Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies

Table of Contents

• Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies

Chapter- 1: SUMMARY

• SUMMARY TABLE VALUE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE OF CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• SUMMARY FIGURE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)

Chapter- 2: OVERVIEW

• TECHNOLOGIES EXAMINED
• TECHNOLOGIES EXAMINED (CONTINUED)
• USERS OF THE CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
• OTHER FACTORS
• OTHER FACTORS (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 1 COMPARISON COST OF ELECTRICITY WITH CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY, 2007
  • FIGURE 1 COST PER KWH FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY, 2007

Chapter- 3: PRE-COMBUSTION: INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE

• TABLE 2 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS: SYNGAS PRODUCTION VS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MWTH* VS MWE**)
• TABLE 3 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS: CUMULATIVE VALUE OF SYNGAS AND ELECTRIC PLANTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 2 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT APPLICATION PROJECTIONS: SYNGAS VS ELECTRICITY, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• IGCC ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
  • TABLE 4 U.S. AND ROW IGCC CAPITAL BASE PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 5 PROJECTED U.S. AND ROW IGCC MEGAWATT BASE FOR POWER, THROUGH 2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 6 U.S. POWER FROM TRADITIONAL COAL PLANTS VS IGCC COAL PLANTS, 2007 (MW)
  • FIGURE 3 U.S. MARKET SHARES OF ELECTRIC POWER: TRADITIONAL COAL-FIRED VS. IGCC COAL POWER, 2007 (MW)
• IGCC APPLICATION MARKET

Chapter- 4: IGCC APPLICATION DISTRIBUTION

• FIGURE 4 IGCC TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, 2007 (%)
• FIGURE 5 UTILITY GASIFICATION PROJECT MARKET SHARES
• BY COMPANY, 2007
  • TABLE 7 IGCC APPLICATION MARKET SHARES, 2007
• TECHNOLOGY DISTRIBUTION
  • FIGURE 6 IGCC MARKET SHARES BY COMPANY SYNGAS PRODUCTION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 8 GASIFICATION COMPANY MARKET SHARES BY SYNGAS OUTPUT AND NUMBER OF PROJECTS, 2007 (NM3/D)
  • TABLE 9 PROJECTED U.S. AND REST OF WORLD IGCC MEGAWATT BASE FOR POWER, THROUGH 2012 (MW/NO. OF PROJECTS)
  • FIGURE 7 PROJECTED U.S. AND REST OF WORLD IGCC GROWTH, 2005-2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 10 PLANNED MEGAWATTS OF IGCC POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE BY COUNTRY, 2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 10 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 8 WORLDWIDE IGCC MARKET SHARE PROJECTIONS BY COUNTRY BASED ON MEGAWATT CAPACITY, 2012 (%)
• IGCC APPLICATIONS: US IGCC PLANTS AND PROJECTS
  • TABLE 11 U.S. IGCC PLANTS, 1995-2012
  • TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 12 POST-2012 U.S. ANNOUNCED U.S. IGCC PROJECTS
• REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS
  • TABLE 13 REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS, TO 2012
  • TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 14 POST-2012 REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS
• IGCC TECHNOLOGY
  • TABLE 15 COAL PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC, SUPERCRITICAL PC, AND ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL PC BY COAL TYPE (%)
• IGCC MAJOR COMPONENTS
  • TABLE 16 MAJOR IGCC COMPONENTS: COST AND PLANT FUNCTION (%)
• Coal Handling Equipment
• Gasifier
• Moving-Bed Reactors
• Fluidized-Bed Reactors
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
• Entrained-Flow Reactors
• Syngas Cleanup
• Combined Cycle Power Block
• Balance of IGCC Plant
  • TABLE 17 WORLDWIDE MARKET PROJECTIONS FOR ON-SITE PRE-COMBUSTION COMPONENTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 9 SCHEMATIC IGCC PROCESS
• METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
• NEW DEVELOPMENTS
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 18 AVERAGE NGCC, PC, AND IGCC POWER PLANT CAPITAL COSTS WITHOUT AND WITH CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($/MILLION MW)
• PROCESS COMPARISON
  • TABLE 19 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF IGCC VS BEST PC
  • TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC, AND SUPERCRITICAL PC CO2 EMISSIONS (LB/MWH)
  • TABLE 21 COMPARISON OF GE, CONOCOPHILLIPS, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGIES COSTS AND EFFICIENCY
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
  • TABLE 22 IGCC ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES
  • TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 23 IGCC VS PC WITH ADVANCED POLLUTION CONTROLS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
  • TABLE 24 WORLDWIDE PROJECTED MARKET SHARES OF IGCC FOR ELECTRICITY BY MARKET LEADER, 2007-2012
  • FIGURE 10 WORLDWIDE PROJECTED COMPANY MARKET SHARES OF IGCC ELECTRIC PROJECTS, 2007-2012 (%)
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 25 IGCC INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• STRATEGIES
• SHIFTS
• TRADE PRACTICES
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 26 PRE-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY HISTORY, 1812-2007
  • TABLE 26 (CONTINUED)
• INDUSTRY IMPACTS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
• IMPORTANCE OF PATENTS
• Patents by Application
  • TABLE 27 U.S. CO2 CAPTURE PATENTS BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2004-2007
  • FIGURE 11 U.S. CO2 CAPTURE PATENTS BY APPLICATION, 2004-2007 (%)
• Patent Technology by Region
  • TABLE 28 U.S. CO2 PATENTS BY REGION, 2002-2007
  • FIGURE 12 U.S. CO2 PATENTS BY REGION, 2002-2007 (%)
• Patents by Year
  • TABLE 29 U.S. PATENTS BY YEAR, 2004-2007
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• Importance of Research (Continued)

Chapter- 5: OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE

• TABLE 30 WORLDWIDE OXYGEN APPLICATION MARKETS, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 13 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES OF OXYGEN APPLICATIONS, 2007 (%)
• TABLE 31 U.S. AND WORLD OXYGEN MARKET PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS/BCF/MMT)
• TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE
  • TABLE 32 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE UTILITY MARKET FOR COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• APPLICATION MARKET OXY-FUEL
  • TABLE 33 OXY-FUEL PROJECTS WORLDWIDE, 1997-2008
  • TABLE 33 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 34 PROJECTED OXY-FUEL PROJECTS WORLDWIDE, 2007-2012
  • TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)
• APPLICATION MARKET OXY-FUEL (CONTINUED)
• OXY-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY
• MAJOR OXY-FUEL POWER GENERATION COMPONENTS
  • TABLE 35 MAJOR OXY-COMBUSTION COMPONENT COSTS, 2007 (%)
• Air Separation Unit
• Boiler-Turbine-Generator
• CO2 Cooler/Condenser/Compressor
• Air Pollution Controls
  • FIGURE 14 SCHEMATIC OXY-FUEL SYSTEM
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 36 COST OF STATE OF THE ART 740 MW PC OXY-COMBUSTION PLANT WITH CO2 CAPTURE, 2007
  • TABLE 37 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL COSTS COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 38 OXY-FUEL COMPONENT COE, 2007 (C/KWH/%)
  • FIGURE 15 COE FOR OXY-FUEL POWER PLANT BY COMPONENT, 2007 (%)
• PROCESS COMPARISON
  • TABLE 39 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 40 AUXILIARY POWER LOSS FOR OXY-FUEL POWER PLANT
  • FIGURE 16 OXY-FUEL AVERAGE AUXILIARY POWER LOSS PER MW, 2007 (%)
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
  • TABLE 41 OXY-FUEL ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: COMBUSTION
• INDUSTRY MARKET SHARES
  • TABLE 42 OXY-FUEL FOR UTILITY APPLICATIONS MARKET SHARES, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 17 OXY-FUEL FOR UTILITY APPLICATIONS MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 43 OXY-FUEL INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• STRATEGIES
• SHIFTS
• TRADE PRACTICES
• Trade Practices (Continued)
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 44 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
• INDUSTRY IMPACTS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
• PATENTS
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
  • TABLE 45 OXY-FUEL RESEARCH NEEDS

Chapter- 6: POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE

• TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS
  • TABLE 46 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF POST COMBUSTION STORAGE PROJECTS AND ONGOING EOR, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• POST COMBUSTION RECOVERY APPLICATION MARKET
  • TABLE 47 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF CO2 CAPTURE PROJECTS, CO2 CAPTURE, AND VALUE OF CO2, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 18 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES BY COUNTRY AND METRIC TONS OF CO2 CAPTURED, 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 48 CARBON CAPTURE PROJECTS BY COUNTRY, 2012 (MMT/YR OF CO2 CAPTURED)
  • TABLE 49 PROJECTED U.S. AND FOREIGN CO2 STORAGE PROJECTS, 2007-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
• TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING
• TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 19 SCHEMATIC OF POWER GENERATION AND CO2 SEQUESTRATION
• MAJOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS CHEMICAL STRIPPING COMPONENTS
• Flue Gas Supply/SO2 polishing
• CO2 Absorption
• Circulating Water System
• Water Wash Section
• Rich/Lean Amine Heat Exchange System
• Solvent Stripper
• Solvent Stripper Reclaimer
• Steam Condensate
• Corrosion Inhibitor System
• Gas Compression and Drying System
  • FIGURE 20 SCHEMATIC OF AN AMINE TREATMENT SYSTEM
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 50 AMINE SCRUBBING COSTS COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 51 AMINE CCS COMPONENT COST OF ELECTRICITY KWH AND PERCENTAGE OF COE KWH
  • FIGURE 21 AMINE CCS COMPONENT COST OF ELECTRICITY (%)
  • TABLE 52 CAPITAL COSTS FOR A 720 MW COAL POWER PLANT, 6,000 MT CO2 A DAY CCS RETROFIT, 2007
  • FIGURE 22 COST SHARES BY MAJOR COMPONENT FOR 720 MW CHP, 2007 (%)
• PROCESS COMPARISONS
  • TABLE 53 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL AMINE PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
• AMMONIA CCS TECHNOLOGY
  • FIGURE 23 AMMONIA CO2 STRIPPER FOR COPRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS
• Process Economics
  • TABLE 54 COST COMPARISON OF AA WITH MEA FOR PC AND USC
• Process Comparison
  • TABLE 55 MEA VS AA PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
  • TABLE 56 VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM AMMONIA POLLUTION CONTROLS FOR NOX, SOX, AND GD (OPERATING AT 80% OF CAPACITY)
  • TABLE 57 MEA VS AMMONIA BTU REQUIREMENTS
• Product Development
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 58 INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• SHIFTS
• STRATEGIES
• TRADE PRACTICES
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 59 EVOLUTION OF POST COMBUSTION INDUSTRY
• PATENTS FACTORS
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• CHEMICALS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURING PROCESS
• SORBENTS
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: POST-COMBUSTION
  • TABLE 60 WORLDWIDE NUMBER OF CHEMICAL-BASED CARBON CAPTURE PLANT INSTALLATIONS BY COMPANY, 2007
  • FIGURE 24 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES OF CARBON CAPTURE MATERIALS BY COMPANY, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 61 WORLDWIDE PRODUCT MARKET SHARES OF SOLVENTS FOR CCS, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 25 WORLDWIDE PRODUCT MARKET SHARES CO2 ADSORBENTS, 2007 (%)
• Trends in Ethanolamine Demand
  • TABLE 62 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOLAMINE, THROUGH 2012 (MMT AND $ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 63 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2007 (MT)
  • FIGURE 26 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 27 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE MARKET SHARES BY COMPANY, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 64 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MARKET FOR ETHANOLAMINE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• Ethanolamine Production
  • TABLE 65 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION MARKET SHARE BY COMPANY, 2007
• CHEMICAL SOLVENT/ORGANICS: AMINE-BASED
• Monoethanolamine
• Monoethanolamine (Continued)
• Amine Guard
• Amino-Di-Ethylene-Glycol (ADEG)
• Activated Methyldiethanolamine (aDMEA)
• Amisol Mix
• Diisopropylamine
• Diethanolamine /SNPA-DEA
• Econamine FG Process
• Econamine FG Process (Continued)
• Estasolvan
• Flexsorb
• Fluor Solvent
• Glymine
• Applications
• KS-1, KS-2, and KS-3
• MDEA and Hybrid Solvents
• MDEA and Hybrid Solvents (Continued)
• Omnisulf
• Sterically Hindered Amines
• PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
• Alkazid
• Morphysorb
• Optisol
• Potassium Carbonate/Benfield
  • TABLE 66 POTASSIUM CARBONATE PROCESS ADVANTAGES
• PuraTreat R and F
• Purisol
• Rectisol
• Rectisol (Continued)
• Selefining
• Selexol
• SEPASOLV MPE
• Sulfinol
• UCARSOL
• PROCESS/SOLVENT COMPARISON
  • TABLE 67 COMPARISON OF CO2 SORBENT MATERIAL QUALITIES
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)

Chapter- 7: MAJOR MARKETS FOR CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE AND TECHNOLOGIES

• TABLE 68 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MAJOR APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 69 PROJECTED CO2 CONSUMPTION WORLDWIDE BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 70 CO2 CONSUMED WORLDWIDE BY MAJOR APPLICATION, 2007 (MMT)
• FIGURE 28 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES BY MAJOR APPLICATION BY CO2 CONSUMED, 2007 (MMT OF CO2)
• TABLE 71 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL, CHEMICAL, MERCHANT, AND CARBON MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• TABLE 72 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL, CHEMICAL, AND MERCHANT MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 73 MILLION METRIC TONS OF CO2 CONSUMED WORLDWIDE BY MAJOR MARKET, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 29 WORLDWIDE CO2 MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2007 (%)
• ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
  • TABLE 74 WORLDWIDE APPLICATIONS OF CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES AND ELECTRIC GROWTH PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 75 PROJECTED MW INCREASE IN CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (MW IN MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 76 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE POWER CAPACITY WITH AND WITHOUT CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS BY TYPE, 2012 (MW MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 30 WORLD MW CAPACITY VS CCS MW TECHNOLOGIES, 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 77 PROJECTED UTILITY WORLDWIDE MARKETS FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY BY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 78 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CCS AND TECHNOLOGY MARKET SHARES AND SOURCES OF CO2, 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 31 WORLD ELECTRIC POWER MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 32 REGIONAL SHARES OF WORLDWIDE CO2 EMISSIONS, 2007 (%)
• MARKET TRENDS
  • TABLE 79 POTENTIAL VALUE OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRIC POWER APPLICATIONS WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (MW/$MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 80 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET SHARES OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES FOR COAL POWER, 2012 (GW)
  • FIGURE 33 PROJECTED U.S. CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES COAL MARKET SHARES BY MW, 2012 (%)
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
  • TABLE 81 CCS TECHNOLOGY MARKETS BY TYPE, 2007 (NUMBER OF SITES/MMT)
  • FIGURE 34 BEST APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 82 COST OF CO2 FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, 2007 ($/MT)
  • FIGURE 35 COST PER MT OF CO2 FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, 2007 ($/MT)
  • TABLE 83 VALUE OF CCS GIGA METRIC TONS (GMT) CO2 REDUCTION AND VALUE TO 2050
  • FIGURE 36 PROJECTED DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY WORLDWIDE, 2050 (%)
  • FIGURE 36 (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
  • TABLE 84 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE APPLICATION MARKETS FOR POST-COMBUSTION SOLVENT SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 85 VALUE POST-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 37 APPLICATION MARKET FOR CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS UTILITY VS GAS PROCESSING, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 86 PROJECTED NATURAL GAS CONSUMED, SCRUBBED GAS, CO2 CONTENT WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (TCF)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 87 PROJECTED VALUE OF CO2 ANTI-CORROSION FOR PIPELINE TRANSMISSION WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 38 AMINE GAS SWEETENING PLANT
  • TABLE 88 U.S. GAS PROCESSING PLANTS BY STATE, 2007 (MMSCF/D)
  • FIGURE 39 U.S. MARKET FOR GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY BY STATE, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 40 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF 1.3 BCF/D CO2 FOR EOR, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 40 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 89 NON-NATURAL CO2 SOURCES FOR EOR, 2007 (MMCF/D)
  • TABLE 90 MAJOR U.S. PIPELINE EXPANSIONS AND SCRUBBING VALUES, 2006-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 90 (CONTINUED)
• HYDROGEN
  • TABLE 91 GLOBAL DAILY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY FEEDSTOCK, 2007
  • TABLE 92 GLOBAL HYDROGEN AND CO2 PRODUCTION FROM COAL AND GAS, 2007
• HYDROGEN (CONTINUED)
• ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
  • TABLE 93 PROJECTED WORLD OIL PRODUCTION FROM EOR AND CO2 USE, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 41 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMPTION IN EOR, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
  • TABLE 94 U.S. AND CANADIAN CO2 EOR BARREL OF OIL EQUIVALENT PER DAY, 2007
  • TABLE 95 U.S. RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL USING CO2 INJECTION BY REGION, 2007 (BB/TCF)
  • FIGURE 42 PROJECTED U.S. REGIONAL MARKETS FOR CO2 FOR EOR BY RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL, 2012 (%)
• NATURAL CO2 RESERVOIRS
  • TABLE 96 U.S. CO2 RESERVES PROVEN AND PROBABLE, 2007
  • FIGURE 43 U.S. NATURAL CO2 RESERVOIR MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• Bravo Dome
• Doe Canyon
• Jackson Dome
• McElmo Dome
• TRANSPORT OF CO2
  • FIGURE 44 U.S. CO2 PIPELINES
• PIPELINES
  • TABLE 97 U.S. CO2 PIPELINE AND TRANSPORT COSTS, 2007
  • TABLE 98 SUMMARY OF MAJOR U.S. CO2 PIPELINES, 2007
  • TABLE 98 (CONTINUED)
• Bravo Pipeline
• Centerline
• Canyon Reef Carriers
• Central Basin Pipeline
• Cortez Pipeline
• Este Pipeline
• Pecos Pipeline
• Powder River Basin
• Sheep Mountain Pipeline
• Slaughter Pipeline
• Val Verde
• West Texas Pipeline and the Llano Lateral
• Calgary Alberta CO2 Pipeline
• PIPELINE LEGISLATION
• TECHNOLOGY FOR CO2 PUMPED EOR
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• Importance of Research (Continued)
• CO2 EOR MARKET POTENTIAL
• CRUDE OIL MARKET POTENTIAL
  • TABLE 99 CO2 DAILY DELIVERIES FOR EOR BY COMPANY, 2008 (MMCF)
  • FIGURE 45 CO2 DELIVERIES TO THE EOR MARKET BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007 (%)
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• MARKET COMPETITION
• EOR HISTORY AND PROJECTIONS
  • TABLE 100 COST PER BARREL OF OIL USING CO2 EOR FLOODING, 2007 ($)
  • FIGURE 46 COST SHARES PER BARREL OF OIL FOR CO2 EOR, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 101 VALUE OF EOR TO TEXAS ECONOMY, 2007 ($)
  • TABLE 102 VALUE NEW TEXAS CO2 EOR PROJECTS, 2006-2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 102 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 47 SHARES OF NEW TEXAS CO2 EOR PROJECTS BY COMPANY, 2006-2007 (%)
  • TABLE 103 NEW EOR PROJECTS IN TEXAS, 2006-2007
  • TABLE 103 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 103 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 104 PROJECTED U.S AND CANADIAN BARRELS OF OIL EQUIVALENT A DAY AND CO2 REQUIRED PER DAY, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 105 ONGOING CO2 FLOODING IN EOR PROJECTS IN THE U.S. AND REST OF WORLD, 2007
  • TABLE 105 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 105 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 106 REST OF WORLD EOR PROJECTS: OPERATING AND UNDER CONSIDERATION, 2007
  • TABLE 106 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 106 (CONTINUED)
• CO2 MERCHANT MARKET
  • TABLE 107 WORLWIDE PROJECTED CO2 PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • TABLE 108 CO2 STATISTICS BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007
  • FIGURE 48 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007
  • TABLE 109 NORTH AMERICAN CO2 MERCHANT SALES, 2007
  • FIGURE 49 NORTH AMERICAN MERCHANT CO2 SALES BY FORM, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 110 PROJECTED U.S. CO2 PRODUCTION FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • TABLE 111 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• ETHANOL AND CO2 COPRODUCTION
  • TABLE 112 PROJECTED U.S. ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND CO2 COPRODUCT, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 113 WORLDWIDE CO2 MERCHANT MARKET BY REGION, 2007
  • FIGURE 50 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 114 CO2 APPLICATIONS
  • TABLE 114 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 115 CO2 APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • FIGURE 51 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2007
• Ethanol and CO2 Coproduction (Continued)
• Beverages
• Dry Cleaning and Industrial Cleaning
  • TABLE 116 APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CO2 CLEANING BY REGION, 2007
• Dry Cleaning and … (Continued)
• Electronics Industry
• Food
• Inerting
• Other Uses
• Pharmaceutical
• Refrigeration
  • TABLE 117 REFRIGERATION USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 2007
• Water Treatment
• Welding
• THE CARBON MARKET
  • TABLE 118 VALUE CARBON MARKET, MMT CO2 AVOIDED, MMT CO2 CAPTURED, TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 52 PROJECTED VALUE OF THE CARBON MARKET, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 119 PROJECTED VALUE OF CO2 CAPTURE PROJECTS AND METRIC TONS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 120 PROJECTED IGCC CO2 POTENTIAL FOR EMISSION CREDITS VS PC AND SPC POWER PLANTS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 121 IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC AND SUPERCRITICAL PC CO2
• EMISSIONS COMPARISON (LBS/MWH)
• CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
• Clean Development Mechanism (continued)
  • TABLE 122 CO2 GROWTH AND VALUE, THROUGH 2012
• PROJECT-BASED TRANSACTIONS
• CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
  • TABLE 123 WORLDWIDE CDM CREDIT SOURCES BY COUNTRY AND REGION (%)
  • FIGURE 53 WORLDWIDE SOURCES OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECTS BY COUNTRY/REGION (%)
• REMOVAL UNITS
• EMISSION REDUCTION CREDITS
• CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
• EUROPEAN UNION ALLOWANCES
• GREEN TAGS
• JI PROJECTS

Chapter- 8: RESEARCH

• TABLE 124 WORLDWIDE CO2 RESEARCH SPENDING BY REGION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• FIGURE 54 RESEARCH SPENDING WORLDWIDE FOR CO2 CAPTURE BY REGION, 2007 (%)
• UNITED STATES
  • TABLE 125 OVERVIEW VALUE OF U.S. CO2 MITIGATION RESEARCH PROGRAMS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS/%)
  • TABLE 125 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 55 DOE SPONSORED RESEARCH TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS BE RESEARCH AREA, 2007 (%)
• ADVANCED RESEARCH
• Advanced Turbines
• Basic Energy Sciences
• Biomass and Biorefinery Systems
• Carbon Sequestration
• Clean Coal Power Initiative
• Climate Change Research
• FutureGen
• Fuels and Power Systems
• Genomes: GTL Research
• Hydrogen Technology
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
• EUROPEAN UNION
• EUROPEAN UNION (CONTINUED)
• CHINA-EU/COACH
• GERMANY
• NORWAY
• CHINA
• JAPAN
• AUSTRALIA
• REST OF WORLD
• RESEARCH BY TECHNOLOGY
  • TABLE 126 PROJECTED VALUE OF CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS RESEARCH, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 127 CCS MATERIALS RESEARCH MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 56 CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS MATERIALS RESEARCH MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION, 2007 (%)
• COMBUSTORS/TURBINES
  • TABLE 128 VALUE OF COMBUSTOR/TURBINE RESEARCH PROJECTS ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 129 VALUE MEMBRANE RESEARCH, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 129 (CONTINUED)
• ZEOLITES
  • TABLE 130 VALUE OF ZEOLITE RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• SILICATES
  • TABLE 131 DATA ON SILICATE RESEARCH INVESTIGATORS FOR CARBON CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 131 (CONTINUED)
• IONIC LIQUIDS
  • TABLE 132 VALUE IONIC LIQUIDS RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• OTHER CO2 ABSORBENT MATERIALS
  • TABLE 133 VALUE OTHER CO2 ABSORBENT MATERIALS RESEARCH, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 133 (CONTINUED)
• LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION RESEARCH PROJECTS
  • TABLE 134 VALUE OF U.S. CO2 GEOLOGIC STORAGE PROJECTS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• BIG SKY REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• MIDWEST GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION CONSORTIUM
• MIDWEST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP
• Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership (continued)
• SOUTHEAST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• SOUTHWEST REGIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• WEST COAST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP

Chapter- 9: LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY DRIVERS

• TABLE 135 PENDING U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION FOR CAPS ON CO2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES CAPTURE, 2007-2008
• TABLE 135 (CONTINUED)
• LEGISLATION FOR CCS FUNDING, INCENTIVES, AND TAX CREDITS
  • TABLE 136 U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION FOR CCS FUNDING: INCENTIVES AND TAX CREDITS, 2007-2008
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
• ADMINISTRATION
• EPA CO2 SEQUESTRATION RULES
• JUDICIAL
• U.S. SUPREME COURT RULES CO2 A POLLUTANT
• STATE LEGISLATION
  • TABLE 137 U.S. STATES WITH CO2 REGULATIONS, 2007
• FOREIGN REGULATION AND LEGISLATION
• KYOTO PROTOCOL
• EUROPEAN UNION
• CANADA
• LONDON PROTOCOL-SUBSEA CO2 REGULATIONS
• EUROPEAN CLIMATE EXCHANGE
• VOLUNTARY REGULATION
• Chicago Climate Exchange, Inc.

Chapter- 10: COMPANY PROFILES

• PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• AGRIUM, INC.
• Agrium U.S., Inc.
• AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER
• BAARD ENERGY
• Nordic Energy of Ashtabula, LLC
• BABCOCK & BROWN
• Babcock & Brown (U.S.)
• BABCOCK POWER, INC.
• Vogt Power International, Inc.
• BASIN ELECTRIC POWER COOPERATIVE
• BECHTEL
• BLACK & VEATCH CORP.
• BP
• BP Alternative Energy
• BUFFALO ENERGY PARTNERS CO., LLC
• BURNS AND ROE
• CANSOLV
• CHEVRONTEXACO
• CHRISTIAN COUNTY GENERATION, LLC
• CLEAN COAL POWER RESOURCES
• CME INTERNATIONAL
• CONOCOPHILLIPS
• DAKOTA GASIFICATION CO.
• DENBURY RESOURCES, INC.
• DKRW ADVANCED FUELS, LLC
• DUKE ENERGY
• EDISON MISSION ENERGY
• EL PASO CORP.
• ENERGY EXPEDITERS, INC.
• ENERGY NORTHWEST
• E.ON
• EPCO CARBON DIOXIDE
• EPCOR
• ERORA GROUP
• EXCEL ENERGY
• EXCELSIOR ENERGY
• FIRST ENERGY CONSOL
• First Energy
• FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO.
• FOSTER WHEELER
• FOSTER WHEELER ITALIANA
• GE ENERGY
• GLOBAL ENERGY, INC.
• GREAT LAKES ENERGY RESEARCH PARK (GLERP)
• GREATPOINT ENERGY
• GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP, INC.
• IDAHO POWER CO.
• J POWER
• KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT
• KENTUCKY PIONEER ENERGY, LLC
• LEUCADIA NATIONAL CORP.
• LURGI OEL GAS CHEMIE GMBH
• MADISON POWER CORP.
• MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
• MONTGOMERY GREAT FALLS ENERGY PARTNERS, LP
• MOUNTAIN ISLAND ENERGY, LLC
• M&M ENERGY, LLC
• NORTHERN LIGHTS/SYNENCO
• NRG ENERGY
• ORLANDO UTILITIES COMMISSION
• OTTER CREEK
• PACIFIC CORP.
• PINION PINE
• POLK COUNTY POWER PLANT
• POWERFUEL, PLC
• REFINED ENERGY HOLDINGS, LLC (REH)
• Southeast Idaho Energy, LLC (SIE)
• RENTECH, INC.
• SHELL
• SHERRITT INTERNATIONAL
• SIEMENS POWER GENERATION GROUP
• SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES
• STEELHEAD ENERGY CO.
• SUMMIT POWER GROUP, INC.
• SYNTHESIS ENERGY SYSTEMS
• TAMPA ELECTRIC
• TEXAS ENERGY FUTURE HOLDINGS, LTD. PARTNERSHIP
• TONDU CORP.
• UHDE
• UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
• URS CORP.
• URS Corp.
• WABASH POWER STATION TERRE HAUTE INDIANA
• ZMMF
• OXY-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• AIR LIQUIDE SOCIETE
• AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
• BOC GROUP, INC.
• CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
• CO2-GLOBAL, LLC
• DOOSAN BABCOCK ENERGY
• FRAZIER-SIMPLEX, INC.
• HISMELT CORP.
• INSTITUTE OF EARTH PHYSICS OF PARIS
• INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE PETROLE
• JUPITER OXYGEN
• NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY
• PRAXAIR
• VATTENFALL UTVECKLING AB
• VTT (TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND)
• POST-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL/KERR-MCGEE
• AKER KVAERNER ASA
• Aker Kvaerner (U.S.)
• AKER KVAERNER
• AIRGAS, INC.
• AIRGAS
• AIR LIQUIDE
• ALCOA
• ALSTOM
• AMEC
• ANADARKO PETROLEUM CORP.
• BASF
• BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
• THE BEARD CO.
• BLUE SOURCE, LLC
• BRITISH PETROLEUM
• BW SHIPPING MANAGERS PTE, LTD.
• CHART INDUSTRIES
• COFFEYVILLE RESOURCES NITROGEN FERTILIZERS, LLC
• COMART SPA
• COOL ENERGY, LTD.
• CO2 TECH
• CO2CRC
• CO2REMOVE
• CRF PTY, LTD.
• CRYOGENIC CONSTRUCTION, INC.
• DOW
• EESTECH, INC.
• ENCANA
• ENEL S.P.A
• ENECOGEN
• ENHANCED OIL RESOURCES, INC.
• EPCO CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTS, INC.
• EVOLUTION PETROLEUM CORP.
• EXXON
• FALCON GAS STORAGE CO., INC.
• FLUOR
• GASSCO AS
• GE
• GIAMMARCO-VETROCOKE
• HARBIN ELECTRIC
• HUNTSMAN CORP.
• HYDROGEN ENERGY
• INDO GULF FERTILIZER CO.
• INEOS OXIDE, LTD.
• INTERNATIONAL POWER AUSTRALIA PTY, LTD.
• JAPAN OIL DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. (JODCO)
• KINDER MORGAN ENERGY PARTNERS, LP
• LINDE
• LOTEPRO CORP.
• LUKOIL
• MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, INC.
• MICELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
• NATCO CYNARA MEMBRANES
• NEWPOINT GAS SERVICES, INC.
• NIPPON SHOKUBAI CO., LTD.
• NORTH WEST UPGRADING, INC.
• OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORP.
• ORIENTAL UNION CHEMICAL CORP.
• POWERSPAN CORP.
• PRAXAIR
• PROCESS GROUP- HAZELWOOD 2030
• QINGDAO GREAT CHEMICAL, INC.
• RANCHER ENERGY CORP.
• RIO TINTO
• R.R. STREET & CO., INC.
• RWE NPOWER
• SARGAS AS
• SASOL O&S
• SCHLUMBERGER
• SEMGREEN, LP
• SEMGROUP
• SHELL
• SINTEZ OKA, LLC
• STATOIL
• THERMOENERGY
• TOTAL ELF AFINA
• Total American Services, Inc.
• TOYO ENGINEERING CORP.
• TRANSCANADA CORP.
• TRINITY CO2, LLC
• TUCSON ELECTRIC POWER CO.
• U.K. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND ENTERPRISE
• UNIVERSAL INDUSTRIAL GASES, INC.
• UOP, LLC
• VATTENFALL AB
• W.L. GORE
• WINTERSHALL
• WALLULA RESOURCE RECOVERY
• WITTEMANN-CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES GROUP

Chapter- 11: APPENDIX

• TABLE 138 ABBREVIATED MEASUREMENTS
• TABLE 138 (CONTINUED)
• TABLE 139 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
• TABLE 140 ACRONYMS
• TABLE 140 (CONTINUED)
• TABLE 140 (CONTINUED)