Table of Contents
Chapter- 1: SUMMARY 3
- SUMMARY TABLE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ RADIATION DEVICES AND SYSTEMS,
BY TYPE OF SYSTEM, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 6
- SUMMARY FIGURE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ RADIATION DEVICES AND
SYSTEMS, BY TYPE OF SYSTEM, 2007-2018 ($ MILLIONS) 7
- SUMMARY TABLE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ RADIATION DEVICES AND SYSTEMS,
BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 7
- SUMMARY FIGURE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ RADIATION DEVICES AND
SYSTEMS, BY APPLICATION, 2007-2018 ($ MILLIONS) 8
Chapter- 2: OVERVIEW 26
- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TERAHERTZ RADIATION 9
- DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION 9
- PROPERTIES 9
- Line of Sight Travel 10
- Limited Range 10
- Safety 10
- Ability to Penetrate Non-Conducting Materials 11
- Improved Image Resolution/Contrast 11
- Absorption by Water and Other Materials 11
- Interactions With Metal 12
- Spectral Sensitivity 12
- HISTORY 13
- THZ ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 14
- THZ SOURCES 15
- Laser Sources 15
- Optically Pumped THz Lasers 15
- Ti:Sapphire Femtosecond Laser 16
- Quantum Cascade Lasers 16
- Free Electron Lasers 17
- Electronic Sources 17
- Backward Wave Oscillators 18
- Direct Multiplied Sources 18
- Photomixing 19
- Hybrid Sources 19
- THZ DETECTORS 19
- Direct Detectors 19
- Bolometers 20
- Golay Cells 20
- Pyroelectric Detectors 21
- Semiconductor Detectors 21
- Heterodyne Receivers 22
- Schottky Mixers 22
- Superconductor-Isolator-Superconductor Mixers 22
- Hot Electron Bolometer Mixers 23
- THZ WAVEGUIDES 23
- Metal Wire Waveguide 23
- Other Types of THz Waveguide 24
- THZ SWITCHES, REGULATORS, LENSES AND OTHER DEVICES 24
- Optically Switched Metamaterial THz Switch 24
- Voltage Controlled Metamaterial THz Modulator 24
- THz Lenses, Filters and Windows 25
- NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES 25
- Nanomaterials 25
- Superconductors 26
- Metamaterials 26
- FIGURE 1 SPLIT RING RESONATOR 27
- Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 28
- TYPES OF THZ SYSTEMS 29
- IMAGING SYSTEMS 29
- SPECTROSCOPES 30
- SENSORS 30
- COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES 30
- COMPUTERS 30
- POTENTIAL THZ END USES AND APPLICATIONS 31
- TABLE 1 POTENTIAL END USES AND APPLICATIONS OF THZ RADIATION 31
- OVERALL MARKET SIZE AND SEGMENTATION 31
- MARKET SIZE 31
- TABLE 2 MARKET FOR THZ SYSTEMS BY END-USER SEGMENT, THROUGH 2018 ($
MILLIONS) 32
- FIGURE 2 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR THZ SYSTEMS, 2007 - 2018 ($ MILLIONS)
32
- APPLICATION SEGMENTS 33
- FIGURE 3 THZ MARKET SHARES BY END-USER SEGMENT, 2007 - 2018 (% OF TOTAL
SALES) 33
- FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 34
Chapter- 3: THZ IMAGING SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND MARKETS, 2007 - 2018 29
- TECHNOLOGIES 35
- ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE SYSTEMS 35
- TYPE OF ILLUMINATION 35
- Pulsed Systems 36
- Continuous Wave Systems 36
- TECHNOLOGICAL HURDLES 37
- Power 37
- Spatial Resolution 37
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio 38
- Image Acquisition Speed 38
- Scattering 39
- Cost 39
- Non-Line-of-Sight Applications 39
- MANUFACTURERS 40
- TABLE 3 COMPANIES THAT MANUFACTURE OR ARE DEVELOPING TERAHERTZ IMAGING
DEVICES 40
- END USES AND APPLICATIONS 41
- TABLE 4 POTENTIAL THZ IMAGING END USES AND APPLICATIONS 41
- SECURITY/PUBLIC SAFETY 41
- Passenger Screening 41
- HEALTH CARE 42
- Medical Imaging 42
- Intraoperative Imaging 43
- Skin Cancer Detection 44
- Endoscopy 44
- Clinical Dentistry 44
- Diagnostics 45
- MANUFACTURING 45
- Process/Quality Control 45
- TABLE 5 THZ NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING APPLICATIONS 45
- Aerospace 46
- Pharmaceuticals 46
- Semiconductor Wafer and Circuit Inspection and Testing 46
- Other Applications 47
- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 47
- Astronomy 47
- Art and Archaeology 48
- MILITARY/DEFENSE 48
- Target Acquisition and Identification 49
- Land Mine and IED Detection 49
- MARKETS 49
- TABLE 6 MARKET FOR THZ IMAGING BY END USE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 50
- FIGURE 4 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ IMAGING SYSTEMS, 2007 -
2018 ($ MILLIONS) 50
- FIGURE 5 TRENDS IN THZ IMAGING SYSTEM MARKET SHARES BY TYPE OF
APPLICATION, 2007 - 2018 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 51
- SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY 52
- Passenger Screening 52
- TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ AND OTHER AIRPORT SECURITY SCREENING
EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 52
- HEALTH CARE 53
- TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ IMAGING DEVICES FOR HEALTH CARE
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 53
- Biomedical Imaging 54
- TABLE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ MEDICAL IMAGING APPLICATIONS, 2007 -
2018 ($ MILLIONS) 54
- Intraoperative Imaging 54
- TABLE 10 GLOBAL MARKET FOR INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING EQUIMENT, THROUGH 2018
($ MILLIONS) 54
- FIGURE 6 INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES MARKET SHARES, 2007 (PERCENT
OF TOTAL INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING EQUIPMENT SALES) 55
- TABLE 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR INTRAOPERATIVE TERAHERTZ IMAGING EQUIMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 56
- Skin Cancer Detection 56
- TABLE 12 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ SKIN CANCER IMAGING EQUIMENT, THROUGH
2018 ($ MILLIONS) 56
- Endoscopy 56
- TABLE 13 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ ENDOSCOPES, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS)
57
- Clinical Dentistry 57
- TABLE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ DENTAL CARIES IMAGING EQUIMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 58
- Diagnostics 58
- Burn Diagnosis 58
- TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ BURN DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS, THROUGH
2018 ($ MILLIONS) 59
- MANUFACTURING 59
- Non-Destructive Testing 59
- TABLE 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ IMAGING EQUIPMENT FOR NDT
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 60
- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 60
- Astronomy 60
- FIGURE 7 ALMA THZ TELESCOPE ANTENNA COSTS (% OF TOTAL COST OF A 30M
ANTENNA) 61
- TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ ASTRONOMICAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 62
- MILITARY/DEFENSE 62
- Radar Imaging 62
- TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ MILITARY RADAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH
2018 ($ MILLIONS) 63
Chapter- 4: TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPES: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND MARKETS, 2007 - 2018 7
- TECHNOLOGIES 64
- SOURCES 64
- REFLECTIVE VS. TRANSMISSION DECTECTION 65
- DETECTORS 65
- TECHNOLOGICAL HURDLES 65
- Slow Acquisition Speeds 65
- END USES AND APPLICATIONS 66
- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 66
- Materials Science 66
- Biochemistry 66
- Plasma Diagnostics 67
- Art and Archaeology 67
- Environmental and Earth Science 68
- MANUFACTURERS 68
- TABLE 19 COMPANIES THAT MANUFACTURE OR ARE DEVELOPING TERAHERTZ
SPECTROSCOPES 68
- MARKETS 69
- SUMMARY 69
- TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY EQUIPMENT FOR SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 69
- FIGURE 8 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS, 2007
- 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 70
- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 70
Chapter- 5: TERAHERTZ SENSORS: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND MARKETS, 2007 - 2018 10
- TECHNOLOGIES 71
- THZ BIOCHIPS 71
- MOISTURE DETECTORS 71
- APPLICATIONS 72
- TABLE 21 POTENTIAL THZ SENSOR END USES AND APPLICATIONS 72
- SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY 72
- Chemical Agent Detection 72
- HEALTH CARE 72
- Medical Diagnostics 72
- MANUFACTURING 73
- Process/Quality Control 73
- AGRICULTURE 73
- Measurement of Leaf and Seed Water Content 73
- MILITARY/DEFENCE 74
- Chemical Agent Detection 74
- MARKETS 74
- TABLE 22 MARKET FOR THZ SENSORS BY END-USER SEGMENT THROUGH 2018 ($
MILLIONS) 74
- FIGURE 9 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ SENSORS, 2007 - 2018 ($
MILLIONS) 75
- FIGURE 10 TRENDS IN THZ SENSOR MARKET SHARES BY END-USER SEGMENT, 2007 -
2018 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 75
- FIGURE 10 (CONTINUED) 76
- SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY 76
- Chemical Agent Detection 76
- TABLE 23 GLOBAL SECURITY/PUBLIC SAFETY MARKET FOR THZ CHEMICAL WARFARE
AGENT AND TOXIC CHEMICAL DETECTORS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 77
- HEALTH CARE 77
- Medical Diagnostics 77
- TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ BIOCHIPS USED IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 77
- MANUFACTURING 78
- Process/Quality Control 78
- TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ BIOCHIPS USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AND QUALITY CONTROL, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 78
- Pathogen Detection 78
- TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ BIOCHIPS USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AND QUALITY CONTROL, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 79
- Measurement of Package Moisture Content 79
- TABLE 27 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ BIOCHIPS USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AND QUALITY CONTROL, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 79
- AGRICULTURE 79
- TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ MOISTURE SENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURE,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 80
- MILITARY/DEFENCE 80
- TABLE 29 GLOBAL MILITARY/DEFENCE MARKET FOR THZ CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT AND
TOXIC CHEMICAL DETECTORS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 80
Chapter- 6: TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND MARKETS, 2007 - 2018 13
- TECHNOLOGIES 81
- ANTENNAS 81
- EMITTERS 82
- MODULATORS 83
- FILTERS 84
- END USES AND APPPLICATIONS 85
- SATELLITE-TO-SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 85
- INDOOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 85
- TACTICAL (MILITARY) COMMUNICATIONS 86
- MARKETS 86
- SUMMARY 86
- TABLE 30 MARKET FOR THZ COMMUNICATONS EQUIPMENT BY END-USER SEGMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 87
- FIGURE 11 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,
2007 - 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 87
- FIGURE 12 TRENDS IN THZ COMMUNICATION MARKET SHARES BY END-USER SEGMENT,
2007 - 2018 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 88
- COMMUNICATIONS 88
- TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ DEVICES USED IN CIVILIAN
COMMUNICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 89
- Satellite-to-Satellite Communications 89
- TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ CIVILIAN SATELLITE-TO-SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 90
- Indoor Wireless Communications 90
- TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ INDOOR COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 91
- MILITARY/DEFENCE 91
- TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATION DEVICES USED IN
MILITARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 92
- Tactical Communications 92
- TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 93
- Military Satellite Communications 93
- TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR TERAHERTZ MILITARY SATELLITE-TO-SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 93
Chapter- 7: TERAHERTZ COMPUTING: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND MARKETS, 2007 - 2018 3
- TECHNOLOGIES 94
- END USES AND APPLICATIONS 95
- MARKET 95
- TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FOR THZ HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING INTERCONNECTS,
THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 96
Chapter- 8: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 6
- NATIONALITY 97
- FIGURE 13 TERAHERTZ COMPANIES BY NATIONALITY (% OF TOTAL COMPANIES) 97
- FIGURE 13 (CONTINUED) 98
- ANNUAL SALES 98
- FIGURE 14 TERAHERTZ COMPANIES SEGMENTED BY TOTAL ANNUAL REVENUES (% OF ALL
THZ COMPANIES) 99
- OWNERSHIP 99
- FIGURE 15 TERAHERTZ COMPANIES BY TYPE OF OWNERSHIP (% OF ALL THZ
COMPANIES) 100
- PRODUCT SPECIALIZATION 100
- FIGURE 16 TERAHERTZ COMPANIES SPECIALIZING IN THZ TECHNOLOGY VS. COMPANIES
WITH OTHER PRODUCT LINES (% OF ALL THZ COMPANIES) 101
- COMMERCIALIZATION 101
- FIGURE 17 TERAHERTZ COMPANIES WITH COMMERCIAL PRODUCT (% OF ALL THZ
COMPANIES) 102
Chapter- 9: GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED THZ RESEARCH PROGRAMS 11
- UNITED STATES 103
- FEDERAL LEVEL INITIATIVES 103
- Department of Defense 104
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 104
- Terahertz Imaging Focal-Plane Technology (TIFT) Project 104
- Mission Adaptable Chemical Sensor (MACS) Project 104
- U.S. Army 104
- U.S. Air Force 105
- U.S. Navy 106
- Department of Homeland Security 106
- Department of Energy 106
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration 107
- National Science Foundation 107
- Integrative, Hybrid, and Complex Systems (IHCS) Program 107
- National Institutes of Health 108
- INDIVIDUAL STATE INITIATIVES 108
- EUROPE 108
- EUROPEAN UNION 108
- Ultra-Fast Electronics for Terahertz Rapid Analysis in Compact Lab-on-Chip
Applications (ULTRA) Project 109
- Optically Driven Terahertz Amplifiers (OPTHER) Project 109
- Multispectral Terahertz, Infrared, Visible Imaging and Spectroscopy
(MUSIS) Project 110
- Towards 0.5 Terahertz Silicon/Germanium Hetero-Junction Bipolar Technology
(DOTFIVE) Project 111
- European Space Agency 111
- Individual Governments 111
- Germany 112
- United Kingdom 112
- Italy 112
- JAPAN 113
Chapter- 10: PATENT ANALYSIS 8
- FIGURE 18 SUMMARY OF U.S. TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND PATENT
APPLICATIONS AS OF OCT. 8, 2008 (% OF TOTAL THZ PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS
IDENTIFIED) 114
- FIGURE 18 (CONTINUED) 115
- FIGURE 19 U.S. PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR THZ COMPONENTS AND
SUBSYSTEMS AS OF OCT. 8, 2008 (% OF TOTAL THZ PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS
IDENTIFIED) 116
- FIGURE 20 U.S. PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR COMPLETE THZ SYSTEMS AS
OF OCT. 8, 2008 (% OF TOTAL THZ PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS IDENTIFIED) 117
- FIGURE 20 (CONTINUED) 118
- FIGURE 21 U.S. TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS BY
NATIONALITY OF GRANTEE OR APPLICANT AS OF OCT. 8, 2008 (% OF TOTAL THZ PATENTS
AND APPLICATIONS IDENTIFIED) 118
- FIGURE 21 (CONTINUED) 119
- FIGURE 22 U.S. TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS BY
TYPE OF GRANTEE OR APPLICANT AS OF OCT. 8, 2008 (% OF TOTAL THZ PATENTS AND
APPLICATIONS IDENTIFIED) 120
- TABLE 38 MAJOR THZ IP PORTFOLIOS (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS/PATENT
APPLICATIONS) 121
Chapter- 11: APPENDIX: COMPANY PROFILES 29
APPENDIX A: COMPANY PROFILES 122
- COMPANIES THAT ARE PRODUCING OR KNOWN TO BE DEVELOPING THZ RADIATION-BASED
PRODUCTS 122
- AB MILLIMETRE 122
- ACREO AB 122
- ADVANTEST CORP. 123
- ALPES LASERS SA 123
- APPLIED RESEARCH AND PHOTONICS, INC. 123
- BAE SYSTEMS PLC 123
- BROADBAND, INC. 124
- BRUKER OPTICS INC. 124
- CANON INC. 124
- COHERENT, INC. 125
- DEL MAR PHOTONICS, INC. 125
- EMCORE CORP. 125
- FEMTOLASERS PRODUKTIONS GMBH 126
- GOODRICH CORP. 126
- INSIGHT PRODUCT CO. 126
- INNOVATIVE PHOTONICS SOLUTIONS, INC. 127
- LOCKHEED MARTIN SPACE SYSTEMS 127
- LOEFFLER TECHNOLOGY GMBH 127
- M SQUARED LASERS LTD. 127
- MICROTECH INSTRUMENTS, INC. 128
- NOVATRANS GROUP SA 128
- NP PHOTONICS, INC. 129
- OPHIR-SPIRICON INC. 129
- PICOMETRIX, LLC 129
- QMC INSTRUMENTS LTD. 130
- RADIABEAM TECHNOLOGIES LLC 130
- RAYTHEON CO. 131
- SARNOFF CORP. 131
- SCIENCETECH INC. 131
- SMITHS DETECTION, INC. 132
- SPECTRUM DETECTOR, INC. 132
- SPIRE CORP. 133
- TERAPHYSICS CORP. 133
- TERAVIEW LTD. 133
- THOMAS KEATING LTD. 134
- THRUVISION LTD. 135
- TOCHIGI NIKON CORP. 135
- TOPTICA PHOTONICS AG 136
- TOSHIBA CORPORATION 136
- T-RAY SCIENCE, INC. 136
- VERMONT PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGIES CORP. 137
- VIRGINIA DIODES, INC. 137
- ZOMEGA TERAHERTZ CORP. 137
- OTHER COMPANIES THAT ARE CONDUCTING OR HAVE CONDUCTED THZ RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT 138
- OTHER COMPANIES・ ・ ・ ・ ・ (CONTINUED) 139
- OTHER COMPANIES・ ・ ・ ・ ・ (CONTINUED) 140
APPENDIX B: THZ RESEARCH PROGRAMS 141
- NORTH AMERICA-BASED ORGANIZATIONS 141
- ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY 141
- JEFFERSON NATIONAL ACCELERATOR FACILITY FREE ELECTRON LASER PROGRAM 142
- LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY 142
- LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY 142
- OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY TERAHERTZ RESEARCH LABORATORY 143
- RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE CENTER FOR TERAHERTZ RESEARCH 143
- SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORY 144
- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (SANTA BARBARA) CENTER FOR TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY 144
- UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO MICROWAVE AND TERAHERTZ PHOTONICS INTEGRATED SYSTEM
LAB 145
- FOREIGN-BASED ORGANIZATIONS 145
- ASIA 145
- Osaka University Institute of Laser Engineering Division of LaserTerahertz
Research 145
- Rikagaku Kenkyusho (RIKEN) Terahertz-Wave Research Group 146
- EUROPE 146
- Aachen University Institute for Semiconductor Electronics 146
- Czech Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Terahertz Spectroscopy 146
- Braunschweig Technical University Terahertz Communication Lab 147
- Fraunhoer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques 147
- Leibniz Gemeinschaft/German Teraherz Center 147
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Terahertz and Low
Temperature Group 148
- Oxford University Terahertz Photonics Group 149
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Terahertz Group 149
- Technical University of Vienna Photonics Institute THZ Group 149
- University of Leeds Institute of Microwaves and Photonics THz Imaging
Group 150
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