Looking at Energy Efficiency - Focus on United States

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. Definition & Importance of Energy Efficiency

• Terminology
• Efficiency along Energy Conversion Chains
• Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization
• Service Redefinition
• Historic Summaries of Potential
• Discontinuous Technological Progress

C. Concept of Energy Efficiency

D. Measuring Energy Efficiency

• Market-Basket Approach
  • Limitations of the Market-Basket Approach
• Comprehensive Approach
  • Limitations of the Comprehensive Approach

E. Analyzing the Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• Indirect Benefits from Qualitatively Superior Services
• Leverage in Global Fuel Markets
• Buying Time
• Integrating Efficiency with Supply
• Gaps in Engineering Economics

F. Electric Utilities and Energy Efficiency

• Energy Efficiency in Production & Distribution of Electricity
• Demand-Side Management
• Economic Benefits

G. Engineering vs. Economic Perspectives

H. Diminishing vs. Expanding Returns to Investments in Energy Efficiency

• Empirical Examples
• The Right Steps in the Right Order

I. Market Failures & Business Opportunities

J. The Effectiveness and Cost of Energy Efficiency Programs

• Demand Side Management
• Voluntary and Information Programs
• Effectiveness and Cost of These Programs

K. Ways to Accelerate Energy Efficiency

• Historical & Good Methods
• New and Better Methods
• De-emphasizing Traditionally Narrow Price-Centric Perspectives

L. Need for Energy Efficiency Investment Financing Interventions

• Delivery of Energy Efficiency Financing is an Institutional Development Issue
• Marketing Energy Efficiency Concepts
• Options for Financing Energy Efficiency
• Increasing Energy Efficiency Project Investment

M. Natural Gas & Energy Efficiency Opportunities

N. Research & Development in Energy Efficiency - Focus on US DOE

• Motivation for R&D
• Issues in R&D
• Findings from Present-day R&D Programs

O. Prices, Energy Usage, & Investment in Energy Efficiency

• Evidence from Policies Already Applied
• Policy Mix to Deliver High-Volume Savings at Low Cost
  • Regulation
  • Fiscal and Other Financial Incentives
  • Voluntary Agreements
• Social Objectives
• Future Costs & Potential

P. Energy Efficiency in the Budget FY 2007

• DOE Budget
• EPA Budget
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
  • Efficiency Standards for Consumer and Commercial Products
  • Efficiency Goals for Federal Buildings
  • Tax Incentives for Efficiency and Conservation
  • Energy Efficiency Tax Revenue Effect

Q. Energy Efficiency' s Role in Energy Security, By Fuel

• Electricity Demand-Side Management (DSM) To Improve Reliability
• Natural Gas Conservation Through Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Equipment
• Petroleum Conservation Through Energy Efficiency In Vehicles

R. Energy Efficiency Programs Targeted at Climate Change

• Energy Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Projections
• International Context & Policy
  • United Nations
  • Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations
• U.S. Climate-Focused Energy Efficiency Programs
  • Domestic Programs
  • Foreign Assistance Programs
  • California' s Regulatory Action on Automobile CO2 Emissions Promoting Energy Efficiency

S. Case Studies

• California
• Iowa
• Florida
• Massachusetts

T. Appendix

U. Glossary of Terms

List of Figures & Tables

Figures

• Figure 1: To deliver one unit of flow in the pipe requires about 10 units of fuel at the power plant, thus those 10-fold compounding losses can be turned around backward, yielding 10-fold compounding savings of fuel for each unit of reduced friction or flow in the pipe.
• Figure 2: Diminishing Returns Can Be True for some Components
• Figure 3: Optimizing Whole Systems for Multiple Benefits Can Often "tunnel through the cost barrier" Directly to the Lower-Right-Corner Destination, making very Large Energy Savings Cost less than Small or no Savings
• Figure 4: Historical Energy Intensity of the U.S. Economy, 1970-1996
• Figure 5: Actual and Projected U.S. Carbon Emissions
• Figure 6: Energy Efficiency Potential
• Figure 7: Percentage of Consumption by End-Use in Buildings, 2004
• Figure 8: Percentage of Primary Energy used in the Manufacturing Sector by Major Industrial Category in 1994
• Figure 9: Fuel Used in the U.S. Transportation Sector, 1996
• Figure 10 California' s Investments in Energy Efficiency
• Figure 11: Changes in Energy per GDP Decomposed into Changes in Energy Service per GDP & Energy Intensity Effect, 1973-1998
• Figure 12: Energy Prices, 1980-2030 (2005 dollars per million Btu)
• Figure 13: Energy Use Per Capita & Per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1980-2030
• Figure 14: Total Energy Production & Consumption, 1980-2030 (quadrillion Btu)
• Figure 15: Energy Expenditures in the U.S. Economy, 1990-2030
• Figure 16: Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1980-2030
• Figure 17: Primary Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2030 (quadrillion Btu)

Tables

• Table 1: EPA Funding for Climate Protection Energy Efficiency Programs (CPP)
• Table 2: EPACT Energy Efficiency Standards
• Table 3: H.R. 6, Tax Revenue Effect ($ Billion)