The Libyan Petroleum Industry in the 21st Century: the Upstream, Midstream and Downstream Handbook

Table of contents

Foreword by...

• The Libyan Prime Minister, Dr. Shukri Ghanem
• The Libyan Minister of Energy, Professor Fathi Shatwan
• The Chairman of the Libyan National Oil Corporation, Abdulla Salem El-Badri
• Professor Thomas W. W?lde

Synopsis - Executive Summary

• Recent Geopolitical Developments in the Libyan Oil and Gas Sector
• The Petroleum Prospectivity of Libya
• Libyan Oil and Gas Reserves and Production in the Context of World Supply and Demand
• Libyas Petroleum Infrastructure
• Statistics on the Libyan National Economy
• New Developments in the Libyan Petroleum Sector
• The Future Petroleum Potential of Libya
• References

Chapter One, An introduction to Libya

• Brief Introduction
• Geography of Libya
• Libyan weather
• The People of Libya
• The Italian Occupation of Libya
• Liberation and the Post-War Period
• The Libyan Economic Sector before the Coming of Oil
• Oil and the Changing Face of the Libyan Economy
• The Libyan Revolution of 1969 and Oil
• New Libyan Government of 1969 and Reorganisation of the Oil Industry
• Libyas New Political Institutions
• Modern Libyan Petroleum and Business Legislation
• Libyan Current and Future Economic Growth
• Development of the Libyan Economic Sector
• New Libyan Taxation Law
• New Plans to Boost Tourism
• Libya and the European Union
• The Changing Libyan / European / United States Relationship
• The UN-US Sanctions and the Libyan Petroleum Industry
• The Impact of Sanctions on the Libyan Petroleum Industry
• Financial Losses Caused by the Sanctions
• The Causes of the Losses in the Downstream Sector
• Libya and the Geopolitics of Oil
• References

Chapter Two, A Regional Geologic History of Libya and of North Africa

• Gondwanaland and the African Plate
• The regional geologic and tectono-stratigraphic history of the north-central part of the African continent: the depositional mega-sequences
• The Precambrian rocks in the Afro-Arabian Plate and the associated Pan-African tectonic events
• Mega-sequence One, Cambro-Ordovician to Permo-Carboniferous structural and stratigraphic development
• Mega-sequence Two, Middle Carboniferous to Triassic
• Mega-sequence Three, Jurassic and Cretaceous/early Tertiary
• Mega-sequence Four, Tertiary
• Mega-sequence Five
• The Alpine Orogeny in North Africa
• References

Chapter Three, The Petroleum Exploration and Production History of libya

• Brief Introduction
• Early Field Geological and Geographical work in the Sahara Desert
• Early Petroleum Exploration in North Africa
• The Search for Oil in Libya - First Moves
• Beginnings of the Giant Oil Discoveries 1955-1971
• Second Wave of Oil Discoveries and Developments
• Oil Reserves
• Changing Trends in Libyan Crude Oil Production
• Current Status of Libyan Crude Oil Production
• Review of Factors Influencing Declining Oil Exploration and Production
• Future Strategies and the Importance of New Technology
• References

Chapter Four, The Petroleum Exploration and Production Geology of Libya

• Libyan stratigraphic orthography
• The direction of exploration for North Africa petroleum
• Libyan discoveries and fields
• Libyan petroleum systems
• Libyan petroleum geochemistry
• The Sirte Basin and its petroleum systems
• The Illizi-Ghadames Basin and its petroleum systems
• The Murzuq basin and its petroleum systems
• The Djeffara-Pelagian basin and its petroleum systems
• The Cyrenaica Basin and its petroleum systems
• The Kufra Basin and its petroleum systems
• The Habitat of Oil and Gas in Libya
• Fields in the Illizi-Ghadames Basin
• The Djefarra-Pelagian basin Bouri field
• References

Chapter Five, Libyan Petroleum Law and Agreements: Economic and Policy Aspects

• Fundamentals of Petroleum Industry Fiscal Policy
• Libyan Mineral Law
• Petroleum Law No. 25 and the Libyan Concessions
• Regulation No.8 of the Libyan Petroleum Law
• Joint Venture Agreements and the Emergence of the Libyan National Oil Corporation
• Libyan Governments Take under the JVAs
• JVAs verses Traditional Concessions
• Re-positioning of Libyan National Oil Corporation (LNOC)
• Role of the Libyan Secretariat (Ministry) of Energy
• Nationalisation/Participation Agreements
• Exploration and Production-Sharing Agreements (EPSAs)
• EPSA-I, 1974
• EPSA-II, 1980
• EPSA-III, 1988
• Suspension of UN Sanctions, April 1999, and the Introduction of the Modified EPSA-III Model
• Analysis of the 2000 Bidding Round
• EPSA IV, 2004
• o Cost Sharing and Expenses
• o Sharing of Petroleum Production
• o Company Management and Supervision
• o Law and Disputes
• A Critical Review of the EPSA-IV Terms:
• o Cost Recovery Limit and Oil Price Risk
• o Significance of A and B Factors
• o Small and Marginal Discoveries
• The Future Direction of Libyas Petroleum Industry - Fiscal and Legal Aspects
• New Draft Petroleum Law
• Final Remarks
• References

Chapter Six, The Marketing & Pricing of Libyan Crude Oil

• Early Period of International Petroleum Markets
• Oil Markets Post WWII: the Emergence of OPEC
• Factors Determining Prices of Crude Oil
• Beginning of the Pricing of Libyan Crude Oil
• Libyan Oil Price under Petroleum Law No. 25, April 1955
• Libyan Posted Price and Marketing Systems by IOCs
• Posted Price and Amended Law No. 25, 1961
• Libya joins the Organisation of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• OPEC and Oil Price Settlements
• The 1967 War and the Suez Canal Allowance of the Libyan Posted Price
• Emergence of the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
• The New Government and IOCs Dispute over Oil Prices
• 1 September 1970 Settlement
• Caracas Posted Prices Agreement
• Tehran Agreement of 14 February 1971
• Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971
• Establishment of the El Brega Oil Marketing Company
• Impact of the Dollar Devaluation on Posted Prices in the early 1970s
• First Oil Shock 1973
• OPEC Adopts New Oil Pricing System
• Second Oil Price Shock, 1980s
• Libyan Crude Prices Based On Brent Markets
• New Marketing Policy
• Future Prospects of Libyan Pricing and Marketing Strategy
• References

Chapter Seven, Libyan Downstream and Midstream Petroleum Industry

• Background
• Domestic Refineries and the Petrochemical Industry
• o El-Brega Refinery
• o El-Brega Petrochemical Complex
• o Al-Zawia Refinery
• o Al Zawia Lubricating Oils Unit
• o Al-Zawia and Benghazi Asphalt Factories
• o Refurbishment and Development Plans for Al-Zawia Refinery
• o Ras Lanuf Refinery and Petrochemical Complex
• o Ras Lanuf Petrochemical Complex
• o Tobruk Refinery
• o Sarir Refinery
• Planned Refineries
• o Sebha Refinery
• o Misurata Refinery
• The Libyan Domestic Oil and Gas Distribution and Storage Sector
• o Oil and Gas Pipelines
• o Maritime Transport and Terminals
• Libyan Overseas Refineries
• Italy: Cremona Refinery and Distribution Networks
• Germany - the Hamburg Refinery and Distribution Networks
• Switzerland - Collombey Refinery and Distribution Network
• Other Regional Distribution and Marketing Activities
• Africa
• Concluding remarks
• References

Chapter Eight, The Libyan Gas Industry

• Introduction
• North African Regional Gas Potential
• Libyan Gas Sector
• Exploration and Development of the Gas Sector
• Western Libya Gas Project
• Gas Reserves
• Gas Production
• Domestic Gas Demand - Set to Rise
• Liquefied Natural Gas
• Exports of Libyan Liquefied Natural Gas
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas
• Libyan Gas Sector: Current Situation
• Future Prospects and Gas Development Plans
• New Gas Fiscal Policy
• References

Chapter Nine, The Libyan Petroleum Industry in the 21st Century

• Recent Trends in the World Oil Sector
• Libyan Petroleum Sector in the Year 2004
• The Mediterranean Basin
• European Energy Developments Post Second World War
• The Events of the 1970s and the 1980s
• The 1990s and the New Millennium
• European Energy Supply and the Countries of North Africa and the Middle East
• Decline of the American Economy and of the Dollar and the Rise of the Euro
• The Rise of China and India
• Coming World Shortage of Oil and Gas
• Europe, the Euro and World Energy Price Trends
• Gas Pricing in the Mediterranean Basin
• Future Discoveries of Oil and Gas in Libya
• Libyan Petroleum Law and Agreements
• Marketing and Pricing of Libyan Crude Oil
• Libyan Downstream and Midstream Petroleum Industry
• Libyas Gas Industry
• References

Appendix

• The Minerals Law of 1953
• Oil Sector Directory
• Pipelines and Oil & Gas fields with Petroleum Consessions