Vehicle manufacturers in the race for environmental success: 2008/09 Automotive Industry Green Audit & Ranking

Table of Contents

1: Introduction

2: The problem

• 2.1: Climate change
• 2.2: Peak oil
  • what is peak oil?
  • peak oil ' deniers'
  • not on the agenda of the financial world
  • peak oil ' believers'
• 2.3: Peak oil and climate change together

3: The pressure for a solution

• Best corporate practice
• Automotive industry opportunities
• Technology solutions
• Growing pressure to act

4: The competitive issue

• 4.1: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
  • What do other people think? CSR Ratings
  • FTSE4Good
  • Accountability Rating
  • Sustainable Asset Management (SAM)
  • Oekom Research
  • Vigeo
  • PSI Sector reports
• 4.2: Greenhouse gas (GHG) targets
• 4.3: Product
  • Sales mix
• 4.4: Future product technologies
  • Alternative fuels
• 4.5: Lifecycle analysis
  • What percentage of greenhouse emissions come from manufacturing?
  • Vehicle disposal
• 4.6: Manufacturers and buildings
  • Natural gas
  • CHP
  • Heat recovery
  • Biomass
  • Wind
  • Solar
  • Geothermal
  • Other
  • Green buildings
  • Waste management
• 4.7: Logistics
• 4.8: Supply chain
• 4.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 4.10: Customer interface
  • Brands
  • Advertising
  • The future

5: The Ranking

• Overall
• Toyota ranks top
• Honda scores well, but lacks transparency
• BMW, GM and Volkswagen rank middle of the table
• Renault 9th, ahead of Daimler
• Hyundai and Fiat are bottom of the pile
• CSR/Climate change strategy
• GHG targets
• Product
• Business areas

6.0: Vehicle manufacturer profiles, SWOT analyses and green audits

• 6.1: Toyota Motor Company
• 6.1.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.1.2: CSR/climate change strategies
  • Climate change strategy
  • Recycling-oriented society
  • Greenhouse gas targets
  • Management structures and reporting on environmental issues
  • CSR/Sustainability activities and indices
• 6.1.3: Product
• 6.1.4: Future technology strategies
  • Conventional engines
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Plug-in hybrids
  • Fuel cells
• 6.1.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Recycling
  • Use of recycled / renewable materials
• 6.1.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy efficiency
  • Use of renewable energy
  • Environmental management systems
  • Zero landfill
  • Green buildings
• 6.1.7: Logistics
• 6.1.8: Supply chain
• 6.1.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.1.10: Consumer influence
• 6.2: Ford Motor Company
• 6.2.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.2.2: CSR/climate change strategies
  • Strategy
  • Blueprint for sustainability
  • Climate change task force
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • Greenhouse gas emissions
  • Greenhouse gas targets
  • CSR activities / engagement with outside agencies
• 6.2.3: Product
• 6.2.4: Future technology strategies
  • Conventional engine technologies
  • Transmissions
  • Weight reduction
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Plug-in hybrids
  • Hydrogen
• 6.2.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Recycling
  • Using recycled materials
• 6.2.6: Manufacturing
  • Renewable energy
  • Fumes-to-fuel
  • Geothermal energy
  • Waste management
  • Environmental management
• 6.2.7: Logistics
• 6.2.8: Supply chain
• 6.2.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.2.10: Customer interface
  • Eco-driving
  • Carbon offsetting
  • Branding
• 6.3: PSA Peugeot Citroen
• 6.3.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.3.2: CSR/climate change strategies
  • PSA downplays the contribution of cars to climate change
  • Carbon neutral manufacturing?
  • Greenhouse gas targets
  • Low CO2 car targets not very aggressive
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • CSR/Sustainability activities and indices
  • Partnerships
• 6.3.3: Product
  • Segmentation / sales figures
• 6.3.4: Future technology strategies
  • Diesels
  • Gasoline
  • Automated gearboxes
  • CNG
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Fuel cells
• 6.3.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
• 6.3.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy efficiency
  • Energy descent target
  • Heat recovery
  • Energy costs
• 6.3.7: Logistics
• 6.3.8: Suppliers
• 6.3.9: Consumer influence
  • Branding
  • Image / awards
• 6.4: Honda
• 6.4.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.4.2: CSR / Climate change strategies
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • Greenhouse gas targets
  • Products
• 6.4.3: Future technology strategies
  • Gasoline engines
  • Diesel engines
  • Transmissions
  • Hybrids
  • Electric
  • Natural gas
  • Biofuels
  • Fuel cells
  • Solar power
• 6.4.4: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Recycling
  • Using recycled materials
• 6.4.5: Manufacturing
  • Energy use
  • Waste management
• 6.4.6: Logistics
• 6.4.7: Supply chain
• 6.4.8: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.4.9: Customer influence
  • Car sharing
  • Eco-driving
  • Awards
• 6.5: Nissan
• 6.5.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.5.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Ghosn welcomes ' greening' of consumer demand
  • Management structure and reporting on climate change
  • CO2 emissions targets
• 6.5.3 Product
• 6.5.4 Future technology strategies
  • Diesels
  • Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
  • Natural gas
  • Hybrids
  • Biofuels
  • Fuel cells
  • Electric vehicles
• 6.5.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Recycling
• 6.5.6: Manufacturing
  • Environmental management
  • Energy use
  • Waste management
• 6.5.7: Logistics
  • Modal shift
• 6.5.8: Supply chain
• 6.5.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.6: BMW
• 6.6.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.6.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • Strategy
  • CO2 targets
  • CSR/sustainability rating indices
  • Commitments/partnerships
  • Negative press
• 6.6.3: Products
• 6.6.4: Future technology strategies
  • Efficient dynamics
  • Dieselisation
  • Hybrids
  • Electric
  • Thermo-electric generation
  • Hydrogen
• 6.6.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Use of raw materials
  • Recycling
• 6.6.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy use
  • Renewable energy use
• 6.6.7: Logistics
• 6.6.8: Supply chain
• 6.6.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.6.10: Customer interface
  • Eco-driving
  • Awards
  • Brands
• 6.7: GM
• 6.7.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.7.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Strategy
  • Climate strategy
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • Reporting
  • Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
  • CSR/sustainability indices and partnerships
• 6.7.3: Products
• 6.7.4: Future technology strategies
  • Conventional engines
  • Diesels
  • Thermo-electrics
  • CNG and LPG
  • Biofuels
  • Second generation biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Electric/plug-in hybrids
  • New engineering organisation
  • Fuel cells
• 6.7.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Recycling
  • Using recycled materials
• 6.7.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy efficiency
  • Energy efficient buildings
  • Renewable energy use
  • Waste management
  • Green buildings
• 6.7.7: Logistics
• 6.7.8: Supply chain
• 6.7.9: Consumer influence
• 6.8: VW
• 6.8.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.8.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Lack of environment-related reporting
  • Lack of reporting due to lack of good news
  • Greenhouse gas reduction goals
  • High level commitments
  • CSR / sustainable activities and indices
  • Other activities
• 6.8.3: Products
• 6.8.4: Future technology strategies
  • Hybrids
  • Biofuels
  • Electric
  • Fuel cells
• 6.8.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • End-of-life vehicle recycling
  • Material use
• 6.8.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy sources
  • Seat invests in solar
  • Energy use
• 6.8.7: Logistics
• 6.8.8: Supply chain
• 6.8.9: Consumer influence
  • Eco-driving
  • Eco-brands
  • Offset programme
  • Consumer awards
• 6.9: Renault
• 6.9.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.9.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Strategy
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • CSR / sustainability rating indices
  • Commitments / partnerships
• 6.9.3: Products
• 6.9.4: Future technologies
  • Optimising conventional engines
  • CNG
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Electric vehicles
  • Fuel cells
• 6.9.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • End-of-life recycling
  • Using recycled materials
• 6.9.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy use
  • Cogeneration
  • Waste management
  • Water treatment
• 6.9.7: Logistics
• 6.9.8: Supply chain
• 6.9.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.9.10: Consumer influence
• 6.10: Daimler
• 6.10.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.10.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • Strategy
  • Future goals
  • CSR / sustainability rating indices
  • Partnerships / commitments
• 6.10.3: Products
• 6.10.4: Future technology strategies
  • IC engines with gasoline and diesel
  • Natural gas
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Fuel cells
• 6.10.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
  • Using recycled materials
  • Recycling
• 6.10.6: Manufacturing
  • Energy use and efficiency
  • Employee training
• 6.10.7: Logistics
• 6.10.8: Supply chain
• 6.10.9: Distribution / dealerships
• 6.10.10: Customer interface
  • Eco-driving
  • Brands
• 6.11: Hyundai-Kia
• 6.11.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.11.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Management structures
  • Reporting on climate change
  • CSR
  • Products
• 6.11.3: Product: future technology strategies
  • Conventional engines
  • Natural gas
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrid vehicles
  • Fuel cells
• 6.11.4: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
• 6.11.5: Manufacturing
• 6.11.6: Supply chain
• 6.12: Fiat
• 6.12.1: Summary and recent developments
• 6.12.2: CSR / climate change strategies
  • Management structures and reporting on climate change
  • CSR ratings
• 6.12.3: Products
• 6.12.4: Future technology strategies
  • Gasoline and diesel engines
  • Natural gas
  • Biofuels
  • Hybrids
  • Fuel cells and hydrogen
• 6.12.5: Closing the loop - lifecycle analysis
• 6.12.6: Manufacturing
  • Environmental management
  • Energy efficiency
  • Waste management
• 6.12.7: Supply chain
• 6.12.8: Customer interface
  • Public transport
  • EcoDrive

Bibliography

List of figures:

• Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, by source
• Figure 2: CO2 emission sources in the EU-15 nations (2004)
• Figure 3: Annual greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2000)
• Figure 4: Company PSI rankings
• Figure 5: Toyota: Toward the ultimate eco-car
• Figure 6: Toyota: New engine technologies
• Figure 7: Toyota: Technologies incorporated into new engine series
• Figure 8: Toyota: Well-to-wheel CO2 output
• Figure 9: Overall (well-to-wheel) efficiency of the Toyota FCHV
• Figure 10: Toyota: Comparison of CO2 emissions during vehicle life cycle
• Figure 11: Estimate of Ford' s climate change emissions
• Figure 12: PSA' s European sales mix by segment, 2006
• Figure 13: Relationship between fuel consumption and cost of vehicle technologies
• Figure 14: Consumption of energy during manufacture of PSA vehicles
• Figure 15: Honda: Organization for worldwide environmental activities
• Figure 16: Nissan' s long-term goal for reducing CO2
• Figure 17: Nissan' s roadmap for reducing the CO2 from its vehicles
• Figure 18: Nissan' s global environment management organization
• Figure 19: CO2 emissions of Nissan' s major global production sites (1,000t-CO2)
• Figure 20: Major steps taken by Nissan to improve vehicle fuel economy
• Figure 21: Nissan' s overview of recycling performance (Apr 2006 - Mar 2007)
• Figure 22: Nissan' s waste disposal (directly to landfill)
• Figure 23: Nissan' s in-house incineration volume
• Figure 24: Nissan' s CO2 emissions from logistics (1,000t CO2)
• Figure 25: BMW' s CO2 emissions per unit produced
• Figure 26: BMW' s European sales mix by segment, 2006
• Figure 27: The BMW EfficientDynamics measures - an overview
• Figure 28: Roadmap of the BMW Group for sustainable mobility
• Figure 29: BMW' s waste per unit produced
• Figure 30: GM' s Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
• Figure 31: GMNA Renewable Energy Portfolio
• Figure 32: VW' s European sales mix by segment, 2006
• Figure 33: Renault' s European sales mix by segment, 2006
• Figure 34: Renault' s recycled plastics, by model
• Figure 35: Changes in the weight of packaging per vehicle (1996 - 2006)
• Figure 36: Drive technologies from Daimler
• Figure 37: The DaimlerChrysler fuel road map
• Figure 38: Material composition of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class
• Figure 39: Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from production
• Figure 40: Hyundai' s environmental management strategy
• Figure 41: Fiat' s European sales mix by segment, 2006

List of tables:

• Table 1: Comparison of environmental/sustainability reports and responses to Carbon Disclosure Project
• Table 2: Management structures: Board level representation?
• Table 3: Vehicle manufacturer attitudes in a nutshell
• Table 4: CSR/Sustainability Rankings
• Table 5: Vehicle manufacturer greenhouse gas emissions (CO2eq) 2005 and 2006, actual and per vehicle
• Table 6: Sales-weighted average CO2 emissions (g/km)
• Table 7: Western Europe: Top Ten Brands volume-weighted average CO2 emissions, g/km, 2007
• Table 8: UK fleet average CO2 by brand, 2007 compared to 2006
• Table 9: US: Fleet average CO2 emissions by vehicle manufacturer, MY 2005
• Table 10: Vehicle manufacturers downsizing in Europe
• Table 11: Percent range of MPG improvement estimates per improved automobile technology
• Table 12: Comparison of vehicle manufacturers' activities in the main technology areas
• Table 13: Vehicle manufacturer life cycle analysis and notable achievements
• Table 14: How the manufacturers compare on what they say about recycling
• Table 15: Investing in renewables - who' s using what
• Table 16: Which vehicle manufacturers report CO2 emissions from logistics operations?
• Table 17: Vehicle manufacturers' green supplier programmes
• Table 18: Vehicle manufacturers' green dealer programmes
• Table 19: Vehicle manufacturers' ' green' badges
• Table 20: The Ranking: Vehicle manufacturers in the race for environmental success
• Table 21: Detailed chart of vehicle manufacturers and their scores
• Table 22: SWOT of Toyota in the race for environmental success
• Table 23: 2010 CO2 reduction goals: Toyota Motor Company
• Table 24: SWOT of Ford in the race for environmental success
• Table 25: Life cycle CO2 impact for typical vehicles: Ford Motor Company
• Table 26: PSA greenhouse gas emissions, 1995 and 2002 - 2006
• Table 27: PSA CO2 emissions (per vehicle) 1995 - 2006
• Table 28: Most fuel efficient diesel/gasoline vehicles on sale in France, 2006
• Table 29: SWOT of Honda in the race for environmental success
• Table 30: Honda' s environment statement
• Table 31: SWOT of Nissan in the race for environmental success
• Table 32: SWOT of BMW in the race for environmental success
• Table 33: SWOT of GM in the race for environmental success
• Table 34: GM' s Environmental Principles
• Table 35: Greening of the Supply Chain Project in China
• Table 36: SWOT of VW in the race for environmental success
• Table 37: SWOT of Renault in the race for environmental success
• Table 38: SWOT of Daimler in the race for environmental success
• Table 39: The environmental protection guidelines of the DaimlerChrysler Group
• Table 40: SWOT of Hyundai-Kia in the race for environmental success
• Table 41: Hyundai' s global environmental policy
• Table 42: SWOT of Fiat in the race for environmental success