Thermal and Biological Waste-to-Energy Markets

Table of Contents

Chapter-1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

• INTRODUCTION 9
• WASTE-TO-ENERGY - THE CONCEPT 9
• NEED FOR WASTE TO ENERGY STRATEGIES 10
• WTE - BENEFITS 11
• TABLE 1 KEY BENEFITS OF WTE PROCESSES 11
• CHALLENGES OF WASTE TO ENERGY 12
• TABLE 2 KEY CHALLENGES TO WTE MARKETS 12
• NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION 12
• OPPOSITION FROM ENVIRONMENT GROUPS 13
• LACK OF POLITICAL WILL 13
• STRINGENT ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 13
• HIGH ENTRY BARRIERS TO EMERGING WTE TECHNOLOGIES 13
• PARTNERSHIPS WITH LOCAL CONTRACTORS BECOMES A PRE-CONDITION FOR MARKET ENTRY 14
• LITTLE SCOPE FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 14
• OVERSUPPLY AND PRICE COMPETITION 14
• LONG SALES CYCLES 14
• COMPETITION FROM ALTERNATIVE WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS 14
• FEEDSTOCK AVAILABILITY CONCERNS 15
• HIGH CAPITAL INVESTMENTS 15
• THREAT FROM UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES 15
• LACK OF GUARANTEED CUSTOMER BASE 15

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 7

Chapter-3: GLOBAL WASTE MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 37

• THERMAL WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 53
• INCINERATION 53
• Moving-Grate Incinerators 53
• Rotary-Kiln Incinerators 54
• Fluidized Bed 54
• Circulating Fluidized Bed 55
• Bubbling Fluidized Bed 55
• Stationary Fluidized Bed 55
• Co-firing of Biomass 56
• GASIFICATION 56
• Counter-current Fixed Bed Gasifier 57
• Co-current Fixed Bed Gasifier 57
• Fluidized Bed Reactor 57
• Entrained Flow Gasifiers 57
• PYROLYSIS 58
• BIOLOGICAL WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 59
• TABLE 15 TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF BIOGAS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE BIOGAS QUALITY 60
• TABLE 15 (CONTINUED) 61
• ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 61
• TABLE 16 COMPARISON OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC DEGRADATION PROCESSES 61
• TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 62
• FIGURE 2 THE FOUR PHASES OF ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION 62
• TABLE 17 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 63
• Configurations Available for Anaerobic Digesters 63
• Batch vs. Continuous 63
• Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 64
• Upflow anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 64
• Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) 64
• Internal Circulation Reactors (IC) 65
• Mesophilic vs. Thermophilic 65
• TABLE 18 COMPARISON OF MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESSES 65
• Wet vs. Dry Digestion 66
• Single Stage vs Double Stage 66
• COMMERCIAL AD TECHNOLOGIES FOR MSW TREATMENT 66
• TABLE 19 COMMERCIAL AD TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS FOR MSW TREATMENT 67
• Single Stage Wet Systems 67
• Single Stage Dry Systems 68
• DRANCO Process 68
• TABLE 20 LIST OF DRANCO PROCESS-BASED ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS INSTALLED WORLDWIDE 69
• Valorga Process 69
• TABLE 21 LIST OF VALORGA PROCESS-BASED ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS INSTALLED WORLDWIDE 70
• Kompogas Process 70
• TABLE 22 LIST OF KOMPOGAS PROCESS-BASED ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS INSTALLED WORLDWIDE 71
• Multi-Stage Digesters 72
• TABLE 23 DETAILS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MULTI-DIGESTER PROCESSES 72
• TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 73
• Batch Digesters 73
• TABLE 24 DETAILS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE BATCH-DIGESTER PROCESSES 73
• TABLE 24 (CONTINUED) 74
• TABLE 25 SUMMARY OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL AD SYSTEMS 74
• TABLE 25 (CONTINUED) 75
• BIOGAS TO ENERGY 75
• Decontamination of Biogas 75
• Liquefaction or Compression of Biogas 76
• Liquefaction 76
• Compression 76
• Conversion of Biogas to Heat and Electric Power - Conventional and Emerging Technologies 76
• TABLE 26 COMPARISON OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS POWER GENERATORS 77
• TABLE 27 VARIOUS FUEL CELL TYPES USED FOR BIOGAS CONVERSION AND THEIR CURRENT STATUS 78
• Feeding Biogas to the Natural Gas Supply 79
• BIO-HYDROGEN 79
• MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (MBT) 80

Chapter-4: ANALYSIS OF WTE TECHNOLOGIES 28

Chapter-5: PATENT ANALYSIS 7

• U.S. 88
• MARKET OVERVIEW 88
• Thermal WTE Market Dynamics 88
• Thermal WTE ... (Continued) 89
• TABLE 35 LARGE-SCALE THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 90
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 91
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 92
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 93
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 94
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 95
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 96
• TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 97
• TABLE 36 COSTS INVOLVED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THERMAL WTE PLANTS 98
• TABLE 37 LOCAL CONTRACTORS AND CONSULTING COMPANIES IN THE THERMAL WTE SECTOR, U.S. 98
• TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 99
• TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 100
• TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 101
• Biological WTE Market Dynamics 102
• MSW-processing Anaerobic Digestion Plant - Cost of Establishment in U.S. 102
• CANADA 103
• TABLE 38 MAJOR THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN CANADA 103
• EUROPE 103
• MARKET OVERVIEW 103
• Thermal WTE Market Dynamics- Europe 104
• TABLE 39 THERMAL WTE PLANTS DISTRIBUTION AND THE ENERGY PRODUCED FROM THEM ACROSS EUROPE, 2008 104
• TABLE 40 PERCENTAGE OF THERMALLY TREATED WASTE AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY ACROSS EUROPE* 105
• TABLE 41 COMPARISON OF MSW MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ACROSS EUROPE 106
• TABLE 42 COST COMPARISON FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INCINERATION- BASED WTE PLANTS ACROSS EUROPE 106
• Biological WTE Market - Europe 107
• TABLE 43 LIST OF MBT PLANTS IN EUROPE 107
• TABLE 43 (CONTINUED) 108
• TABLE 44 DISTRIBUTION OF MBT CAPACITIES BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 109
• ANALYSIS BY COUNTRY 109
• United Kingdom 109
• TABLE 45 KEY THERMAL WTE PLANTS TREATING MSW IN OPERATION IN U.K., 2008 110
• TABLE 45 (CONTINUED) 111
• TABLE 46 MARKET DYNAMICS IN THE U.K. 112
• TABLE 47 UPCOMING WTE PLANTS IN U.K. SUPPORTED BY PFI CREDITS* 113
• TABLE 48 KEY TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKET TRENDS IN THE U.K. 114
• TABLE 49 LARGE SCALE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANTS IN THE U.K. 115
• Germany 115
• TABLE 50 MARKET DYNAMICS IN GERMANY 116
• TABLE 51 DETAILS OF SELECTED LARGE SCALE THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN GERMANY 117
• TABLE 52 WTE PLANTS WITH CHP FACILITIES IN GERMANY 118
• TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 119
• TABLE 53 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN GERMANY 120
• TABLE 54 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS TREATING MSW* IN GERMANY 121
• TABLE 54 (CONTINUED) 122
• France 123
• TABLE 55 MARKET DYNAMICS IN FRANCE 123
• TABLE 56 DETAILS OF SELECTED LARGE SCALE THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN FRANCE 124
• TABLE 56 (CONTINUED) 125
• TABLE 57 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN FRANCE 125
• TABLE 58 SUMMARY OF BIOGAS SECTOR IN FRANCE* 126
• TABLE 59 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS TREATING MSW* IN FRANCE 126
• Italy 127
• TABLE 60 MARKET DYNAMICS IN ITALY 127
• TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 128
• TABLE 61 DETAILS OF SELECTED LARGE SCALE THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN ITALY* 128
• TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 129
• TABLE 62 KEY MARKET TRENDS IN ITALY 130
• TABLE 63 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN ITALY 130
• TABLE 64 THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN PORTUGAL 131
• Spain 131
• TABLE 65 MARKET DYNAMICS IN SPAIN 132
• TABLE 66 THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN SPAIN 132
• TABLE 67 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN SPAIN 133
• TABLE 68 COMMERCIAL SCALE MSW-BASED AD PLANTS IN SPAIN 133
• TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 134
• Denmark 134
• TABLE 69 MSW INCINERATION PLANTS IN DENMARK 135
• TABLE 70 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN DENMARK 136
• TABLE 71 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN DENMARK 136
• Sweden 137
• TABLE 72 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN SWEDEN 138
• TABLE 73 THERMAL WTE PLANTS TREATING MSW IN NORWAY 139
• TABLE 73 (CONTINUED) 140
• TABLE 74 BIOGAS SOURCES AND THEIR PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION IN FINLAND 141
• TABLE 75 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN FINLAND 141
• TABLE 76 MARKET DYNAMICS IN SCANDINAVIA (DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY AND FINLAND) 142
• TABLE 77 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN SCANDINAVIA (DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY AND FINLAND) 143
• TABLE 78 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN NETHERLANDS 144
• Belgium 144
• TABLE 79 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN BELGIUM 145
• TABLE 80 MARKET DYNAMICS IN BENELUX (BELGIUM, THE NETHERLANDS, AND LUXEMBOURG) 146
• TABLE 81 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN BENELUX 146
• TABLE 82 BIOGAS SOURCES AND THEIR PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION IN AUSTRIA 147
• TABLE 83 COMMERCIAL AD PLANTS IN AUSTRIA* 147
• TABLE 83 (CONTINUED) 148
• Switzerland 148
• TABLE 84 WTE PLANTS WITH CHP FACILITIES IN SWITZERLAND 149
• TABLE 85 COMMERCIAL SCALE AD PLANTS IN SWITZERLAND 150
• ASIA 150
• MARKET OVERVIEW 150
• Japan 150
• TABLE 86 SOME OF THE KEY BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS AND THEIR PLANTS IN JAPAN 151
• China 152
• TABLE 87 KEY COMPANIES IN CHINA IN THE AREA OF GRATE TECHNOLOGY 153
• China (Continued) 154
• TABLE 88 BIODEGRADABLE MSW-BASED BIOGAS PLANTS UNDER CONSIDERATION/PLANNING IN CHINA 155
• South Korea 155
• Taiwan 156
• TABLE 89 DETAILS OF SELECTED LARGE SCALE THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN TAIWAN 157
• TABLE 89 (CONTINUED) 158
• TABLE 89 (CONTINUED) 159
• Australia 159
• TABLE 90 COMMERCIAL BIOGAS PLANTS IN AUSTRALIA 160
• India 160
• TABLE 91 LOW-TECH ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS DEVELOPED IN INDIA 161
• TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 162
• Indonesia 162
• Philippines 163
• TABLE 92 THERMAL WTE PLANTS IN SINGAPORE 164

Chapter-6: WORLDWIDE MARKET DYNAMICS OF WTE INDUSTRY 77

Chapter-7: WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 9

• TABLE 93 GLOBAL WASTE-TO-ENERGY MARKETS AND MARKET SHARES OF THERMAL AND BIOLOGICAL WTE SECTORS, THROUGH 2013* ($ BILLION/PERCENTAGE SHARE) 165
• REGIONAL ANALYSIS 166
• TABLE 94 GLOBAL WTE MARKET FORECAST, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 166
• TABLE 95 REGIONAL MARKET SHARES FORECAST, 2007-2013 (%) 167
• THERMAL WTE SECTOR - REGIONAL ANALYSIS 167
• TABLE 96 REGIONAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECASTS FOR THERMAL WTE MARKETS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 167
• TABLE 97 REGIONAL MARKET SHARES AND FORECASTS FOR THERMAL WTE MARKETS, 2007-2013 (%) 168
• Worldwide Capacity Distribution - Thermal WTE Sector 168
• TABLE 98 AMOUNT OF WASTE TREATED IN THERMAL WTE PLANTS WORLDWIDE 168
• BIOLOGICAL WTE SECTOR - REGIONAL ANALYSIS 169
• TABLE 99 REGIONAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECASTS FOR BIOLOGICAL WTE MARKETS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 169
• TABLE 100 REGIONAL MARKET SHARES AND FORECASTS FOR BIOLOGICAL WTE MARKETS, 2007-2013 (%) 169
• Worldwide Capacity Distribution - Biological WTE Sector 170
• TABLE 101 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE AMOUNT OF WASTE TREATED IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANTS WORLDWIDE 170
• COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 170
• THERMAL WTE MARKET - COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE 171
• TABLE 102 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE GLOBAL THERMAL WTE MARKET 171
• TABLE 102 (CONTINUED) 172
• BIOLOGICAL WTE MARKET - COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE 172
• TABLE 103 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE GLOBAL BIOLOGICAL WTE MARKET 173

Chapter-8: COMPANY PROFILES 28

• AE&E GROUP GMBH 174
• ARROW ECOLOGY LTD 175
• BABCOCK & WILCOX VOLUND 176
• BEDMINSTER INTERNATIONAL 176
• BIOGAS NORD AG 177
• BIOGENGREENFINCH 177
• BTA INTERNATIONAL GMBH 178
• CITEC INTERNATIONAL LTD OY 178
• CNIM 179
• COVANTA ENERGY CORPORATION 180
• EBARA CORPORATION 180
• ECOCORP INC. 181
• ENER G PLC 182
• ENTEC BIOGAS GMBH 182
• ENTECH RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 183
• ENVITEC BIOGAS AG 183
• EVN AG 184
• FARMATIC ANLAGENBAU GMBH 184
• FISIA BABCOCK ENVIRONMENT GMBH 185
• FOSTER WHEELER INC. 185
• HAASE ENERGIE TECHNIK AG 186
• HESE BIOGAS GMBH 186
• INTERSTATE WASTE TECHNOLOGIES INC (IWT) 187
• KEPPEL INTEGRATED ENGINEERING LTD 187
• KOMPOGAS AG 188
• MARTIN GMBH 189
• ORGANIC WASTE SYSTEMS (OWS) 189
• RAMBOLL 190
• SCHMACK BIOGAS AG 191
• STRABAG UMWELTANLAGEN GMBH 191
• SUEZ ENVIRONMENT S.A. 192
• TAKUMA CO., LTD 192
• TIRU GROUP 193
• WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC. 194
• VALORGA INTERNATIONAL S.A.S. 194
• VEOLIA ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 195

APPENDIX 196

• TABLE 104 GLOSSARY 196
• TABLE 104 (CONTINUED) 197
• TABLE 104 (CONTINUED) 198
• TABLE 104 (CONTINUED) 199
• TABLE 105 ACRONYMS 199
• TABLE 105 (CONTINUED) 200
• TABLE 105 (CONTINUED) 201