Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. Introduction to Photovoltaics

• B.1 Overview
• B.2 Historical Background of Solar Cells
• B.3 Looking at Solar Electricity
• B.4 Photovoltaic Systems
• B.5 Looking at the Balance of System (BOS)
• B.6 Analyzing the 3 Generations of Photovoltaic Cells
• B.6.1 First Generation PV Cells
• B.6.2 Second Generation PV Cells
• B.6.3 Third Generation PV Cells
• B.7 What are Concentrator Cells?
• B.8 Analyzing Concentrated Photovoltaics
• B.9 Applications of Solar Cells
• B.10 Types of Solar Cells
• B.11 PV Technology in Isolated Generation
• B.12 Looking at Thin Film Solar Cells
• B.13 PV Family Tree - A Diagrammatic Representation

C. Global Market Overview of Solar PV Cells

• C.1 Market Profile
• C.2 Market Size
• C.3 Growth Patterns of the Market
• C.4 Market Statistics - Production Side
• C.5 Commercialization Potential & Market Development
• C.6 Future of the Market

D. Conditions Impacting the Performance of Solar PV Cells

• D.1 Sunlight Conditions
• D.2 Weather Conditions
• D.2.1 Cold Weather
• D.2.2 Cloudy Weather
• D.3 Environmental Impact of Solar PV Cells
• D.3.1 Overview
• D.3.2 Greenhouse Gases
• D.3.3 Usage of Cadmium
• D.3.4 Energy Payback Time

E. Analyzing Solar Photovoltaic System Performance

F. Analyzing Production of PV Cell & Module

G. Analyzing Organic Photovoltaics

• G.1 Overview
• G.2 Emergence of New PV Materials
• G.3 Emergence of Organic PV
• G.4 History of Organic PV Cells
• G.4.1 Single Layer OPV Cell
• G.4.2 Bilayer OPV Cells
• G.4.3 Bulk Heterojunction OPV Cells
• G.5 Looking at Organic Photovoltaic Materials
• G.6 Development of New Materials for Organic PV
• G.7 General Operation and Construction
• G.8 Mechanism of Organic PV Cells
• G.9 General Working Principle
• G.10 Device Physics of Organic Blend PV Cells
• G.11 Junction Types for Organic PV Cells
• G.11.1 Dispersed Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells
• G.11.2 Multilayer Organic Photovoltaic Cells
• G.11.3 Single Layer Organic Photovoltaic Cell
• G.12 Impact of Film Morphology
• G.13 Dealing with Controlled Growth Heterojunction
• G.14 Progress in Growth Techniques
• G.15 Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
• G.16 Organic Vapor Phase Deposition
• G.17 Efficiency Developments in Organic PV Cells
• G.18 Looking at the Innovative Architecture of Organic PV Cells
• G.19 Markets for Organic PV
• G.20 Future Challenges

H. Organic Cell Architectures and Review

• H.1 Overview
• H.2 Single Layer Devices
• H.3 Donor-Acceptor Bilayer Devices
• H.4 Donor-Acceptor Blend Devices

I. Organic PV Cells versus Traditional Solar Cells

J. Design and Choice of Efficient Donor and Acceptor Molecules

• J.1 Overview
• J.2 Donor Molecules
• J.3 Acceptor Molecules
• J.4 New Ideas
• J.5 Present-day Challenges

K. Factors Impacting the Production of Organic PV Cells

• K.1 Overview
• K.2 Efficiency Factor
• K.3 Lifetime Period
• K.4 Cost Factor
• K.5 Summing Up

L. Challenges Facing Organic PV Cells

• L.1 Overview
• L.2 Thin Film Heterojunctions
• L.3 Dye Sensitized or Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells

M. Improving Organic PV Cell Performance

• M.1 Overview
• M.2 Bandgap Tuning of Semiconducting Organics and Tandem Cells
• M.3 Nanostructured PV Cell
• M.4 High Mobility Semiconducting Organics

N. Analysis of Processing Techniques for Organic PV Cells

• N.1 Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL)
• N.2 Spin Casting
• N.3 Vacuum Evaporation

O. Analyzing Antenna Organic PV Cells

• O.1 Overview
• O.2 Organic Materials
• O.3 Looking at the Antenna Architecture
• O.4 Looking at Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP)
• O.5 Excitation Efficiency of Organic Solar Cell SPP
• O.6 Resultant Energy Transfer from Antenna Excitons
• O.7 R&D of Antenna Organic Photodetectors
• O.8 R&D of Antenna Organic PV Cells
• O.9 Cavity Antenna Organic PV Cells
• O.10 Future of Antenna Photovoltaics

P. Analyzing Organic Solar Concentrators

• P.1 Looking at Solar Concentrators
• P.2 Concept of Fluorescent Concentrators
• P.3 Restrictions on Optical Concentration
• P.3.1 Looking at Inelastic Processes
• P.3.2 Looking at Elastic Processes
• P.4 Looking at Organic Solar Concentrators
• P.5 Thermal Performance of Organic Solar Concentrators

Q. Making Organic PV Cells more Efficient with Ordered Nanostructures

• Q.1 Overview
• Q.2 History
• Q.3 Nanosphere Lithography Technique
• Q.4 Block Copolymer Lithography Technique
• Q.5 Summing Up

R. Increasing the Longevity of Organic PV Cells with Exciton Blocking Layers (EBLs)

• R.1 Overview
• R.2 Looking at Single Cells
• R.3 Looking at PV Cells
• R.4 Analyzing Results of Single Cells versus PV Cells
• R.4.1 Single Cells
• R.4.2 PV Cells
• R.4.2.1 Bathocuproine
• R.4.2.2 Bathophenanthroline
• R.4.2.3 Tris-8-Hydroxy-Quinolinato Aluminum
• R.4.2.4 NBPhen Cells
• R.5 Summing Up

S. Looking at the US National Solar Technology Roadmap on Organic PV

T. Case Study: Increasing the Life of Organic Solar Cells with Boron Nitride Nanotube-Loaded Polymer

U. Case Study: Synthesis of Oligo Phenylene Vinylenes for Organic PV Cells - A Diagrammatic Representation

V. Leading Industry Contributors

• V.1 Akeena Solar, Inc
• V.2 Amonix Incorporated
• V.3 ArcticSolar AB
• V.4 Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc
• V.5 ASE Americas Inc
• V.6 Asia Silicon Co., Qinghai
• V.7 AstroPower Inc
• V.8 Atlantis Energy Inc
• V.9 Baodiang Tianwei Yingli Green Energy Solar Company
• V.10 Big Sun Energy
• V.11 BP Solar International
• V.12 Canadian Solar Inc.
• V.13 Canon
• V.14 Central Electronics Ltd.
• V.15 China Solar Power (Holdings) Ltd.
• V.16 China Sunergy
• V.17 China Xianjiang SunOasis Ltd.
• V.18 CSG Holding
• V.19 Deutsche Solar AG
• V.20 Ebara Solar
• V.21 Elkem
• V.22 Entech Inc
• V.23 EPV Energy Photovoltaics Inc
• V.24 Ersol
• V.25 Ertex Solar
• V.26 Evergreen Solar, Inc
• V.27 Ever-Q
• V.28 First Solar
• V.29 Free Energy Europe S.A.
• V.30 Global Solar
• V.31 GT Solar
• V.32 HelioVolt Corporation
• V.33 Konarka Technologies, Inc
• V.34 Kyocera Solar
• V.35 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
• V.36 Nanosolar
• V.37 Odersun AG
• V.38 Photowatt International
• V.39 PowerLight Corporation
• V.40 Sanyo Electric
• V.41 Sharp Electronics
• V.42 Shell Solar
• V.43 Siemens Solar
• V.44 Solibro GmbH
• V.45 Solyndra
• V.46 Spire Corporation
• V.47 SunPower Corporation
• V.48 TerraSolar, Inc.
• V.49 United Solar Ovonic

W. Appendix

• W.1 Cost Economics of Solar Photovoltaics
• W.1.1 Overview
• W.1.2 Financing
• W.1.3 Price Trends of PV Systems
• W.1.4 Dealing with the High Cost of PV Modules
• W.1.5 Looking at Transmission Costs
• W.1.6 Analyzing the Financial Incentives
• W.2 PEST Framework Analysis: Global Solar Photovoltaic Industry
• W.2.1 Political Aspects
• W.2.2 Economic Aspects
• W.2.3 Social Aspects
• W.2.4 Technological Aspects
• W.3 Manufacturers of Solar Photovoltaics
• W.5 Figures & Tables

X. Glossary of Terms