Energy from Wind and Waves: The Global Market

Table of Contents

Chapter-1: SUMMARY 3

• SUMMARY 5
• PROJECT SIZES ARE INCREASING 6
• COMPONENT DELAYS ARE CONTINUING 6
• PRICES ARE RISING 6
• TRANSMISSION IS A PARAMOUNT ISSUE 6
• SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 7
• SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY, 2007-2013 (MW) 7

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 9

• WIND AND WAVE ENERGY STATUS 8
• WIND AND WAVE ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS 8
• WAVE SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS 9
• GLOBAL WIND AND WAVE POWER 10
• TABLE 1 GLOBAL INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE WIND POWER CAPACITY, 1-YEAR GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF GLOBAL CAPACITY, BY COUNTRY, 2007 (MW) 11
• FIGURE 1 NEW WIND POWER CAPACITY IN LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (MW) 11
• FIGURE 2 CUMULATIVE WIND POWER CAPACITY OF LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (MW) 12
• FIGURE 3 ONE-YEAR GROWTH OF WIND POWER CAPACITY IN LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (%) 12
• FIGURE 4 GLOBAL WIND POWER CAPACITY OF LEADING COUNTRIES, 2007 (%) 13
• FIGURE 5 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES, BY COUNTRY, 2007 13
• FIGURE 5 (CONTINUED) 14
• GROWTH OF THE WIND POWER INDUSTRY 14
• GROWTH OF THE WAVE POWER INDUSTRY 14
• GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 15
• FUTURE OF WIND AND WAVE ENERGY 15
• TURBINE TECHNOLOGY 15
• HEIGHTENED CONCERN FOR CARBON EMISSIONS 16

Chapter-3: TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES 4

• WIND TECHNOLOGIES 17
• HORIZONTAL 17
• VERTICAL 17
• EXPERIMENTAL 17
• TYPES OF WAVE TECHNOLOGIES 18
• OFFSHORE SYSTEMS 18
• SHORELINE OR NEAR SHORE SYSTEMS 18
• TECHNOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 19
• OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN 19
• POINT ABSORBERS OR BUOY SYSTEMS 19
• OVERTOPPING DEVICES AND TAPCHAN 19
• SURGING DEVICES 20
• PENDULOR DEVICE 20

Chapter-4: TYPES OF APPLICATIONS 3

• ELECTRICITY GENERATION 21
• MECHANICAL ENERGY 21
• OFF-GRID 21
• GRID-CONNECTED 21
• OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS 22
• OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS (CONTINUED) 23

Chapter-5: MARKET TYPES 2

• UTILITIES 24
• TABLE 2 U.S. UTILITIES MARKET SHARE BY UTILITY TYPE, 2007 (%) 24
• FIGURE 6 U.S. UTILITIES MARKET SHARE BY UTILITY TYPE, 2007 (%) 25
• INVESTOR-OWNED UTILITIES 25
• PUBLIC POWER UTILITIES 25
• RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES 25

Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 4

• MANUFACTURERS 26
• DEVELOPERS 26
• OWNERS 26
• TABLE 3 ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET SHARE OF WIND FARM OWNERS, 2007 (%) 27
• FIGURE 7 U.S. MARKET SHARE OF LEADING WIND FARM OWNERS, 2007 (%) 27
• POWER PURCHASERS 27
• FIGURE 8 UTILITY-SCALE WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 28
• INCENTIVES 28
• RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES 29
• OTHER BENEFITS 29

Chapter-7: WIND ENERGY VENDOR MARKET SHARES 4

• WIND RESOURCES 58
• TABLE 6 DEFINITION OF WIND POWER CLASS AND DENSITY AS FUNCTION OF SPEED 58
• TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 59
• MARKET SIZE 59
• TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE NEW INSTALLATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 59
• FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE NEW INSTALLATIONS, 2007-2013 ($ BILLIONS) 60
• TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 61
• TABLE 9 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2007-2013 (%) 61
• FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2007 (%) 62
• FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2008 (%) 62
• FIGURE 13 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2013 (%) 63
• TABLE 10 EUROPEAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 63
• GERMAN WIND ENERGY MARKET 63
• TABLE 11 GERMANY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 64
• FIGURE 14 GERMANY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 65
• TABLE 12 GERMANY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 65
• SPAIN' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 66
• TABLE 13 SPAIN' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 66
• FIGURE 15 SPAIN' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 67
• TABLE 14 SPAIN' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 67
• ITALY' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 67
• TABLE 15 ITALY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 68
• FIGURE 16 ITALY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 68
• TABLE 16 ITALY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 69
• UNITED KINGDOM WIND ENERGY MARKET 69
• TABLE 17 U.K. INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 69
• FIGURE 17 U.K. INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 70
• TABLE 18 U.K. CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 70
• TABLE 19 U.K. WIND ENERGY FARMS UNDER CONSTRUCTION 71
• TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 72
• POLAND' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 72
• TABLE 20 POLAND' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 72
• FIGURE 18 POLAND' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 73
• TABLE 21 POLAND' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 73
• TURKEY' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 73
• TABLE 22 TURKEY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 74
• FIGURE 19 TURKEY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 74
• TABLE 23 TURKEY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 75
• TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 75
• UNITED STATES WIND ENERGY MARKET 75
• TABLE 25 UNITED STATES INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 76
• FIGURE 20 UNITED STATES INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 76
• TABLE 26 UNITED STATES CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 76
• REVIEW OF LEADING WIND POWER STATES 77
• TABLE 27 CAPACITY OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS BY LEADING STATE, PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL U.S. WIND POWER, AND TOTAL STATE ELECTRICAL POWER, 2008 (MW/%) 77
• FIGURE 21 UNITED STATES CAPACITY OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS BY LEADING STATES, 2008 (MW) 78
• FIGURE 22 CAPACITY OF LEADING U.S. WIND POWER LEADING STATES, 2008 (%) 79
• FIGURE 23 WIND POWER CAPACITY AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL LEADING STATES ELECTRICAL CAPACITY, 2008 (%) 80
• THE U.S. POWER INDUSTRY AND THE WIND COMPONENT 80
• TABLE 28 BREAKDOWN OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION SOURCES IN THE U.S., 2006 (' 000S MWH/%) 80
• FIGURE 24 BREAKDOWN OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION SOURCES IN THE U.S., 2006 (%) 81
• GROWTH OF THE U.S. WIND POWER INDUSTRY 81
• CANADA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 82
• TABLE 29 CANADA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 83
• FIGURE 25 CANADA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 84
• TABLE 30 CANADA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 84
• TABLE 31 ASIAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 85
• CHINA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 85
• TABLE 32 CHINA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 86
• FIGURE 26 CHINA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 86
• TABLE 33 CHINA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 87
• FIGURE 27 CHINA' S CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE SHARE OF WIND TURBINE POWER BY PROVINCE, 2007 (MW) 87
• FIGURE 27 (CONTINUED) 88
• INDIA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 88
• TABLE 34 INDIA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 89
• FIGURE 28 INDIA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 89
• TABLE 35 INDIA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 90
• TABLE 36 INDIA' S STATE-WISE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) 90
• TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 91
• TABLE 37 LATIN AMERICA' S MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 91
• TABLE 38 BRAZIL' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 93
• FIGURE 29 BRAZIL' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 93
• TABLE 39 BRAZIL' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 93
• MEXICO' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 94
• TABLE 40 MEXICO' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 95
• FIGURE 30 MEXICO' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 95
• TABLE 41 MEXICO' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 95
• TABLE 42 AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 96
• EGYPT' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 96
• TABLE 43 EGYPT' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 97
• FIGURE 31 EGYPT' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 97
• TABLE 44 EGYPT' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 98
• MORROCO' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 98
• TABLE 45 MORROCO' S PROPOSED WIND PROJECTS, 2007-2010 99
• TABLE 46 MORROCO' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 99
• FIGURE 32 MORROCO' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 99
• TABLE 47 MORROCO' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 100
• IRAN' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 100
• TABLE 48 IRAN' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 100
• FIGURE 33 IRAN' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 101
• TABLE 49 IRAN' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 101
• TABLE 50 PACIFIC REGION MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 101
• AUSTRALIA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 102
• TABLE 51 AUSTRALIA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 103
• FIGURE 34 AUSTRALIA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 103
• TABLE 52 AUSTRALIA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 104
• NEW ZEALAND' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 104
• TABLE 53 NEW ZEALAND' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 105
• FIGURE 35 NEW ZEALAND' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 105
• TABLE 54 NEW ZEALAND' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 105
• TABLE 55 NEW ZEALAND' S PROPOSED WIND FARMS BY REGION, (MW) 106
• TABLE 56 REST OF WORLD MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 106
• ADDITIONAL WIND ENERGY MARKET INFORMATION 106
• WIND TURBINE LOCATION AND SIZE 106
• WIND TURBINE PROJECT CATEGORIES 107
• TABLE 57 WIND TURBINE PROJECT CATEGORIES (MW) 107
• NAMEPLATE CAPACITY VERSUS TYPICAL PERFORMANCE 107
• INDUSTRY GROWTH 108
• INDUSTRY GROWTH (CONTINUED) 109

Chapter-8: COMPANY PROFILES 24

Chapter-9: GLOBAL WIND ENERGY MARKET 52

Chapter-10: GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY MARKET 8

• THE OCEAN WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE 110
• FIGURE 36 WAVE ENERGY LEVELS 111
• WAVE ENERGY MARKET SIZE 112
• TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICES, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 113
• FIGURE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICES, 2007-2013 (MW) 113
• TABLE 59 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES BY COUNTRY, 2007 114
• FIGURE 38 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES BY COUNTRY, 2007 114
• TABLE 60 WAVE DEVICES BY TYPE, 2007 (%) 115
• FIGURE 39 WAVE DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2007 (%) 115
• TABLE 61 WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT 116
• FIGURE 40 WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT (%) 116
• TABLE 62 LIST OF WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES 117

Chapter-11: WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKET 1

• WAVE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 119
• FISH AND MARINE LIFE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES 119
• VISUAL APPEARANCE AND ACOUSTIC NOISE 120
• SEDIMENTARY FLOW PATTERNS 120
• DEVICE FLUID LEAKS 120
• RECREATIONAL 120
• PERMITTING PROCESS IN THE U.S. 121
• THE FERC PROCESS 122
• EXCERPTS FROM WAVE HUB ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT 122
• CASE STUDY WAVE HUB ENERGY PROJECT 122
• WAVE HUB ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING 123
• WIND ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 123
• WIND POWER AND NOISE 124
• VISUAL IMPACTS 124
• AVIAN EFFECTS 124
• ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 125
• EXCERPTS FROM CAPEWIND ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 125
• AIR QUALITY 126
• AVIAN 127
• PROTECTED MARINE RESOURCES 127
• FINFISH RESOURCES AND COMMERCIAL/RECREATIONAL FISHERIES 128
• BENTHIC AND SHELLFISH IMPACTS 128
• SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION 129
• VISUAL RESOURCES 129
• CONSTRUCTION 129
• LAND ALTERATION 130
• WETLANDS 130
• WATER QUALITY 131
• GEOLOGY AND SEDIMENT CONDITIONS 131
• TELECOMMUNICATION 131
• CASE STUDY OF BLOCKED WIND POWER PLANT 131
• CASE STUDY OF BLOCKED ... (CONTINUED) 132

Chapter-12: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF WIND AND WAVE POWER 14

Chapter-13: WIND AND WAVE POWER MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 20

• WIND AND WAVE POWER MARKET.... 133
• HOW MUCH RENEWABLE CAPACITY WOULD THE KYOTO PROTOCOL REQUIRE? 134
• TABLE 63 CARBON OFFSETS POTENTIAL FROM BULK POWER RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 135
• FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 136
• TABLE 64 CDM STATISTICS 137
• WHAT WILL HAPPEN AFTER 2012? 137
• THE PROTOTYPE CARBON FUND 137
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN AUSTRALIA 138
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN NEW ZEALAND 139
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN CANADA 139
• KYOTO IMACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN EUROPEAN UNION 140
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN POLAND 140
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN AUSTRIA 141
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN BELGIUM 141
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN DENMARK 142
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN FINLAND 142
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN FRANCE 143
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN GERMANY 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN GREECE 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN IRELAND 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN ITALY 145
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN PORTUGAL 145
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SPAIN 146
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SWEDEN 146
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE U.K. 147
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN LATIN AMERICA 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN INDIA 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN TURKEY 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKETS IN THE MAGHREB NATIONS OF NORTH AFRICA 149
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN CHINA 149
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN JAPAN 150
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE PHILIPPINES 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN TAIWAN 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE UNITED STATES 152

Chapter-14: WIND AND WAVE MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF ASIA-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP ON CLEAN DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE 1

• WIND AND WAVE MARKET IMPLICATIONS... 153

Chapter-15: U.S. GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND IMPACTS ON WIND AND WAVE ENERGY 8

• U.S. FEDERAL 154
• U.S. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 154
• CERTIFICATION 154
• SOUND LEVELS 155
• 20% WIND SCENARIO IN 2030 156
• 20% WIND SCENARIO IN 2030 (CONTINUED) 157
• RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS 158
• TABLE 65 U.S. STATES WITH RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS, TARGET AMOUNT AND YEAR (%) 159
• PERMITS AND LOCAL SUPPORT 160
• WIND FARMS VERSUS OTHER POWER STATIONS 161

Chapter-16: WIND TURBINE COMPONENT FUNCTIONALITY 5 $176

• TABLE 66 WIND TURBINE MAJOR COMPONENTS 162
• ROTOR 163
• TOWER 163
• GEARBOX, BEARINGS, AND DRIVE TRAIN 164
• GENERATOR 165
• NACELLE AND CONTROLS 165
• POWER ELECTRONICS 166

Chapter-17: WIND TURBINE AND COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 6

• INFRASTRUCTURE 167
• OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE AND DOWNTIME 168
• AVAILABILITY 169
• RELIABILITY 169
• BLADES 170
• ELECTRIC AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 170
• TOWERS AND CRANES 171
• GEARBOX AND BEARINGS 171
• MARINE WIND FARMS 172

Chapter-18: WIND AND WAVE ASSOCIATIONS AND CONSORTIUMS 9

• GLOBAL WIND ENERGY COUNCIL 173
• AFRICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 174
• AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 175
• BRITISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 175
• EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION (EWEA) 175
• GERMAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 176
• INDIAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 176
• LATIN AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 177
• CANADIAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 177
• IRISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 178
• NEW ZEALAND WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 179
• SOUTH AFRICAN WIND ASSOCIATION 180
• WIND ON THE WIRES 180
• AOTEAROA WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY ASSOCIATION 180
• EUROPEAN OCEAN ENERGY ASSOCIATION 181
• OCEAN ENERGY COUNCIL 181

Chapter-19: WIND AND WAVE TECHNOLOGY PATENT REVIEW 7

• PATENTS BY REGION 182
• TABLE 67 WIND ENERGY PATENTS BY REGION, 2002 2007 (NO. OF PATENTS/%) 182
• SAMPLE WIND PATENT ABSTRACTS 183
• VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 183
• WIND TURBINE GENERATOR 183
• TOWER FOR A WIND POWER STATION 184
• METHOD FOR CHANGING REMOVABLE BEARING FOR A WIND TURBINE GENERATOR 184
• COMPOSITE WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADE AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME 185
• TABLE 68 RECENT U.S. PATENTS FOR WIND TURBINES 185
• TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 186
• PATENT LITIGATION IN THE WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY 186
• REPOWER VS. GE ENERGY 186
• ENERCON VS. U.S. WINDPOWER, INC. 186
• VESTAS VS. ENERCON 187
• SOUTHWEST WINDPOWER VS. AEROMAX 187
• GAMESA VS. GENERAL ELECTRIC 187
• SAMPLE WAVE PATENT ABSTRACTS 187
• WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM 187
• WAVE POWER PLANT 188
• BUOYANCY PUMP POWER SYSTEM 188
• WAVE POWER ASSEMBLY WITH AN ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPENING MEANS 188

Chapter-20: APPENDIX 23

• CHINESE RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW 189
• TRIAL MEASURES FOR PRICING AND COST SHARING MANAGEMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER 189
• Chapter I General Provisions 189
• Chapter II Establishment of Electric Power Prices 190
• Chapter III Payment and Sharing of Expenses 190
• Chapter III Payment and ... (Continued) 191
• Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions 192
• MANDATORY RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET (MRET) 193
• MANDATORY RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET OVERVIEW, VERSION 2 AS UPDATED IN FEBRUARY 2008 193
• Background 193
• Operation of MRET 193
• Interim Target Levels 194
• Liable Parties 194
• Eligible Renewable Energy 195
• Renewable Energy Certificates 196
• Annual Reporting 196
• Role of Regulator 196
• MRET Review Processes 196
• SPAIN' S RD 661/2007 197
• INTRODUCTION 197
• RD 661/2007 - PRINCIPAL ASPECTS 197
• RD 661/2007 - Principal Aspects (Continued) 198
• EUROPEAN UNION 20 20 20 CLIMATE CHANGE OPPORTUNITY 199
• SECURING A PROSPEROUS EUROPE IN TIMES OF CHANGE 200
• Securing a Prosperous Europe ... (Continued) 201
• THE KEY PRINCIPLES 202
• The Tools to Deliver the Targets 203
• Updating the Emissions Trading System 203
• GHG Reductions beyond the ETS 204
• A New Era for Renewable Energy 205
• A New Era for ... (Continued) 206
• The Role of Energy Efficiency 207
• Looking Beyond 2020: Galvanizing the Potential for Deeper Cuts in Emissions 207
• Bringing About Change 208
• The Particular Needs of Energy-Intensive Industries 209
• The Capacity to Invest 210
• Conclusion 211