Advanced Structural Carbon Products: Fibers, Foams & Composites

Table of Contents

Chapter- 1: SUMMARY 2

• SUMMARY TABLE U.S. MARKET FOR STRUCTURAL CARBON MATERIALS BY USER SEGMENT, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 5
• SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. MARKET FOR STRUCTURAL CARBON MATERIALS BY USER SEGMENT, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS) 6

Chapter- 2: INDUSTRY AND MARKETS OVERVIEW 6

• UNITED STATES MARKET 7
• FIGURE 1 UNITED STATES MARKET FOR ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CARBONS BY TYPE, 2007 (TOTAL = $1.7 BILLION) 7
• FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) 8
• FIGURE 2 PROJECTED GROWTH RATE IN U.S. STRUCTURAL CARBONS MARKET, 2008-2013 (CAGR%) 8
• FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) 9
• GLOBAL MARKETS 9
• FIGURE 3 GLOBAL ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CARBONS MARKET BY TYPE, 2007 (TOTAL = $4.3 BILLION) 9
• FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 10
• FIGURE 4 GLOBAL STRUCTURAL CARBONS CONSUMPTION BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (%) 10
• RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 11
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 11
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) 12

Chapter- 3: TECHNICAL OVERVIEW 85

• INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CARBON PRODUCTS 13
• FIGURE 5 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL CARBON PRODUCTS 13
• IMPORTANCE OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 14
• CARBON FIBERS 14
• RAW MATERIALS FOR CARBON FIBERS 15
• Types of Raw Materials 15
• Rayon 16
• PAN 16
• Pitch 16
• Raw Material and Fiber Properties Relationship 17
• TABLE 1 DEPENDENCE OF CARBON FIBER PROPERTIES ON RAW MATERIALS 17
• PAN-Based Fibers 18
• Pitch-Based Fibers 18
• Rayon-Based Fibers 18
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS 19
• PAN Carbon Fiber Process 19
• Precursor Preparation 20
• Polymerization 20
• Spinning and Stretching 20
• Stabilization 21
• Carbonization 21
• Surface Treatment 22
• Sizing 23
• Pitch Carbon Fiber Process 23
• Precursor Preparation 23
• Pitch Refining 23
• Isotropic Pitch 24
• Aniostropic or Mesophase Pitch 24
• Thermal Modifications 25
• Solvent Modification 25
• Chemical Modification 25
• Catalytic Modification 25
• Melt Spinning 26
• Stabilization 26
• Carbonization 26
• Graphitization 27
• Viscose Rayon Carbon Fiber Process 27
• Vapor-Grown Carbon Fibers 28
• CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 28
• Structural Property Relationship for Carbon Fibers 28
• Density 28
• Modulus 29
• Impact of Fiber Diameter 29
• Electrical and Thermal Conductivity 29
• Thermal Stability 29
• TABLE 2 STRUCTURAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR CARBON FIBERS DERIVED FROM VARIOUS PRECURSORS 30
• CARBON FIBER PRODUCT FORMS 30
• Carbon Fiber Product Grades 30
• PAN-Derived Fibers 30
• Pitch-Derived Fibers 30
• Tow 31
• Carbon Fiber Cloth 31
• Prepreg 31
• EMERGING MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES 32
• Microwave-Assisted Plasma (MAP) Process 32
• Ultraviolet (UV) Stabilization of PAN-based Carbon Fibers 33
• Rapid Oxidation Step 33
• Rapid Oxidation Step (Continued) 34
• Advances in Spinneret Design 35
• Surface Modification of Carbon Fibers 35
• Advances in Pitch-Based Fiber Technology 36
• Carbon Nanotubes Reinforcement of Carbon Fibers 36
• Continuous Carbon Fiber Produced from Carbon Nanotubes 37
• High-Thermal-Conductivity Carbon Fibers 38
• Hollow Carbon Fibers 38
• Carbon Nanofibers 39
• Activated Carbon Fibers 39
• Vapor-Grown Carbon Fibers (VGCF) 40
• Three-Dimensional Carbon Fibers 40
• MANUFACTURERS OF PAN-BASED FIBERS 41
• Small-Tow Manufacturers 41
• Cytec' s Carbon Fiber Production 41
• Cytec' s Carbon �c (Continued) 42
• Hexcel' s Carbon Fiber Production 43
• Other Manufacturers 44
• Large-Tow Carbon Fiber Manufacturers 44
• Zoltek Companies, Inc. 44
• Toho Tenax America 45
• SGL Carbon Fibers and Composites 46
• MANUFACTURERS OF PITCH-BASED CARBON FIBERS 47
• CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES 48
• Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites (CFRP) 48
• Manufacturing Processes 49
• Molding Process 49
• Roving Process 49
• Mechanical Properties 50
• TABLE 3 TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON-FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES 50
• Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Metal Composites (CFRM) 50
• Manufacturing Processes 50
• Mechanical Properties 51
• TABLE 4 TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON-FIBER-REINFORCED METAL COMPOSITES 51
• CARBON FOAMS 51
• RAW MATERIALS 52
• TABLE 5 PROPERTIES OF PITCH RAW MATERIALS USED FOR CARBON FOAM MANUFACTURING 52
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS 53
• Flash Process 53
• Blowing Gases 53
• Sol-Gel Process 54
• CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 54
• TABLE 6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PITCH-DERIVED CARBON FOAMS 54
• TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 55
• EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS 55
• Uniform-Density-Gradient Carbon Foams 55
• Reinforced Carbon Foams 56
• High-Strength Carbon Foams by Chemical Vapor Infiltration 57
• Carbon Foams by Template Approach 57
• Pitch-Based Carbon Foam 57
• Carbon Foams for Pistons 58
• High-Thermal-Conductivity Carbon Foams 58
• Magnetic Carbon Nanofoams 58
• Low-Cost Carbon Foams 59
• MANUFACTURERS OF CARBON FOAMS 59
• Honeywell 59
• POCO Graphite 60
• Touchstone Research Laboratory 61
• University of Dayton and Wright U.S. Air Force Laboratory Alliance 61
• STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE 62
• TYPES AND MANUFACTURING OF GRAPHITE MATERIALS 62
• Natural Graphite 62
• Synthetic Graphite 62
• FIGURE 6 SCHEMATIC OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR SYNTHETIC GRAPHITE 63
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 64
• Crystalline Structure 64
• FIGURE 7 CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE 64
• Lubrication 65
• Thermal Properties 65
• Oxidation Resistance 65
• Chemical Resistance 66
• Mechanical Properties 66
• TABLE 7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE MATERIALS 67
• EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 67
• Porous Graphite 67
• High-Temperature Graphite Process 67
• Flexible Graphite Sheets with Reduced Anisotropy 68
• Expandable Graphite 68
• Nanographite 69
• CARBON-CARBON STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 70
• TYPES OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS 70
• CARBON-REINFORCED CARBON MATRIX COMPOSITES 71
• TABLE 8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES 72
• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GRAPHITE AND CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES 73
• TABLE 9 COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE AND CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES 73
• CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 74
• REINFORCEMENT ARCHITECTURE 74
• One-Dimensional Architecture 75
• Two-Dimensional Architecture 75
• Three-Dimensional Architecture 76
• Multidimensional Architecture 76
• Foams for Reinforcement 77
• MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 77
• Architecture of Reinforcement Phase 77
• Infiltration of Matrix Phase 78
• Raw Materials for Matrix Phase 78
• Chemical Vapor Infiltration Process 78
• Temperature Gradient Process 79
• Isothermal Process 79
• Pressure Gradient Process 80
• Liquid Pitch Infiltration Process 80
• Raw Materials 80
• Manufacturing Process 81
• Low-Pressure Process 81
• High-Pressure Process 81
• Thermosetting Resins as Matrix Precursors 82
• FIGURE 8 REPRESENTATION OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING PROCESS 83
• STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS 83
• Microstructural Features 83
• TABLE 10 COMPARISON OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES PROPERTIES MANUFACTURED BY VARIOUS PROCESSING ROUTES 84
• Mechanical Properties 85
• Young' s Modulus 85
• Strength 86
• Fatigue and Creep 86
• Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties 86
• Effect of Oxidation on Mechanical Properties 87
• Thermal Properties 87
• Friction and Wear Properties 88
• OXIDATION PROTECTION FOR CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES 88
• EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 89
• Oxidation Inhibition of Carbon-Carbon Composites 89
• Rapid-Oxidative-Stabilization Composites 89
• High-Purity Carbon-Carbon Composites 90
• High-Density Carbon-Carbon Composites 90
• Elimination of Need for Oxidative Stabilization of Carbon Composites 90
• Novel Methods of Making Carbon-Carbon Composites 91
• Sequential Deposit of Carbon Matrix and In Situ Polymerization 92
• Rapid Processing of Carbon-Carbon Composites 93
• Protective Coatings 93
• Detecting Flaws in the Carbon Composites 94
• Carbon-Carbon Composites from Densified Carbon Foam 94
• Low-Temperature Densification Using Sugar Pyrolysis 94
• Thick Three Dimensional Preforms for Carbon-Carbon Composites 95
• High-Strength Composites Developed by NASA and JPL 95
• Carbon-Carbon Frictional Composites for Elevator Brakes 96
• Joining Carbon-Carbon Composites 96
• Nanotubes in Carbon-Carbon Composites 97

Chapter- 4: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 71

• CARBON FIBER APPLICATIONS 98
• TABLE 11 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF CARBON FIBERS 98
• AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE INDUSTRY 99
• Space Vehicles 99
• Unmanned Spacecraft 99
• Manned Spacecraft 100
• Launch Vehicles 100
• Total U.S. Space Market 101
• TABLE 12 U.S. SPACE VEHICLE MARKET, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 101
• Defense Market 101
• Defense Aviation 101
• Defense �c (Continued) 102
• TABLE 13 SALES OF U.S. MILITARY AIRCRAFT, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 103
• Missiles 103
• TABLE 14 U.S. MISSILE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH- 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 104
• Commercial Aviation 104
• Large Aircraft 104
• TABLE 15 DELIVERIES OF LARGE U.S.-MADE COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 (UNITS) 105
• Carbon Fiber Consumption 105
• TABLE 16 CONSUMPTION OF CARBON-FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES IN U.S.-MADE COMMERCIAL AIRLINERS 106
• GROUND TRANSPORT 107
• Trains and Locomotives 107
• Motor Vehicles 108
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 109
• WIND ENERGY 110
• TABLE 17 TRENDS IN U.S. WIND POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 110
• TABLE 18 U.S. MARKET FOR WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADES, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 111
• SPORTING GOODS 111
• Golf Clubs 112
• TABLE 19 U.S. MARKET FOR CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE GOLF CLUBS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 113
• Bicycles 113
• Recreational Boating 113
• Sport Fishing 114
• TABLE 20 U.S. SHIPMENTS OF CARBON FIBER FISHING RODS, THROUGH-2013 ($ MILLIONS) 115
• Other Applications 115
• INFRASTRUCTURE 115
• New Bridge Construction 116
• Bridge Repairs 117
• Column Repairs 118
• Seismic Retrofit 119
• High-Strength Building Construction 120
• Engineered Wood Products 121
• Tension Leg Platform Tethers from Carbon Composites 121
• Smarter and Stronger Concrete 122
• New Manufacturing Process for Reinforced Concrete 122
• THERMAL MANAGEMENT 123
• Conductive Plastics 124
• OTHER APPLICATIONS 125
• Biocompatibility Applications 125
• Electrochemical Applications 125
• Static Dissipation Applications 126
• Lightweight Telescope Mirrors 126
• Hollow Carbon Fibers in Molecular Sieve Applications 127
• Emerging Energy Systems 127
• Turtle Airship Uses Carbon Composites 127
• CARBON FIBERS MARKET GROWTH 127
• TABLE 21 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF CARBON FIBERS, THROUGH 2013 (THOUSAND LBS.) 128
• FIGURE 9 U.S. CARBON FIBER CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRY SEGMENT, 2008 VS. 2013 (%) 129
• TABLE 22 U.S. MARKET FOR CARBON FIBERS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 130
• FIGURE 10 U.S. CARBON FIBER MARKET BY INDUSTRY, 2008 VS.2013 (% OF TOTAL MARKET VALUE) 131
• CARBON FOAM APPLICATIONS 131
• AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE 132
• Radiators 132
• Fire Barrier Applications 132
• Brakes 132
• GROUND TRANSPORTATION 132
• Automotive Radiators 133
• Shock Absorbers and Bumpers 133
• Other Automotive Applications 133
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 134
• Sandwich Panels 134
• Electronic Heat Sinks 134
• Phase-Change Materials 134
• ENERGY 135
• Batteries 135
• Fuel Cells 135
• Radiators 136
• Humidifiers 136
• Supercapacitors 137
• Nuclear Reactor Cores 137
• Gas Storage 137
• OTHER APPLICATIONS 137
• Personal Cooling Devices 137
• Health Care Applications 138
• Acoustic Absorber Materials 138
• CARBON FOAM MARKET GROWTH 138
• TABLE 23 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF CARBON FOAM, THROUGH 2013 (THOUSAND LBS.) 139
• FIGURE 11 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF CARBON FOAM BY INDUSTRY SECTOR, 2008 VS. 2013 (% TOTAL CONSUMPTION) 140
• TABLE 24 U.S. CARBON FOAM MARKET GROWTH BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 141
• STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE APPLICATONS 141
• AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE 141
• GROUND TRANSPORTATION 142
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 143
• Chemical Industry Applications 143
• Mechanical Applications 144
• Bearings and Brushes 144
• TABLE 25 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR GRAPHITE BEARINGS 145
• Seals 145
• Friction Materials 145
• Metallurgy 146
• Glassware 147
• Refractory Applications 147
• ENERGY 148
• Fuel Cells 148
• Nuclear Industry Applications 148
• Hydrogen Storage 149
• STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE MARKET GROWTH 150
• TABLE 26 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2013 (THOUSAND LBS.) 150
• FIGURE 12 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE BY INDUSTRY SEGMENT, 2007 VS. 2013 (% OF TOTAL LBS. CONSUMED) 151
• TABLE 27 U.S. MARKET FOR STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE BY INDUSTRY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 152
• CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES APPLICATIONS 152
• AEROSPACE 152
• Space Vehicle Thermal Protection Systems 153
• Space �c (Continued) 154
• Aircraft Engine Components 155
• Aircraft Brakes 156
• Other Aerospace Applications 157
• GROUND TRANSPORTATION 157
• Ground Transportation (Continued) 158
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 158
• Refractory Structures 159
• Glass Industry 159
• Corrosion-Resistant Structures 160
• Thermal-Management Solutions 160
• ENERGY 161
• OTHER APPLICATIONS 161
• Biocompatible Structures 161
• CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES MARKET GROWTH 161
• TABLE 28 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2013 (THOUSAND LBS.) 162
• FIGURE 13 U.S. CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRY TYPE, 2007 VS. 2013 (%) 163
• TABLE 29 U.S. MARKET FOR CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 164
• FIGURE 14 U.S. CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES MARKET SHARES BY INDUSTRY, 2007 VS. 2013 (%) 164
• FIGURE 14 (CONTINUED) 165
• MARKETS FOR ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CARBONS 165
• TABLE 30 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF STRUCTURAL CARBONS BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, THROUGH 2013 (THOUSAND LBS.) 165
• FIGURE 15 STRUCTURAL CARBON PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL U.S. STRUCTURAL CARBON CONSUMPTION, 2007 VS. 2013 (%) 166
• TABLE 31 U.S. MARKET FOR STRUCTURAL CARBON MATERIALS BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 167
• FIGURE 16 STRUCTURAL CARBON PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL U.S. STRUCTURAL CARBON CONSUMPTION, 2007 VS. 2013 (%) 168

Chapter- 5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND MARKET DRIVERS 16

• MARKETS FOR STRUCTURAL CARBON MATERIALS 169
• MANUFACTURERS OF STRUCTURAL CARBONS 169
• Carbon Fibers 170
• FIGURE 17 LEADING U.S. CARBON FIBER SUPPLIERS' SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. CONSUMPTION, 2007 (%) 170
• Carbon Foams 171
• FIGURE 18 LEADING U.S. CARBON FOAM SUPPLIERS' SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. CONSUMPTION, 2007 (%) 171
• Structural Graphite 172
• FIGURE 19 LEADING U.S. STRUCTURAL GRAPHITE SUPPLIERS' SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. CONSUMPTION, 2007 (%) 172
• Carbon-Carbon Composites 173
• FIGURE 20 LEADING U.S. CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE SUPPLIERS' SHARE OF TOTAL U.S. CONSUMPTION, 2007 (%) 173
• SWOT ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CARBONS INDUSTRY 174
• Strengths 174
• Weaknesses 174
• Opportunities 174
• Threats 175
• MARKET DRIVERS 175
• ECONOMIC FACTORS 175
• LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS 176
• Price-Fixing in the Carbon Fibers and Composites Industry 176
• Price-Fixing in the Graphite Industry 177
• INDUSTRY FACTORS 177
• Capacity Trends 177
• Price Trends 178
• New Technologies and New Entrants to the Business 178
• Influence and Leverage 178
• Buyers' Influence and Leverage 178
• Suppliers' Influence and Leverage 179
• Substitute Products 179
• COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES IN THE STRUCTURAL CARBONS INDUSTRY 180
• NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 180
• COMPETITIVE PRICING 181
• VERTICAL INTEGRATION 182
• GLOBAL STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 182
• Mitsubishi Rayon' s Expansion Plans and Alliance with SGL 182
• Zoltek and BMW Automotive Group 183
• Zoltek and TechFab 183
• GrafTech and Ballard Power Systems 183
• Zoltek and Ballard Power Systems 184
• Zoltek and Leggett & Pratt 184
• Hexcel and Airbus Industries 184
• Hexcel and Boeing 184

Chapter- 6: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS ANALYSIS 3

• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ANALYSIS 185
• TABLE 32 PATENTS ISSUED TO LEADING MANUFACTURES IN STRUCTURAL CARBON MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY, 1996-2008 186
• TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS 186
• TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT �c (CONTINUED) 187

Chapter- 7: INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL CARBONS BUSINESS 3

• TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET FOR STRUCTURAL CARBON BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, 2007 ($ MILLIONS) 188
• FIGURE 21 COMPARISON OF ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CARBONS CONSUMPTION IN WORLD REGIONS BY TYPE OF MATERIAL, 2006 (%) 189
• TABLE 34 GLOBAL STRUCTURAL CARBONS MARKET GROWTH BY REGION, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 190

Chapter- 8: PROFILE OF MANUFACTURERS 27

• U.S. MANUFACTURERS
• AAR COMPOSITES
• ADVANCED CARBON TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
• ADVANCED COMPOSITES, INC.
• AEROSPACE COMPOSITE PRODUCTS CO.
• ALBANY ENGINEERED COMPOSITES
• APPLIED SCIENCES, INC.
• ASBURY CARBONS
• GOODRICH CORP.
• BOEING CO.
• BTG COMPOSITES, INC.
• CARBON-CARBON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
• CARBON COMPOSITES CO.
• CYTEC CORP.
• FIBER INNOVATIONS, INC.
• FIBER MATERIALS, INC.
• FIBERSPAR CORP.
• FORESEE ORTHOPEDIC PRODUCTS
• FRONTIERS MATERIALS CORP.
• GRAFIL, INC.
• GRAPHITE METALLIZING CORP.
• GRAPHITE SALES, INC.
• GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL, LTD.
• GRAPHTEK, LLC
• HELWIG CARBON PRODUCTS, INC.
• HEXCEL CORP.
• HITCO CARBON COMPOSITES, INC.
• HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL, INC.
• KIRKWOOD INDUSTRIES, INC.
• MER CORP.
• MINERALS TECHNOLOGY, INC.
• MORGAN ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• POCO GRAPHITE, INC.
• POLESE CO.
• ROC CARBON CO.
• SCHUNK GRAPHITE TECHNOLOGY, LLC
• SGL CARBON GROUP
• SHAMOKIN FILLER CO.
• SIOUX MANUFACTURING CORP.
• SPAULDING COMPOSITES CO.
• SPENCER COMPOSITE CORP.
• ST. MARYS CARBON CO.
• SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO.
• TECHFAB LLC
• TOHO TENAX AMERICA, INC.
• TORAY CARBON FIBERS AMERICA, INC.
• TOUCHSTONE RESEARCH LABORATORY, LTD.
• TPI COMPOSITES, INC.
• ULTRAMET, INC.
• V2 COMPOSITE, INC.
• YLA, INC.
• ZOLTEK COMPANIES, INC.
• INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURERS
• ANAORI CARBON CO., LTD.
• ANSHAN EAST ASIAN CARBON FIBERS CO., LTD.
• ATLAS COMPOSITES, LTD.
• BRANWELL GRAPHITE, LTD.
• C2 COMPOSITES
• CARBONE LORRAINE WORLDWIDE
• EDERENA CONCEPT
• GRUPO ANTOLIN INGENIERIA S.A
• MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORP.
• MITSUBISHI RAYON CO., LTD.
• NIPPON GRAPHITE FIBER CORP
• NIPPON SHEET GLASS CO., LTD.
• TAIWAN CARBON TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
• TOHO TENAX CO., LTD.
• TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.