Pharmacy Automation: Technologies and Global Markets

Table of Contents

• Pharmacy Automation: Technologies and Global Markets
• Chapter 1 - SUMMARY
  • MAJOR WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKETS
• SUMMARY TABLE: TOTAL ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
• SUMMARY FIGURE: TOTAL ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY SEGMENT, 2005-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
• LEADING MANUFACTURERS
• Chapter 2 - INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
  • PHARMACY AUTOMATION INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  • BACKGROUND, HISTORY, AND GROWTH OF THE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET
  • BACKGROUND, HISTORY, ANDý (CONTINUED)
  • EMPLOYING AUTOMATION TO IMPROVE CURRENT MEDICATION DELIVERY SYSTEMS
    • Areas for Improvement
  • ISSUES AFFECTING THE MARKET
    • REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
      • Joint Commission of Accredited Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
      • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
      • European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA)
      • European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA)
      • Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
      • Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB)
      • National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA)
      • Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW)
      • Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
      • Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
      • State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA)
      • Federal Trade Commission
      • Drug Enforcement Administration
      • National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
  • STANDARDIZATION OF BAR CODING
    • Standardization of Bar Coding (Continued)
    • Efficiency Solutions for Use Following Standardization
    • TRENDS IN RADIOFREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICES (RFID)
    • E-Pedigree Systems and RFID
  • HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL TRENDS
    • Pharmacy Personnel
    • Pharmacists
    • Technicians
    • Direct Care Providers
  • CONSUMER ISSUES
    • Safety
    • Accuracy and Accountability
  • NATIONAL PHARMACIST SHORTAGE
  • RETAIL PHARMACY ISSUES
    • Retail Pharmacy Issues (Continued)
    • Retail Pharmacy Issues (Continued)
  • SAFETY ISSUES
    • FDA Reform Bill
    • Medication Administration Errors
  • TABLE 1 AVERAGE ANNUAL ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AND MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERRORS
  • TABLE 2 WIDELY REPORTED TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS
    • Organizational Structure and its Effect on Errors
  • COMPLIANCE ISSUES
  • IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS
  • BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION
  • WORLD DEMOGRAPHICS AND AN AGING POPULATION
  • TABLE 3 ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION BY AGE GROUP, 2005-2012 (MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 1 ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION BY AGE GROUP, 2005-2012
  • TABLE 4 ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION BY LOCATION, 2005-2012 (MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 2 ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION BY REGION, 2005 AND 2012
  • TABLE 5 U.S. POPULATION ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS BY AGE GROUP, 1900-2050 (THOUSANDS)
  • FIGURE 3 U.S. POPULATION ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS BY AGE GROUP, 1900-2050 (THOUSANDS)
    • Gender and Age
  • TABLE 6 ESTIMATES OF U.S. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH WITH PROJECTIONS BY SEX, 2000-2020 (YEARS)
  • FIGURE 4 ESTIMATES OF U.S. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH WITH PROJECTIONS BY SEX, 2000-2020 (YEARS)
    • HEALTHCARE SYSTEM USAGE
  • TABLE 7 AVERAGE YEARLY ADMISSIONS AND CURRENT RESIDENTS BY TYPE OF HEALTHCARE FACILITY IN THE U.S.
  • TABLE 8 HOSPITAL USAGE STATISTICS BY SELECTED REGION, 2007 (DAYS)
    • GLOBAL TRENDS
      • Mexico
      • Europe
      • Australia and New Zealand
      • Canada
      • Asia
• Chapter 3 - INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION
  • OVERVIEW
    • ACUTE CARE SETTINGS
  • TABLE 9 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF REGISTERED HOSPITALS BY SELECTED COUNTRY, 2007
  • TABLE 10 TOTAL NUMBER OF REGISTERED U.S. HOSPITALS BY TYPE, 2007
    • FOR-PROFIT AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT HOSPITALS
  • TABLE 11 U.S. COMMUNITY HOSPITAL COMPARISONS BY PROFIT TYPE, 2007
  • TABLE 12 EXAMPLES OF LEADING FOR-PROFIT U.S. HOSPITAL CHAINS, 2006/2007 ($ BILLIONS)
• LONG-TERM CARE SETTINGS
  • TABLE 13 EXAMPLES OF LEADING U.S. LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES, 2006/2007 ($ BILLIONS)
    • CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
  • TABLE 14 U.S. STATE AND FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES BY TYPE AND SIZE, 2004*
    • COST ANALYSIS OF PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT
  • TABLE 15 COST ANALYSES OF PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT USED IN INPATIENT APPLICATIONS ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 15 (CONTINUED)
    • CASE STUDIES
      • EVERGREEN HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER (KIRKLAND, WA)
      • LEESBURG REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER (LEESBURG, FL)
      • MIAMI CHILDREN' S HOSPITAL (MIAMI, FL)
      • MOUNTAIN VIEW HOSPITAL (LAS VEGAS, NV)
  • PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS
    • AUTOMATED DISPENSING SYSTEMS
      • Automated Dispensing Systems (Continued)
    • AUTOMATED PACKAGING SYSTEMS
      • Automated Packaging Systems (Continued)
      • Automated Packaging Systems (Continued)
  • NARCOTICS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
  • OTHER AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
  • LEVEL OF AUTOMATION WITHIN INPATIENT PHARMACY SETTINGS
  • TABLE 16 PERCENTAGE OF U.S. AND CANADIAN INPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 5 PERCENTAGE OF U.S. AND CANADIAN INPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 17 PERCENTAGE OF EUROPEAN UNION INPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007
  • FIGURE 6 PERCENTAGE OF EUROPEAN UNION INPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
    • INPATIENT AUTOMATION COST BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
  • TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT BY MANUFACTURER, EQUIPMENT TYPE AND COST ($)
  • TABLE 18 (CONTINUED)
    • MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH
      • OVERVIEW
      • MARKETS BY PRODUCT TYPE
  • TABLE 19 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 7 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, 2005-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
    • MARKETS BY WORLD REGION
  • TABLE 20 WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS REVENUES BY WORLD REGION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 8 WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS MARKET SHARES BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (%)
    • COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE AND MARKET SHARE
  • TABLE 21 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER REVENUES, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 9 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• Chapter 4 - OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION
  • OVERVIEW
  • TABLE 22 U.S. RETAIL PRESCRIPTION DRUG SALES BY OUTLET, 1995-2006 (MILLION UNITS/$ BILLION)
    • OUTPATIENT/FAST-TRACK CLINIC SETTINGS
  • TABLE 23 U.S. OUTPATIENT/FAST-TRACK CLINICS BY SELECTED TYPE OF FACILITY, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
    • HOSPITAL RETAIL SETTINGS
  • TABLE 24 ESTIAMTED U.S.HOSPITAL OUTPATIENT AND EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS BY PATIENT AGE, 2007 (MILLIONS)
    • PHARMACY BENEFIT MANAGEMENT SERVICES AND OTHER MAIL-ORDER SETTINGS
  • TABLE 25 EXAMPLES OF LEADING U.S. PHARMACY BENEFIT MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHER MAIL-ORDER GROUPS' ESTIMATED SALES ACTIVITY*, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
    • RETAIL PHARMACY CHAINS
  • TABLE 26 EXAMPLES OF LEADING U.S. RETAIL PHARMACY CHAINS' ESTIMATED SALES ACTIVITY*, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 27 U.S. RETAIL PHARMACY CHAINS: NUMBER OF LOCATIONS AND PERCENTAGE, BY STATE BY STATE, 2006
  • TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 10 U.S. RETAIL PHARMACY CHAINS: NUMBER OF LOCATIONS BY STATE, 2006
  • FIGURE 11 DISTRIBUTION OF WALGREEN PHARMACIES IN THE U.S. BY STATE, 2006 (%)
  • FIGURE 12 DISTRIBUTION OF CVS PHARMACIES IN THE U.S. BY STATE, 2006 (%)
  • FIGURE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF RITE AID PHARMACIES IN THE U.S. BY STATE, 2006 (%)
  • FIGURE 14 DISTRIBUTION OF LONGS DRUG STORE PHARMACIES IN THE U.S. BY STATE, 2006 (%)
    • COST ANALYSIS OF PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT
  • TABLE 28 EXAMPLE COST ANALYSES OF PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT USED IN OUTPATIENT APPLICATIONS
  • CASE STUDIES
    • OHIO DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH (COLUMBUS, OH)
    • LONDON DRUGS (CANADA)
  • PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS
    • AUTOMATED DISPENSING SYSTEMS
      • Automated Dispensing Systems (Continued)
    • AUTOMATED PACKAGING/FILLING SYSTEMS
      • Automated Packaging/Filling Systems (Continued)
      • Automated Packaging/Filling Systems (Continued)
  • SAMPLES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
  • OTHER AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
• LEVEL OF AUTOMATION WITHIN OUTPATIENT PHARMACY SETTINGS
  • TABLE 29 PERCENTAGE OF U.S. AND CANADIAN OUTPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 15 PERCENTAGE OF U.S. AND CANADIAN OUTPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 30 PERCENTAGE OF EUROPEAN UNION OUTPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007
  • FIGURE 16 PERCENTAGE OF EUROPEAN UNION OUTPATIENT PHARMACIES AT ESTIMATED LEVELS OF AUTOMATION, 2007 (%)
  • COST OF OUTPATIENT AUTOMATION BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
  • TABLE 31 SUMMARY OF OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT BY MANUFACTURER, EQUIPMENT TYPE, AND COST
  • TABLE 31 (CONTINUED)
  • MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH
    • OVERVIEW
    • MARKETS BY PRODUCT TYPE
  • TABLE 32 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 17 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
    • MARKETS BY WORLD REGION
  • TABLE 33 WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS REVENUES BY REGION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS/PERCENT)
  • FIGURE 18 WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
    • COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE AND MARKET SHARE
  • TABLE 34 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MANUFACTURER REVENUES AND PERCENTAGE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 19 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• Chapter 5 - WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET SUMMARY
  • WORLDWIDE MARKET BY SEGMENT
  • TABLE 35 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 20 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY SEGMENT, 2005- 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
    • WORLDWIDE MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
  • TABLE 36 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 21 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, 2005-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
    • WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES BY SEGMENT
  • TABLE 37 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET SHARES BY SEGMENT, 2005-2012 (%)
  • FIGURE 22 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET SHARES BY SEGMENT, 2005-2012 (%)
    • WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
  • TABLE 38 ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET SHARES BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 (%)
  • FIGURE 23 WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION MARKET SHARES BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, THROUGH 2012 (%)
    • WORLDWIDE MARKET BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
  • TABLE 39 WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS REVENUES BY REGION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS/PERCENT)
  • FIGURE 24 WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
    • INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
  • TABLE 40 INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS BY EQUIPMENT TYPE, 2007
  • TABLE 41 WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT PROVIDER PRODUCT LIST
  • TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)
• Chapter 6 - TECHNOLOGY
  • OVERVIEW
  • CURRENT USES OF TECHNOLOGY
  • ROBOTICS
    • The Future of Robotics in Medicine
  • Robotic Configurations
    • Cartesian Robots
      • Biomek Pipetting Station
    • Cylindrical Robots
    • Articulating Robots
  • How Robots Mimic Human Movements
    • Robot Locomotion
      • Linear Tracks
  • Sensor Technology
  • Programming Languages
    • User Interfaces
  • Graphic Image Interfaces
  • Guidance Systems
    • Fluorescent Guidepaths
  • Solvent-Borne Guidepaths
  • Water-Borne Emulsion Guidepaths
  • Automated Parenteral Dispensers
• U.S. PATENT ANALYSIS
  • TABLE 42 NUMBER OF U.S. PHARMACY AUTOMATION PATENTS FILED BY YEAR, 1992-2007
  • FIGURE 25 NUMBER OF U.S. PHARMACY AUTOMATION PATENTS FILED BY YEAR, 1992-2007
  • TABLE 43 U.S. PHARMACY AUTOMATION PATENTS, 1995-2007
  • TABLE 43 (CONTINUED)
    • WORLDWIDE PATENT ANALYSIS
  • TABLE 44 WORLDWIDE PHARMACY AUTOMATION PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS BY ASSIGNEE COMPANY, 1970-2007
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 26 NUMBER OF PATENTS HELD BY COMPANY
    • COMPANY PROFILES
      • AmerisourceBergen
      • Baxter International
      • Cardinal Health
      • Euclid Spiral Paper Tube Corp.
      • ForHealth Technologies
      • Innovation
      • Kirby Lester
      • Luciano Packaging
      • McKesson
      • MTS
      • Omnicell
      • Parata Systems
      • QEM, Inc.
      • ScriptPro
      • Swisslog
      • Talyst, Inc.
• Chapter 7 - COMPANY PROFILES
  • AMERISOURCEBERGEN
  • BAXA CORP.
  • BAXTER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
  • CARE FUSION
  • CERNER CORP.
  • EUCLID SPIRAL PAPER TUBE CORP.
  • FORHEALTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
  • INNOVATION ASSOCIATES
  • KIRBY LESTER, INC.
  • LIONVILLE SYSTEMS, INC.
  • MCKESSON
  • MED-DISPENSE, LLC
  • MEDICAL PACKAGING, INC.
  • MEDITECH PTY, LTD.
  • MTS MEDICATION TECHNOLOGIES
  • OMNICELL, INC.
  • PARATA SYSTEMS
  • PYXIS CORP.
  • RX SYSTEMS, INC.
  • SCRIPTPRO
    • SCRIPTPRO (CONTINUED)
• Chapter 8 - APPENDICES
  • INTRODUCTION
  • APPENDIX I: LEADING DRUG MANUFACTURERS
    • AUTOMED TECHNOLOGIES
    • BAXA CORP.
    • BAXTER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
    • BRIDGE MEDICAL, INC.
    • CARE FUSION
    • CERNER CORP.
    • EUCLID SPIRAL PAPER TUBE CORP.
    • FORHEALTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • GE HEALTHCARE
    • INNOVATION ASSOCIATES
    • INTEGRATED DISPENSING SYSTEMS
    • KIRBY LESTER, INC.
    • LIONVILLE SYSTEMS, INC.
    • M.E.D.S., INC.
    • MCKESSON
    • MED-DISPENSE, LLC
    • MEDICAL PACKAGING, INC.
    • MEDITEC PTY, LTD.
    • MEDSELECT, INC.
    • MTS MEDICATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • OMNICELL, INC.
    • PARATA SYSTEMS
    • PYXIS CORP.
    • RX SYSTEMS, INC.
    • SCRIPTPRO, LLC
    • TELEPHARMACY SOLUTIONS, INC.
  • APPENDIX II: OTHER RELATED COMPANIES
    • ABBOTT LABORATORIES
    • ASTERES, INC.
    • ASSOCIATED PHARMACIES, INC.
    • ASTRAZENECA, PLC
    • BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORP.
    • BECKMAN COULTER, INC.
    • BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB CO.
    • CARDINAL HEALTH, INC.
    • CYBERFLUOR, INC.
    • DIEBOLD, INC.
    • FAULDING PHARMACEUTICAL CO.
    • FOREST LABORATORIES, INC.
    • GLAXOSMITHKLINE, PLC
    • KVM TECHNOLOGIES
    • LUCIANO PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • MICROSOFT CORP.
    • NEVOCA.COM, INC.
    • NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICAL CORP.
    • NOVOPHARM, LTD.
    • PERKINELMER, INC.
    • PERRIGO CO.
    • PFIZER, INC.
    • PHARMITAS, INC.
    • PROMEDICA, INC.
    • PHARMACY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS, INC.
    • QEM, INC.
    • SWISSLOG HOLDING AG
    • TALYST, INC.
    • ZYMARK CORP.
  • APPENDIX III: HOSPITALS, RETAIL PHARMACIES, AND OTHERS
    • ALBERTSON' S, INC.
    • BEVERLY ENTERPRISES, INC./GOLDEN LIVING
    • COMMUNITY HEALTH SYSTEMS, INC.
    • COSTCO WHOLESALE CORP.
    • CVS CAREMARK
    • EVERGREEN HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER
    • EXPRESS SCRIPTS, INC.
    • FLAGLER HOSPITAL
    • HCA, INC.
    • HEALTH MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATES, INC.
    • IASIS HEALTHCARE CORP.
    • JACKSON HOSPITAL
    • THE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL
    • KINDRED HEALTHCARE, INC.
    • KROGER COMPANY, THE
    • LEESBURG REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER
    • LIFEBRIDGE HEALTH - SINAI HOSPITAL OF BALTIMORE
    • LIFEPOINT HOSPITALS, INC.
    • LONDON DRUGS LTD.
    • LONGS DRUG STORES CORP.
    • MANOR CARE, INC.
    • MARINER HEALTH CARE, INC.
    • MEDCO HEALTH SOLUTIONS, INC.
    • MEDICINE SHOPPE INTERNATIONAL, THE
    • MIAMI CHILDREN' S HOSPITAL
    • MOUNTAIN VIEW HOSPITAL
    • NEW ORLEANS OCHSNER CLINIC
    • OHIO DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH
    • RITE AID CORP.
    • SAVASENIORCARE, LLC
    • TARGET CORP.
    • TENET HEALTHCARE CORP.
    • UNITED SUPERMARKETS, LTD.
    • UNIVERSAL HEALTH SERVICES, INC.
    • UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND MEDICAL CENTER
    • VANGUARD HEALTH SYSTEMS, INC.
    • WALGREEN CO.
    • WAL-MART STORES, INC.
    • APPENDIX IV: ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS
    • AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY
    • AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION
    • AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND AGING
    • AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND WELFARE
    • CANADIAN INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH INFORMATION
    • CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL ORGANIZATION
    • CENTER FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES
    • CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY
    • DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
    • EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES AND ASSOCIATIONS
    • EUROPEAN MEDICINES EVALUATION AGENCY
    • EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE
    • FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
    • FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION
    • HEALTH CANADA
    • JAPANESE MINISTRY OF HEALTH, LABOR, AND WELFARE
    • JOINT COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION OF HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS
    • MEDICINES AND HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS REGULATORY AGENCY
    • NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF PHARMACY
    • NATIONAL PATIENT SAFETY AGENCY
    • OREGON STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY
    • ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
    • STATE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
    • THERAPEUTIC GOODS ADMINISTRATION
    • U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
    • U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
    • U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE