Report: Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells TOC

INTRODUCTION
- STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
- SCOPE AND FORMAT
- METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
- ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS
- RELATED BCC RESEARCH WORK CREDENTIALS
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
SUMMARY
- MATERIALS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
- Summary Table:
- FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Summary Figure:
- FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, 2000-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
OVERVIEW
- MARKET ENVIRONMENT
  - ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
    - Environmental Issues (Continued)
- ADVANCES
- INNOVATION DRIVER
- REGULATORY ISSUES AND GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
  - Department of Energy
    - Department of Energy (Continued)
- Figure 1 OIL USE BY LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
  - Office of Science
- NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
  - How Much Hydrogen Is Needed?
- Table 1 FOCUS OF THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN VISION
- Table 2 PROPOSED TIMELINE FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  - NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
    - DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
      - Army Research Laboratory
      - USAF Research Laboratory
      - Naval Research Laboratory
  - NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA)
    - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Figure 2 JPL TWELVE-CELL DMFC STACK
  - ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS' INVOLVEMENT IN FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
- Table 3 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS
  - OTHER
- ISSUES
  - BARRIERS
- CRITERIA FOR COMMERCIALLY VIABLE FUEL CELLS
- CONDUCTION IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS
- MARKET DRIVERS
  - PRICING
    - Status PEM Fuel Cell Cost
    - Life-Cycle Costs
- FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL
  - LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
    - Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
- REGENERATIVE OR REVERSIBLE FUEL CELLS
  - FUEL CELL CHARACTERISTICS
  - FUEL PROCESSING
    - Improved Hydrogen Separation
    - Filtering Hydrogen and Oxygen
  - BRIEF OVERVIEW OF MEMBRANES
- MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- PRICE
  - VALUE OF U.S. MEMBRANE MARKET
  - ELECTROCHEMICAL MEMBRANE MARKET SECTORS
- WRAPPING UP
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
- TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
- Table 4 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL
  - CHOOSING NEW MEMBRANES
- Table 5 PARAMETER VARIABLES FOR NEW ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES
- Table 6 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES
  - HIGH TEMPERATURE MEMBRANES
  - OTHER OPTIONS
    - Functionalized Membrane
    - Alternative Organic Fuels
    - Pretreatment of Membrane
  - WATER TRANSPORT PROCESSES
- Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL
  - PROTONATED WATER CLUSTERS
  - FREEZING TEMPERATURE ISSUES
- FABRICATION OF MEMBRANES
- Table 7 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
  - CASTING SOLVENT
    - Ethylene Glycol as Solvent
  - IMPACT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESS
- APPROACHES TO IONOMER SYNTHESIS
- Table 8 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS
  - EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS FOR PEMs
    - DURABILITY OF MEMBRANES
  - FUNCTIONALIZED HYDROCARBONS
  - POLYFUEL HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE
  - TORAY'S HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE
  - JSR MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE
  - BAM MEMBRANES
  - MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE SULFONATED MEMBRANES
  - POLYETHERETHER KETONE (PEEK)
- Figure 4 REPRESENTATIONS OF PEEK VARIATIONS
  - HOKU SCIENTIFIC'S sEK MEMBRANE
  - TOSOH'S POLY(ARYLENE ETHER SULFONE)
  - SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER) SULFONES
- Figure 5 STRUCTURE OF BPSH-XX
- Table 9 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117
  - Direct Synthesis
    - Reduced Electro-Osmotic Drag
    - Conductivity
  - ARGONNE'S DENDRITIC SULFONATED POLYARYL ETHER
  - SULFONATION OF STYRENE CONTAINING BLOCK COPOLYMERS
- Figure 6 SCHEMATIC DAIS ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER
  - Ethylene Styrene Interpolymers
  - Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend
  - Gas Technology Institute Membrane
- PERFLUOROCARBONSULFONIC ACID IONOMERS
  - PERFLUOROCARBONSULFONIC ...(Continued)
- Figure 7 GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF NAFION
  - NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
- Table 10 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
  - GORE SELECT
- Table 11 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS
  - ACIPLEX
  - FLEMION
- HETEROCYCLIC AND POLYBENIMIDIZOLE (PBI) MEMBRANES
  - PEMEAS AND CELTEC
- Figure 8 STRUCTURAL UNIT OF PBI
  - TEXAS VARIATIONS OF PBI MEMBRANE
  - PLUG POWER AND DOE AND PBI
  - RENSSALAER'S CHAIN-TRANSFER (RAFT) POLYMERIZATION
  - SAMSUNG'S POLYIMIDE DERIVATIVE
  - SULFONATED PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE
    - Other Modifications of PBI
- Figure 9 PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED PBI POLYMER COMPLEX
  - SULFONATED POLYIMIDES
    - Tailored Imides
  - POLY(BISBENZOXAZOLE) [PBO]
  - UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS CO-POLYMERS
- COMPOSITES
  - ACIPLEX AND TITANIAS
  - INORGANIC-ORGANIC COMPOSITE
  - MODIFIED SILOXANE (ORMOSIL)
  - ORGANIC/HETEROPOLYACIDS AND NAFION
  - ANILINE AND PERFLUOROSULFONIC ACID POLYMER
  - RANDOM FIBERS AND PERFLUORINATED MEMBRANES
  - IONIC GEL FILL
  - ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHONATE FILL
- OTHERS
  - GEORGIA TECH TRIAZOLE BOOSTER
    - Dow XUS 13204.1
- Figure 10 DOW MONOMER
  - Altergy Freedom Power
- ACID FUNCTIONAL FLUOROPOLYMERS MEMBRANE
- NOVEL ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES
  - Glass Membrane
  - Glass Layer Improves Humidity
  - PEM Converted to Microfiber
  - Metallized Bio-Cellulosics
- DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
  - DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (Continued)
- Figure 11 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY
  - DMFC ANODE PROBLEMS
    - Toshiba Approach
- GEN IV
- MEDIS' CONDUCTIVE POLYMER
- GENERICS' CMR
- ENERGY VENTURES RESEARCH
- POLYFUEL
- SMART FUEL CELL
- ADDITIONAL INNOVATIONS
  - Gillette Co.
  - Sony Corp.
  - Los Alamos National Laboratory
  - California Institute Of Technology
  - University Of Connecticut
  - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp.
  - Gore DMFC
  - Maxdem Technologies
  - Russian Academy of Sciences
  - Ube Industries, Ltd.
- GLOBAL DMFC SUMMARY
- Table 12 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
- Table 12 (CONTINUED)
  - VALUE OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
    - VALUE OF PROTON EXCHANGE...(Continued)
- Table 13 FORECAST OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
  - WAY FORWARD
    - Way Forward (Continued)
    - Way Forward (Continued)
STRUCTURE OF THE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELL INDUSTRY
- BACKGROUND
  - ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE PRODUCERS
- Table 14 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
- Table 14 (CONTINUED)
  - PEM MATERIALS MARKET SHARE
- Table 15 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2006
  - MARKET SHARE of PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA
- Table 16 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
  - GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT IN PEM FUEL CELLS
    - GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT IN ...(Continued)
- COMPANY PROFILES
  - ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.
  - ASAHI KASEI CHEMICALS CORP.
  - BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS
    - U.S. Offices
    - Ballard Material Products
  - DAIS ANALYTIC CORP.
  - DUPONT FUEL CELLS
    - Nafion Membranes and Solutions
    - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Development
  - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Development (Continued)
- GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS, LLC
- GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD.
- GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
- HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC.
- HYDROGENICS CORP.
- IDATECH, LLC
- JSR CORP.
- MAXDEM, UNC.
- MEDIS EL
  - Medis Technologies, Ltd.
- MILLENIUM CELL
- MTI MICRO/MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY
- PEMEAS GMBH
- PLUG POWER
- POLYFUEL
- PURE ENERGY VISIONS CORP.
- RELION
- TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.
- UNITED TECHNOLOGY CORP. FUEL CELLS
- OTHERS
  - Others (Continued)
MEA, GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS, AND BIPOLAR PLATES
- MEA CONFIGURATION
- Figure 12 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA
  - STEPS IN ASSEMBLY OF THE MEA
- Figure 13 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION
  - MANUFACTURING
- PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR MEAs
- Table 17 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS
  - COST GOALS
- FUNCTIONING STACKS
  - ELECTROCHEMISTRY
  - CARBON CORROSION
- GRAPHITES
  - ASBURY GRAPHITE MILLS APPROACH
  - CRYSTAL GRAPHITE APPROACH
  - TIMCAL SYNTHETIC GRAPITE APPROACH
- GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
  - ATTRIBUTES OF GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS
- Table 18 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS
  - GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
- Table 19 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
  - GDL ADVANCEMENTS
    - Developments at Graftech International
    - Developments at Umicore AG
    - Developments at Ballard Material Products
    - Developments at Johnson Matthey
    - Developments at Lydall, Inc.
    - Developments at Mitsubishi Rayon
    - Developments at SGL Carbon Group
- Table 20 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
  - Developments at Toray/Mitsui
  - Developments at Zoltek
  - Other Developments
  - INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON SUPPLIERS
- Table 21 INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON/GDL SUPPLIERS
  - VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
- Table 22 VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  - BIPOLAR PLATES AND MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY
    - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
- Table 23 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
- Table 24 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
  - Corrosion Protection of Metallic Plates
    - Ballard Powers' Bipolar Metal Plate
    - Surface Modification
  - Tech-Etch Metal Plates
  - ECPower/Sorapec Approach
  - Entegris Approach
  - Generics Porous Plates Approach
  - T8 Series
  - IdaTech Layered Bipolar Plate Assembly
  - Use of Thermoplastic
  - Intelligent Energy's Proprietary Design
  - Nisshinbo Approach
  - PEM Plates Approach
  - Plug Power Assembly
  - Porvair Approach
  - SGL Technologies Approach
- Table 25 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES
  - Improved Gasket Approach
  - Sumitomo Metal Approach
- INDEX TO BIPOLAR PLATE COMPANIES
- Table 26 INDEX OF BIPOLAR PLATE SUPPLIERS
- Table 26 (CONTINUED)
  - Ancillary Factors
- VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATE/ COLLECTORS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
- Table 27 VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATES/COLLECTORS FOR MEAS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  - MEAS COMPANIES' FOCUS
  - 3M Innovative Properties Co. Approach
  - DuPont Approach
  - GM Approach
  - Hoku Scientific Approach
  - PEMEAS/E-Tek Approach
  - Palcan Power Systems Approach
  - ReliOn/Avista Approach
  - Gore Approach
  - Other Innovations
- STRUCTURE OF THE MEA INDUSTRY
- Table 28 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE OF MEA COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
  - MEA COMPANY PROFILES
  - 3M
  - Ballard Power Systems
    - Ballard Material Products, Inc.
  - DuPont Fuel Cell
  - Electrochem, Inc.
  - General Electric
  - General Motors, Corp.
  - Gore Fuel Cell Technologies
    - W.L. Gore & Assoc., Inc.
  - Hoku Scientific, Inc.
  - Hydrogenics Corp.
  - Johnson Matthey
  - Lynntech Industries, Inc.
  - Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
    - Research Headquarters
  - Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp.
  - Nuvant Systems, Inc.
  - Nuvera Fuel Cells
    - Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe
  - Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd.
  - Pemeas/E-Tek
  - Plug Power/H Power
  - ReliOn/Avista Corp.
  - UTC Power
- VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES
- Table 29 VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  - Value of Membrane Electrode...(Continued)
CATALYSTS AND INKS
- BACKGROUND
- MARKET DYNAMICS
  - COST IS AN ISSUE
  - DOE GOALS
- CATALYST DURABILITY
  - CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE
- PLATINUM AND PLATINUM GROUP METALS
  - PLATINUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION
- Table 30 WORLD PLATINUM SUPPLY, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
- Table 31 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
  - U.S. PRODUCTION
- Table 32 U.S. STATISTICS FOR PLATINUM
  - CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
  - COST OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS
  - PRODUCER AND CONSUMER CONFLICTS
- CATALYST COATED MEMBRANES
  - DUPONT METHOD
  - POLYFUEL METHOD
  - AEROGEL COMPOSITE'S METHOD
- Figure 14 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM
  - RAMOT METHOD
  - LOWER CATALYST LOADINGS
  - STACK DESIGN
- COMBINATORIAL TECHNIQUES
- INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS
  - ALLOYS OF PLATINUM
    - Anode Durability
  - NANOPARTICLES
    - Why Nano?
    - Nanofibers
    - Nanolevel Platinum/Carbon Electrocatalyst for Cathode
    - Nanowires
  - TRANSITION METAL NANOSIZED CATALYSTS
- CATALYST INK COMPOSITIONS
  - APPLIED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL FORMULATION
  - OTHER FORMULATIONS
    - Progress by SW Research and Gore
    - Progress at UTC Fuel Cells
    - Progress at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    - Progress at Samsung Electronics
- CARBON COMPOSITE ELECTROCATALYST POWDERS
  - SUPERIOR MICROPOWDERS
- VALUE OF THE PEM CATALYST/INKS MEA MARKET
- Table 33 VALUE OF CATALYST INKS FOR MEAS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  - IMPORTANT PGM PLAYERS
    - ACTA SpA
    - ANGLO PLATINUM
    - AQUARIUS PLATINUM PTY LTD.
    - BASF Corp.
      - BASF AG
    - ENGLEHARD CORP.
      - Englehard CLAL
    - INCO LIMITED
    - IMPALA PLATINUM HOLDING LTD. (IMPLATS)
      - Impala Platinum Holding Ltd....(Continued)
  - JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS
    - Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells UK
  - LONMIN PLATINUM PLC
    - Lonmin South Africa
  - NORILSK NICKEL
    - Stillwater Mining
  - OM GROUP, INC.
  - QUANTUMSPHERE, INC.
  - TANAKA PRECIOUS METALS
LIST OF TABLES
- Summary Table:
- FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 1 FOCUS OF THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN VISION
- Table 2 PROPOSED TIMELINE FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
- Table 3 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS
- Table 4 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL
- Table 5 PARAMETER VARIABLES FOR NEW ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES
- Table 6 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES
- Table 7 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
- Table 8 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS
- Table 9 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117
- Table 10 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
- Table 11 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS
- Table 12 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
- Table 13 FORECAST OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 14 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
- Table 15 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2006
- Table 16 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
- Table 17 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS
- Table 18 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS
- Table 19 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
- Table 20 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
- Table 21 INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON/GDL SUPPLIERS
- Table 22 VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 23 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
- Table 24 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
- Table 25 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES
- Table 26 INDEX OF BIPOLAR PLATE SUPPLIERS
- Table 27 VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATES/COLLECTORS FOR MEAS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 28 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE OF MEA COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
- Table 29 VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 30 WORLD PLATINUM SUPPLY, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
- Table 31 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
- Table 32 U.S. STATISTICS FOR PLATINUM
- Table 33 VALUE OF CATALYST INKS FOR MEAS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
LIST OF FIGURES
- Summary Figure:
- FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, 2000-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 1 OIL USE BY LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
- Figure 2 JPL TWELVE-CELL DMFC STACK
- Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL
- Figure 4 REPRESENTATIONS OF PEEK VARIATIONS
- Figure 5 STRUCTURE OF BPSH-XX
- Figure 6 SCHEMATIC DAIS ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER
- Figure 7 GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF NAFION
- Figure 8 STRUCTURAL UNIT OF PBI
- Figure 9 PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED PBI POLYMER COMPLEX
- Figure 10 DOW MONOMER
- Figure 11 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY
- Figure 12 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA
- Figure 13 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION
- Figure 14 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM

Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells

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