Lithium Batteries: Markets and Materials

Table of Contents

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary 7

• STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY (CONTINUED) 3
• SCOPE OF THE REPORT 4
• METHODOLOGY 5
• INTENDED AUDIENCE 6
• INFORMATION SOURCES 6
• ANALYST CREDENTIALS 6
• RELATED BCC REPORTS 6
• BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7
• DISCLAIMER 7

Chapter-2: SUMMARY 2

• SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 8
• SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 9

Chapter-3: LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES 164

• LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND 10
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 10
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 10
• TABLE 1 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 11
• TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 12
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 12
• TABLE 2 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 12
• TABLE 2 (CONTINUED) 13
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 13
• TABLE 3 CONSUMER PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 13
• TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 14
• TABLE 4 INDUSTRIAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 14
• TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 15
• TABLE 5 MILITARY/AEROSPACE PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 15
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 16
• Lithium - Carbon Monofluoride Batteries 16
• Lithium - Copper Oxyphosphate Batteries 16
• Lithium - Copper Oxide Batteries 16
• Lithium - Iodine Batteries 17
• Lithium - Iron Sulfide Batteries 17
• Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 17
• Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries (Continued) 18
• Lithium - Silver Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 19
• Lithium - Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 19
• Lithium - Sulfuryl Chloride Batteries 20
• Lithium - Thionyl Chloride Batteries 20
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 21
• TABLE 6 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 21
• ACR Electronics 22
• Applied Power, Inc. 22
• Duracell International 22
• EaglePicher Corp. 23
• Ener1, Inc. (EnerDel) 24
• Energizer Holdings 24
• GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 25
• Greatbatch, Inc. 26
• Medtronic, Inc. 26
• MiniMax Energy Technology 26
• Moltech Corp. 27
• Panasonic (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.) 27
• Panasonic (America) 27
• Panasonic Batteries 28
• Rayovac Corp. (Spectrum Brands) 28
• SAFT (Johnson Controls - Saft-Advanced Power Solutions) 29
• Saft America, Inc. 29
• Solicore 30
• Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 31
• Sanyo Electric Co. USA 31
• Sony Corp. 32
• Sony (USA) 32
• Tadiran Batteries (SAFT) 32
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. 33
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 34
• Varta AG (Varta Batteries, Inc). 35
• Varta Microbattery (USA) 35
• Yardney (Lithion, Ener - Tek) 36
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 37
• Primary Lithium Battery Market Fundamentals 37
• TABLE 7 PRIMARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 37
• TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 38
• Portable Product Primary Lithium Batteries 38
• Medical Product Primary Lithium Batteries 39
• Stationary Product Primary Lithium Batteries 39
• Military/Aerospace Primary Lithium Batteries 39
• Automotive/Motive Primary Lithium Batteries 40
• BASIS FOR PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 40
• TABLE 8 GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE, 2008 40
• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 41
• TABLE 9 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 41
• FIGURE 1 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 42
• TABLE 10 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 42
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 43
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 43
• TABLE 11 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 43
• TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 44
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 45
• TABLE 12 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 45
• TABLE 12 (CONTINUED) 46
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 46
• Lithium/Aluminum - Polymer Batteries 46
• Lithium/Aluminum - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 46
• Lithium/Aluminum - Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 47
• Lithium - Cobalt Oxide Batteries 47
• Lithium - Copper Chloride Batteries 47
• Lithium - Ion and Lithium - Ion Polymer Batteries 47
• Lithium - Ion Compared to Lithium - Ion Polymer 48
• Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 49
• Lithium - Ion as Smart Batteries 50
• Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 51
• Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 51
• Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 52
• TABLE 13 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM (SBS) STAKEHOLDERS 53
• High - Temperature Lithium - Iron Sulfide Batteries 53
• TABLE 14 HIGH - TEMPERATURE LITHIUM - IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R&D 54
• High - Temperature ... (Continued) 54
• Rechargeable Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 55
• Lithium - Molybdenum Disulfide Batteries 56
• Lithium - Niobium Selenide Batteries 56
• Rechargeable Lithium - Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 57
• Lithium - Titanium Disulfide Batteries 57
• Lithium - Titanium Disulfide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 57
• Lithium - Vanadium Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 57
• Thin - Film Batteries 58
• Thin - Film Batteries (Continued) 59
• TABLE 15 THIN - FILM MICRO - BATTERY COMPANIES 60
• Rechargeable Lithium - Air Batteries 60
• Rechargeable ... (Continued) 61
• Rechargeable Lithium - ... (Continued) 62
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 62
• TABLE 16 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 63
• TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 64
• TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 65
• A123Systems 65
• TABLE 17 A123 BATTERY COMPARED TO OTHER HIGH - CAPACITY BATTERY SYSTEMS 66
• TABLE 18 A123 BATTERY PULSE DURATION AND POWER DENSITY 67
• A123Systems (Continued) 68
• A123Systems (Continued) 69
• Advanced Battery Systems 70
• Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc. (ABAT) 70
• Advanced ... (Continued) 71
• Apple Computer, Inc. 72
• Applied Power, Inc. 73
• Arotech Corp. (Epsilor & Electric Fuel) 73
• Arthur D. Little, Inc. 74
• Avestor (Hydro - Quebec and Kerr McGee) 74
• Avestor ... (Continued) 75
• BAE Systems 76
• Battery - Biz 77
• Battery Clinic, Inc. 77
• Battery Technology, Inc. (BTI) 77
• Robert Bosch GmbH (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd) 78
• Robert Bosch ... (Continued) 79
• Bollore Group 80
• Bollore Group (continued) 81
• Boston - Power 82
• Boundless Corp. 83
• Bren - Tronics 83
• BYD Batteries 84
• Cadex 85
• Cell - Con 85
• China BAK Battery, Inc. 85
• China BAK Battery, Inc. (Continued) 86
• China BAK Battery, Inc. (Continued) 87
• Cobasys (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.) 88
• Cobasys (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.) (Continued) 89
• Continental Corporation 90
• China Sun (Dalian Xinyang High - Tech Development Co.) 90
• Covalent Associates, Inc. 91
• Cymbet Corp. 91
• EaglePicher Corp. 92
• EaglePicher .... (Continued) 93
• EIC Laboratories 94
• Electro Energy 94
• Electrovaya (Electrofuel) 95
• Electrovaya ... (Continued) 96
• Ener1, Inc. (EnerDel) 97
• Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 98
• Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 99
• Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 100
• Enerize Corp. (FiFe Batteries) 101
• FIFE Batteries Ltd. 101
• Energizer Holdings 102
• E - One Moli Energy 103
• NEC 103
• NEC (Continued) 104
• Evonik Industries AG 105
• Excellatron Solid State 106
• Farasis Energy 106
• Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. 107
• Furukawa Battery Co. 107
• General Motors 107
• General Motors Continued) 108
• General Motors Continued) 109
• GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 110
• Greatbatch, Inc. 110
• Harding Energy, Inc. 111
• Hitachi Maxell Corp. 111
• Honeywell Batteries 112
• Hong Kong Highpower Technology 112
• HYB Battery Co., Ltd. (Hua - Yue - Bao Battery) 113
• Huanyu Battery 113
• Hymotion (A123Systems) 113
• IBM Corp. 114
• Industrial Battery Engineering 115
• Industries International, Inc. (INDI) 115
• Infinite Power Solutions 116
• Innergy Power Corp. (Portable Energy Products, Inc.) 116
• International Battery 117
• Johnson Controls (Johnson Controls - Saft Advanced Power Solutions) 118
• Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 119
• Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 120
• Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 121
• K2 122
• Keystone Battery Corp. 123
• Kokam America, Inc. 123
• Lithium Power Technologies 123
• Lithium Technology Corp. (LTC) 124
• GAIA Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH 124
• GAIA ... Continued) 125
• GAIA ... Continued) 126
• GAIA ... Continued) 127
• MaxPower, Inc. 128
• Medtronic, Inc. 128
• Microchip Technology, Inc. 129
• MiniMax Energy Technology 129
• Mitsubishi International 129
• Mitsubishi ... (Continued) 130
• Moltech Corp. 131
• Multiplier Industries 132
• Nanoexa 132
• NEC Corp. (E - One Moli Energy) 133
• NEC ... (Continued) 134
• Nexergy (Promark Electronics, DC Battery Products, Tauber) 135
• Nissan Motor Co. 135
• Nissan ... (Continued) 136
• Oak Ridge Micro - Energy, Inc. 137
• Panasonic (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.) 138
• Panasonic (America) 138
• Panasonic Batteries 139
• PolyPlus Battery Company 139
• Quallion LLC 140
• Rayovac Corp. (Spectrum Brands) 141
• Renata Batteries 142
• Ricardo, Inc. 142
• Saft (Johnson Controls - Saft Advanced Power Solutions) 143
• Saft America, Inc. 143
• Saft America, Inc. (Continued) 144
• Saft America, Inc. (Continued) 145
• Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 146
• Sanyo Electric Co. USA 146
• SETO Holdings, Inc. 147
• Sion Power 147
• Solicore, Inc. 148
• Sony Corp. 149
• Sony (USA) 149
• Sony ... (Continued) 150
• Sony (USA) (Continued) 151
• TABLE 19 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BATTERY AND NEXELION 152
• SRI International 153
• Toshiba 153
• TABLE 20 SCIB SPECIFICATIONS 154
• TIAX 155
• Tracer Technologies 156
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. 156
• Ultralife ... (Continued) 157
• Valence Technology, Inc. 158
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 159
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 160
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 161
• Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 162
• Varta AG (Varta Batteries, Inc). 163
• Varta Microbattery (USA) 163
• Yardney (Lithion, Ener - Tek) 164
• Yuasa, Inc. (GS Yuasa Corp., Yuasa Battery America, Inc., Yuasa - Exide) 165
• Yuasa ... (Continued) 166
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 167
• Secondary Lithium Battery Market Fundamentals And Basis For Forecast 167
• TABLE 21 SECONDARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 167
• Portable Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
• Medical Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
• Stationary Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
• Military/Aerospace Secondary Lithium Batteries 169
• Automotive/Motive Secondary Lithium Batteries 170
• BASIS FOR SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 171
• TABLE 22 2008 SECONDARY GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE (MILLIONS) 171
• SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 171
• TABLE 23 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 172
• FIGURE 2 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 172
• TABLE 24 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 173

Chapter-4: LITHIUM BATTERY MARKETS 44

• LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 174
• TABLE 25 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SECTORS 174
• LITHIUM BATTERY PORTABLE PRODUCT MARKETS 175
• Portable Computing Product Market 175
• Portable Computing Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 175
• TABLE 26 PORTABLE COMPUTER DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 176
• TABLE 26 (CONTINUED) 177
• Portable Computing Product Market Projection 177
• TABLE 27 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE COMPUTING LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 177
• Portable Communications Product Market 177
• Portable Communications Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 177
• Portable Communications ... (Continued) 178
• Portable Communications ... (Continued) 179
• TABLE 28 PORTABLE COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 180
• Portable Communications Product Market Projection 181
• TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE COMMUNICATIONS LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 181
• Portable Tool Markets 181
• Portable Tool Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 181
• Portable Tool ... (Continued) 182
• TABLE 30 PORTABLE TOOL PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 183
• Basis for Portable Tool Battery Market Projection 184
• TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 184
• Other Portable Product Markets 184
• Other Portable Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 185
• Portable Toy and Novelty Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 185
• Portable Toy...(Continued) 186
• Portable Toy...(Continued) 187
• TABLE 32 PORTABLE TOY AND NOVELTY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 188
• Portable Entertainment Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 188
• Portable Entertainment...(Continued) 189
• TABLE 33 PORTABLE ENTERTAINMENT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 190
• Portable Scientific Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 191
• TABLE 34 PORTABLE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 192
• Digital Video and Still Camera Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 193
• Portable Camera Product Market Drivers and Technology Factors 193
• TABLE 35 DIGITAL VIDEO AND STILL CAMERA DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 194
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 195
• Other Portable Product Market Projections 195
• TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER PORTABLE PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 195
• LITHIUM BATTERY MEDICAL PRODUCTS MARKET SUMMARY 195
• Medical Products Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 195
• Medical Products ... (Continued) 196
• Medical Products ... (Continued) 197
• Medical Products ... (Continued) 198
• TABLE 37 PORTABLE MEDICAL PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 199
• Medical Product Market Projection 199
• TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MEDICAL LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 199
• LITHIUM BATTERY STATIONARY APPLICATION MARKET SUMMARY 200
• Computer Memory Preservation Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 200
• Computer Memory Preservation Market Projection 200
• TABLE 39 PROJECTED GLOBAL COMPUTER MEMORY PRESERVATION LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 200
• Uninterruptible Power Supply Market 200
• Uninterruptible Power Supply Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 200
• Uninterruptible Power Supply Market Projections 201
• TABLE 40 PROJECTED GLOBAL UPS LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 202
• LITHIUM BATTERY MILITARY/AEROSPACE MARKET 202
• Military/Aerospace Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 202
• TABLE 41 SELECTED PORTABLE BATTERY - POWERED MILITARY PRODUCT ROLES 203
• Portable Military Product Market Drivers and Technology Factors 203
• Portable Military...(Continued) 204
• TABLE 42 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 205
• TABLE 42 (CONTINUED) 206
• Military Electric Vehicles Scenario 207
• Battery - Powered Fighting Vehicle Scenario 207
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Revival Scenario 208
• Military/Aerospace Market Projections 208
• TABLE 43 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MILITARY & AEROSPACE LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 209
• LITHIUM BATTERY AUTOMOTIVE AND MOTIVE POWER MARKET SUMMARY 209
• Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market 209
• Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 209
• Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market Projections 210
• TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR INDUSTRIAL EV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 211
• Electric Vehicle, Plug - in and HEV Market 211
• EV, PHEV and HEV Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 211
• EV, PHEV...(Continued) 212
• EV, PHEV...(Continued) 213
• EV, PHEV...(Continued) 214
• EV, PHEV...(Continued) 215
• EV and HEV Market Projections 216
• TABLE 45 MARKET FORECAST FOR GLOBAL EV AND HEV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 216
• Automotive Market 216
• Automotive Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 216
• Automotive Market Projections 217
• TABLE 46 MARKET FORECAST FOR GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 217

Chapter-5: LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 112

• LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL BACKGROUND 218
• TYPES OF LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 218
• TYPES OF LITHIUM BATTERY ... (CONTINUED) 219
• TABLE 47 LITHIUM BATTERY CATHODE MATERIALS 220
• TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 221
• TABLE 48 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 221
• TABLE 48 (CONTINUED) 222
• TABLE 49 LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR MATERIALS 222
• TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 223
• ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND ACTIVE ELEMENTS 223
• Electrode Material and Active Element Background 223
• Electrode Material and Active Element Companies 224
• TABLE 50 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIAL COMPANIES 224
• TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 225
• TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 226
• 3M 227
• Acheson Colloids, Inc. (Henkel) 227
• Admiralty Resources 228
• Advance NanoPower, Inc. 228
• Air Products 229
• Ajay SQM Group 229
• Akzo Nobel 230
• Alfa Aesar - Johnson Matthey Co. 230
• Allan Chemical Corp. 230
• Allchem Industries, Inc. 231
• Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc. 231
• Altair ... (Continued) 232
• Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc. (Continued) 232
• Altair ... (Continued) 233
• American Lithium Minerals 234
• Amber Synthetics (AmSyn) 235
• Applied Nanomaterials, Inc (ApNano) 236
• Advanced Research Chemicals (ARC) 236
• Arkema 237
• Ashland Chemicals 237
• Avalon Rare Metals 238
• BASF Corp. 238
• Baytubes (Bayer MaterialScience) 239
• Belmont Metals, Inc. 239
• Bikita Minerals 239
• Borchers France S.A. 240
• Cabot Corp. 240
• Caledonia Mining Corp. 241
• Cannon - Muskegon Corp. 241
• CarboLex, Inc. 241
• Chambishi Metals, plc 242
• Chemetall Foote Corp. (Sociedad Chilena de Litio, Ltda., SCL) 242
• Chempro 243
• Climax Molybdenum 243
• Columbus Chemical Industries 244
• Conoco 244
• Corn. Van Loocke N.V. 244
• Coyne Chemical 244
• CTT 245
• CVRD/Inco, Ltd. 245
• Darton Commodities, Ltd. 245
• Delta EMD 246
• Dexmet Corp. 246
• Dow Chemical Co. 246
• Elementis Pigments - Durham 247
• Eurotungstene Poudres S.A. 247
• Ferro Corp. 247
• FMC Corp. 247
• Frontier Carbon Corp. (FCC) 248
• Fusite (Division of Emerson Electric Co.) 249
• GFS Chemicals, Inc. 250
• Glencore International AG 250
• GrafTech International 250
• Hermetic Seal Technology, Inc. 251
• Honjo Chemical Corp. 251
• Hunan Xiangtan Electrochemical Group 251
• Inco Special Products 252
• International Cobalt Co., Inc. 252
• ISE Corp. 252
• Kennametal, Inc. 253
• Lamart Corp. 253
• LG Chemical 253
• mPhase Technologies 254
• MPhase ... (Continued) 255
• Mays Chemical Co. 256
• Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp (MER) 256
• Mitsui & Co., Ltd. 257
• Mitsui Benelux 257
• Nano - C, Inc. 257
• Nanergy, Inc. 258
• Nanocyl S.A. 258
• Noah Technologies 259
• Norilsk Nickel 260
• Novolyte Technologies, Inc. 260
• OM Group 260
• Phostech Lithium 261
• Pred Materials 262
• Preminco, Ltd. 262
• Prince Minerals (American Minerals, Inc.) 262
• QNI Pty, Ltd. 263
• QuantumSphere 263
• Raymor Industries, Inc. 264
• Reade Advanced Materials 265
• Sheperd Chemical Co. 266
• Shu Powders, Ltd. 266
• Sons of Gwalia 266
• Spectrum Chemicals 267
• SQM Minsal 267
• SQM Minsal (Continued) 268
• Sheldahl Technical Materials 269
• Showa Denko K.K. (SDK) 269
• Showa ... (Continued) 270
• H.C. Starck 271
• Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd 271
• Superlattice Power 271
• Superlattice Power (Continued) 272
• TABLE 51 OPERATING VOLTAGE RANGE AND MAXIMUM CAPACITY COMPARISON 273
• Superior Graphite Co. 274
• Teck (Teck Cominco, Ltd.) 274
• Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 275
• T/J Technologies (A123 Systems) 276
• Timcall Graphite & Carbon 276
• Todini and Co. SPA 276
• Toray 277
• Toxco, Inc. (Lithchem International) 277
• Tronox 277
• Umicore (Union Miniere) 278
• U.S. Nanocorp 279
• U.S. Vanadium Corp. (Stratcor) 279
• Ube Industries 279
• Unidym (Arrowhead Research Corp.) 280
• Wego Chemical & Mineral 281
• Wogen Resources, Ltd. 281
• Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd. 281
• Xstrata Nickel (Falconbridge) 282
• LITHIUM METAL AND COMPOUNDS 282
• LITHIUM MINERS AND PROCESSORS 282
• Lithium Brine Sources 282
• TABLE 52 LITHIUM MINERALS AND BRINE: ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2002 - 2007 (METRIC TONS)1, 2 283
• Lithium ... (Continued) 284
• TABLE 53 LITHIUM BRINE PROCESSORS 285
• Lithium Brine Sources (Continued) 286
• Lithium Brine Sources (Continued) 287
• Lithium Hardrock Sources 288
• Lithium Compound Companies 288
• TABLE 54 LITHIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 289
• LITHIUM APPLICATIONS, PRODUCTION, AND CONSUMPTION 290
• TABLE 55 U.S. LITHIUM CONSUMPTION, 1994 - 2006 (METRIC TONS OF CONTAINED LITHIUM) 290
• TABLE 56 GLOBAL LITHIUM MARKETS (%) 290
• TABLE 56 (CONTINUED) 291
• LITHIUM PRICES 291
• COPPER COMPOUNDS 292
• NICKEL AND IRON METAL AND COMPOUNDS 292
• Nickel Metal and Compounds 292
• Iron Compounds (Lithium Iron Phosphate) 293
• ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPOUNDS 294
• Manganese Dioxide Companies 295
• TABLE 57 MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPANIES 295
• Manganese Dioxide Developments and Constraints 296
• COBALT COMPOUNDS 296
• Cobalt Companies 297
• TABLE 58 COBALT COMPOUND COMPANIES 298
• Cobalt Consumption Patterns 298
• TABLE 59 GLOBAL COBALT MARKETS 299
• TABLE 60 U.S. COBALT CONSUMPTION, 1994 - 2008 (MT OF COBALT CONTENT) 299
• Cobalt Prices 300
• TABLE 61 HISTORIC GLOBAL COBALT PRICES, 1991 - 2009 ($/LB) 300
• ALUMINUM METAL COMPOUNDS 301
• SULFUR COMPOUNDS 302
• VANADIUM COMPOUNDS 302
• TABLE 62 VANADIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 303
• RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS 303
• INORGANIC CARBON 303
• TABLE 63 CARBON COMPOUND COMPANIES 304
• TABLE 63 (CONTINUED) 305
• FULLERENES 305
• Fullerenes (Continued) 306
• TABLE 64 FULLERENE COMPANIES 307
• TABLE 64 (CONTINUED) 308
• CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 308
• TABLE 65 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES 309
• HALOGENS 309
• TABLE 66 HALOGEN BATTERY APPLICATIONS 310
• Iodine Compounds 311
• Bromine Compounds 311
• Chlorine Compounds 311
• TABLE 67 HALOGEN COMPOUND COMPANIES 311
• LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTES 312
• TABLE 68 LITHIUM CONTAINING BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 312
• TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 313
• LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE COMPANIES 313
• TABLE 69 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIAL COMPANIES 313
• TABLE 69 (CONTINUED) 314
• LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATORS 315
• LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 316
• TABLE 70 BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 316
• TABLE 70 (CONTINUED) 317
• Amerace Microporous Products 317
• Asahi Kasei 317
• Bekaert (Advanced Refractory Technologies) 317
• Celgard, LLC 318
• Celgard, LLC/Continued) 319
• Dexmet Corp. 320
• Entek Membranes 320
• ExxonMobil (Tonen Chemical Affiliate) 320
• ExxonMobil ... (Continued) 321
• W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 322
• Hollingsworth and Vose Co. 322
• Lynntech, Inc. 323
• Nippon Kodoshi Corp. (NKK) 323
• Pall Corp. 323
• SK Energy Corp. 324
• TFP, Inc. 324
• Ube Industries 325
• LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS MARKET SUMMARY 325
• TABLE 71 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 326
• TABLE 72 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 326
• TABLE 73 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 327
• TABLE 74 PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 327
• TABLE 75 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
• TABLE 76 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
• TABLE 77 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
• FIGURE 3 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE, 2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 329

Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 84

• THE DRIVING FORCES OF THE INDUSTRY 330
• TREND ANALYSIS 330
• Trend Analysis (Continued) 331
• TABLE 78 BATTERY MARKET (END USE) TREND 332
• Trend Analysis (Continued) 333
• DRIVING FORCE 1: LITHIUM BATTERY AND BATTERY MATERIAL PATENT SITUATION 334
• Patent Disputes 334
• University of Texas, Hydro Quebec, and NTT, and Others 334
• 3M, Sony, and Lenovo 335
• 3M and Panasonic 336
• DRIVING FORCE 2: IMPROVING BATTERY TECHNICAL MATURITY 336
• DRIVING FORCE 3: DEVELOPING NEW APPLICATIONS FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES 337
• DRIVING FORCE 4: EVOLVING TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS - EVS TO HEVS TO PLUG - INS 338
• Pollution Abatement 339
• TABLE 79 ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM PHEVS, 2005 340
• TABLE 80 PEAK NEW VEHICLE MARKET SHARE FOR THE THREE PHEV ADOPTION SCENARIOS, 2050 (%) 341
• Electric Utility Efficiency 341
• Electric Utility Efficiency (Continued) 342
• Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources 343
• Maintaining Technological Competitiveness 344
• Obama Administration Incentives 344
• Obama Administration ... (Continued) 345
• Obama Administration ... (Continued) 346
• TABLE 81 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY MANUFACTURING INITIATIVE WINNERS 347
• TABLE 81 (CONTINUED) 348
• Obama Administration ... (Continued) 349
• Obama Administration ... (Continued) 350
• DRIVING FORCE 5: PUBLIC SECTOR R&D 351
• Ames National Laboratory 352
• Argonne National Laboratory 352
• Argonne National ... (Continued) 353
• Argonne National ... (Continued) 354
• Argonne National ... (Continued) 355
• Arizona State University 356
• Battelle Memorial Institute 357
• Brookhaven National Laboratory 357
• California Institute of Technology 357
• California Institute ... (Continued) 358
• California Nanosystems Institute 359
• Center for Nanoscale Science (CNS) 360
• Clark University 360
• Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne 360
• Florida State University 361
• Georgia Institute Of Technology, Polymer Research Center 361
• Hunter College 361
• Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 362
• Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory 362
• John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory 362
• Kyoto University 362
• Kyushu University 362
• Laboratoire d' Electrochimie Organique Et De Photochimie Redox 363
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 363
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 363
• Los Alamos National Laboratory 364
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology 364
• Massachusetts ... (Continued) 365
• Max Planck Institut Fur Festkorperforschung 366
• Michigan State University 366
• National Nanotechnology Initiative 366
• National ... (Continued) 367
• TABLE 82 NATIONAL NANOFABRICATION INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK 368
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 368
• National ... (Continued) 369
• NASA Jet Propulsion Lab 370
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 371
• North Carolina Center For Nanoscale Materials (NCCNM) 372
• North Carolina State University 373
• Northwestern University 373
• Northwestern ... (Continued) 374
• Northwestern ... (Continued) 375
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory 376
• Ohio State University 376
• Oregon State University 376
• Penn State University 376
• Pennsylvania State University, Center For Advanced Materials 377
• Purdue University Birck Nanotechnology Center 377
• Polytechnic University 378
• Princeton University 378
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) 378
• Rice University 379
• Rochester Institute of Technology 380
• Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 380
• Sandia National Laboratory 380
• Sandia ... (Continued) 381
• Simon Fraser University 382
• Sophia University 382
• Stanford University 383
• State University of New York (SUNY) 383
• University of Kentucky 383
• Universita La Sapienza 384
• University of Oklahoma Carbon Nanotubes Technology Center (CaNTeC) 384
• Universitat Tubingen Institut Fur Organische Chemie 385
• University of California, Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids 385
• University of Chicago 386
• University of Colorado 386
• University of Dayton Research Institute 386
• University of Durham 386
• University of Illinois 387
• University of Kentucky 387
• University of Massachusetts 387
• University of Minnesota 387
• University of Missouri 388
• University of Nevada at Las Vegas 389
• University of New Mexico 389
• University of New South Wales 390
• University of North Carolina 390
• University of Pennsylvania 390
• University of Rhode Island 391
• University of Southern California 391
• University of St. Andrews 391
• University of Texas 391
• University of Tokyo 392
• USCAR 392
• Waseda University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering 392
• DRIVING FORCE 6: BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL & PRODUCT SAFETY 392
• The Manufacturing and Assembly Process 392
• TABLE 83 GENERIC BATTERY MANUFACTURING TREE 393
• Product Safety Issues 394
• Alternative Designs 395
• Alternative ... (Continued) 396
• Alternative ... (Continued) 397
• Lithium Battery Patents that Address Battery Safety 398
• Battery Pack 398
• Secondary Battery with Protective Circuit 398
• Battery Capacity Calculating Method 399
• System and Method for Efficiently Implementing a Battery Controller for an Electronic Device 399
• Material Safety Issues 399
• Material Safety ... (Continued) 400
• Material Safety ... (Continued) 401
• TABLE 84 TYPICAL C60 MSDS DATA 402
• TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 403
• TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 404
• MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 404
• MARKET CONCENTRATION FACTORS 404
• TABLE 85 LITHIUM BATTERY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 405
• TABLE 86 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES 406
• MARKET SEGMENTATION FACTORS 406
• Mining 406
• Processing/Refining 407
• Chemical Synthesis 407
• Compounding 408
• Recycling 408
• INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES 409
• LITHIUM BATTERIES AS PART OF THE OVERALL GLOBAL BATTERY MARKET 409
• TABLE 87 TOTAL BATTERY MARKET, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 409
• DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 409
• TABLE 88 LITHIUM BATTERY DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 410
• INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 411
• LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCE SIGNIFICANCE 411
• LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 412
• TABLE 89 TYPICAL RETAIL LITHIUM BATTERY PRICES, 1996 - 2009 ($) 412
• LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL PURCHASING INFLUENCES 412
• How Significant Are Material Prices? 412
• How Significant ... (Continued) 413