated swimming pools in Iceland
- Figure 8.12: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Italy
- Figure 8.13: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Portugal & The Azores
- Figure 8.14: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Russia
- Figure 8.15: Some geothermal areas in the Russian Federation
- Figure 8.16: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Sweden
- Figure 8.17: Development of Direct Use Geothermal Power (MW), Switzerland
- Figure 8.18: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Turkey
- Figure 9.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Costa Rica
- Figure 9.2: Geothermal resources in Costa Rica
- Figure 9.3: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), El Salvador
- Figure 9.4: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Guatemala
- Figure 9.5: Geothermal fields in Guatemala
- Figure 9.6: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Nicaragua
- Figure 10.1: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Kenya
- Figure 10.2: Development of Geothermal Capacity (MW), Ethiopia
Tables
- Table 2.1: Expected Capacity Factors
- Table 3.1: Direct use of geothermal energy by country, 1995-2005
- Table 3.2: Uses of direct thermal energy by type of use, capacity (MW),
and utilisation (TJ),
- Table 3.3: Geothermal Direct Use in GIA Member Countries in 2007
- Table 3.4: Installed capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major
country, 2006
- Table 3.5: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major country, 2006
- Table 3.6: Quantity & Capacity of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in European
Union 2006
- Table 3.7: Annual Number of Installed Units in Key European Markets 2003
- 2006
- Table 3.8: Top Six Countries Growth 2005 - 2007, Growth Hot Spots
- Table 3.9: Geothermal installed power capacity and running capacity by
country,
- Table 3.10: Geothermal plants by technology: units, capacity (MW), and
average capacity, 2005
- Table 4.1: Calpine geothermal plants 2008
- Table 5.1: Direct Capital Costs (US$/kW installed capacity)
- Table 5.2: Unit cost of power (US⊄/kWh)
- Table 5.3: Operating and maintenance costs
- Table 5.4: Capital cost comparisons by technology
- Table 5.5: Current estimate cost of 100 MW geothermal development
- Table 6.1: Installed geothermal generating capacity (MW) in USA by state,
2008
- Table 6.2: Geothermal Plants in the USA 2005
- Table 6.3: Ongoing Projects in United States by Phase 2008
- Table 6.4: Ongoing Projects by State in US
- Table 6.5: Geothermal power generation plants in Mexico, 2003
- Table 7.1: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves (MW)
- Table 7.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Indonesia
- Table 7.3: PLN' s ESC prices
- Table 7.4: Geothermal power plant development projects
- Table 7.5: Geothermal power generation plants in Japan, 2001
- Table 7.6: Geothermal power generation plants in China, 2001
- Table 7.7: Geothermal power generation plants in New Zealand, 2001
- Table 8.1: Geothermal power generation plants in Iceland, 2007
- Table 8.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Italy, 2000
- Table 8.3: Geothermal power generation plants in The Azores, Portugal, 2001
- Table 8.4: Geothermal power generation plants in Russia, December 2004
- Table 9.1: Geothermal power generation plants in El Salvador, 2001
- Table 9.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Guatemala, 2007
- Table 9.3: Geothermal lease areas 118
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