Table of Contents
Chapter-1: SUMMARY 3
- SUMMARY 5
- SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY INDUSTRY,
THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 6
- SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY INDUSTRY,
2006-2013 ($ MILLIONS) 6
- SUMMARY (CONTINUED) 7
Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 10
- INTRODUCTION 18
- DEFINITION OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 18
- TABLE 7 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY DEFINITIONS 18
- HISTORY OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 18
- TABLE 8 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY HISTORY 19
- PARADIGM SHIFT IN BIOLOGY 20
- TABLE 9 PARADIGM SHIFT OF BIOLOGY 20
- TABLE 10 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY COMPARED 21
- FIGURE 1 SCALE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 22
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 23
- TABLE 11 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY APPLICATIONS BY TECHNOLOGY 23
- ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 24
- TABLE 12 IMPORTANCE OF ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 24
- COSTS OF DNA SYNTHESIS AND SEQUENCING 25
- FIGURE 2 DNA SYNTHESIS AND SEQUENCING COSTS, 1990 - 2008 ($) 25
- FIGURE 3 HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCING COSTS, 1990 - 2015 ($) 26
- DNA SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGIES 27
- FIGURE 4 SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF GENE SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY 27
- DNA Synthesis ... (Continued) 28
- TABLE 13 COMPARISON OF GENE SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGIES 29
- PCR-Based Approaches 29
- Solid-Phase Approaches 30
- MICROFLUIDICS TECHNOLOGIES 31
- TABLE 14 IMPORTANCE OF MICROFLUIDICS TECHNOLOGIES IN SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 31
- DNA Microarrays - Oligos Synthesis 31
- TABLE 15 MICROARRAY TYPES 32
- TABLE 16 DNA MICROARRAY PLATFORM FEATURES 32
- TABLE 17 DNA MICROARRAY PLATFORM COMPARISON FOR MAJOR MANUFACTURERS 33
- TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) 34
- DNA Microarrays - ...(Continued) 35
- FIGURE 5 MICROARRAYS IN GENE SYNTHESIS 36
- DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES 36
- DNA Sequencing TECHNOLOGIES (continued) 37
- FIGURE 6 SEQUENCING THROUGHPUT TREND, 1977 - 2008 38
- FIGURE 7 DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES 39
- BIOINFORMATICS TECHNOLOGIES 40
- TABLE 18 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY BIOINFORMATICS TECHNOLOGIES 41
- BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES 41
- TABLE 19 NUCLEIC ACIDS, GENES, AND GENOMES 41
- SYNTHETIC GENES 42
- TABLE 20 SYNTHETIC GENES AS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOOL 42
- Synthetic Genes (Continued) 43
- TABLE 21 SYNTHETIC GENES VERSUS PCR CLONING 44
- BIOBRICKS/IGEM PARTS 45
- TABLE 22 BIOBRICKS/IGEM PARTS 46
- FIGURE 8 ROLE OF PROMOTERS AND REPORTERS IN SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY SYSTEMS 47
- MINIMAL GENOMES AND CHASSIS ORGANISMS 48
- TABLE 23 ATTRIBUTES OF A MINIMAL GENOME 48
- Minimal Genomes and ... (Continued) 49
- CASE STUDY: MINIMAL E.COLI GENOME 50
- Role of Directed Evolution in Designing Biologic Parts 50
- ENABLED TECHNOLOGIES 51
- OVERVIEW 51
- TABLE 24 ENABLED TECHNOLOGIES: EXISTING AND NEAR-TERM APPLICATIONS 51
- Pathway Engineering 52
- FIGURE 9 HOW SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY CREATES ENABLED PRODUCTS 52
- TABLE 25 METABOLIC ENGINEERING FOR ARTEMISINIC ACID 53
- Synthetic Microbial Consortia 54
- TABLE 26 APPLICATIONS FOR SYNTHETIC MICROBIAL CONSORTIA 55
- BIOFUELS TECHNOLOGIES 56
- Biofuels Feedstocks 56
- TABLE 27 ENERGY BALANCE OF SELECTED FIRST-GENERATION BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCKS 57
- Advanced-Generation Biofuels 57
- TABLE 28 FIRST- AND ADVANCED-GENERATION BIOFUELS COMPARED 58
- Cellulosic Biomass 59
- FIGURE 10 APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF CELLULOSIC BIOMASS (%) 59
- TABLE 29 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY STRATEGIES FOR CONVERTING CELLULOSIC BIOMASS
INTO ETHANOL 60
- Biofuels Types 61
- TABLE 30 EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS FUELS 61
- Cellulosic Ethanol 62
- FIGURE 11 CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION SCHEMATIC 62
- TABLE 31 CORN ETHANOL COST TARGETS, 2009 ($/GAL. OF ETHANOL) 63
- FIGURE 12 ESTIMATED 25 MGY CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PLANT COSTS (%) 64
- Biodiesel 65
- TABLE 32 IODINE NUMBER OF VARIOUS OILS 66
- Other Biofuels 66
- Role of Genetic Engineering and Synthetic Biology in Biofuels 66
- TABLE 33 CONTRIBUTION OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY TO BIOFUELS 67
Chapter-3: SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY TECHNOLOGIES 50
Chapter-4: SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY APPLICATIONS 21
- INTRODUCTION 68
- ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 68
- TABLE 34 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY PRODUCTS IMPACTED BY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 68
- BIOLOGIC COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 69
- TABLE 35 BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS NEAR-TERM
APPLICATIONS 69
- SYNTHETIC GENE APPLICATIONS 70
- TABLE 36 SYNTHETIC GENES NEAR-TERM APPLICATIONS 70
- Synthetic Gene Applications (Continued) 71
- Synthetic Gene Applications (Continued) 72
- BIOBRICKS/IGEM PARTS APPLICATIONS 73
- INTEGRATED SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 73
- Synthetic Cells and Tissues 74
- ENABLED PRODUCTS APPLICATIONS 75
- TABLE 37 ENABLED PRODUCTS NEAR-TERM APPLICATIONS 75
- APPLICATIONS BY END-USER INDUSTRY 76
- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS 76
- TABLE 38 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS FOR SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
PRODUCTS 76
- PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATIONS 77
- TABLE 39 DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS FOR SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
PRODUCTS 77
- Pharmaceuticals Applications (Continued) 78
- TABLE 40 PIPELINE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY-ENABLED DRUGS 79
- ENERGY APPLICATIONS 80
- TABLE 41 ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCKS AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES 80
- TABLE 42 ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL COMMON BLENDS 81
- TABLE 43 FIRST-GENERATION FUEL ETHANOL GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND GOALS, 2007
(MILLION GALS.) 82
- TABLE 44 FIRST-GENERATION BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND GOALS, 2007 (MILLION
GALS.) 83
- United States 83
- FIGURE 13 RENEWABLE FUELS STANDARDS, UNITED STATES, 2008 - 2013 (BILLION
GALS./ YR) 84
- TABLE 45 DOE FUNDING FOR CELLULOSIC BIOFUELS, 2007 - 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 85
- Canada 86
- Brazil 87
- CHEMICAL INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 87
- Chemical Industry Applications (Continued) 88
Chapter-5: SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY INDUSTRY 43
- INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY VALUE CHAIN 89
- FIGURE 14 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY VALUE CHAIN WITH SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
LEVERAGE POINTS 90
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL FORCES 91
- TABLE 46 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL FORCES 91
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL FORCES (CONTINUED) 92
- PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE 93
- TABLE 47 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE STAGE 93
- INDUSTRY COMPETITOR POSITIONING 94
- TABLE 48 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY KEY COMPETITORS BY MARKET FOCUS 95
- GENE SYNTHESIS INDUSTRY 96
- GENE SYNTHESIS WORKFLOW 96
- TABLE 49 GENE SYNTHESIS WORKFLOW 96
- Gene Synthesis Workflow (Continued) 97
- GENE SYNTHESIS COMPETITOR STRATEGIES 98
- FIGURE 15 SYNTHETIC GENE COMPANY ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES, 2008 (%) 99
- Gene Synthesis ... (Continued) 100
- TABLE 50 SYNTHETIC GENE KEY COMPETITOR STRATEGIES 101
- Gene Synthesis ... (Continued) 102
- Gene Synthesis Value Chain 103
- Synthetic Gene Market Segments 104
- Automated, Standardized Market Segment 104
- Value-Added Market Segments 104
- TABLE 51 GENE SYNTHESIS MARKET FACTORS OF DIFFERENTIATION 105
- BIOFUELS INDUSTRY 106
- COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATION 106
- FEEDSTOCKS 107
- TABLE 52 BIOFUELS: FEEDSTOCKS, PRODUCTION, AND PRODUCTS 107
- FIGURE 16 BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCKS: RELATIVE COSTS AND VOLUMES 108
- Sugars/Starches 108
- Vegetable Oils 109
- Biomass 109
- Algae 109
- TABLE 53 BIODIESEL YIELD OF SELECTED CROPS (GALS./ACRE/YR.) 109
- CO2 110
- CELLULOSIC ETHANOL INDUSTRY 111
- TABLE 54 CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PLANTS (MGY) 111
- Cellulosic Ethanol Industry (Continued) 112
- BIOFUELS COMPETITOR STRATEGIES 113
- TABLE 55 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY-BASED BIOFUELS COMPANY STRATEGIES 114
- TABLE 55 (CONTINUED) 115
- Agrivida 115
- Amyris 116
- BP 116
- DuPont 116
- Gevo 116
- LS9 117
- Mascoma 117
- OpX Biotechnologies 117
- Sequesco 118
- Solazyme 118
- Synthetic Genomics 118
- Verdezyne 118
- Verenium 119
- ROLE OF BIOFUELS FOUNDERS AND INVESTORS 119
- TABLE 56 ROLE OF INVESTORS AND FOUNDERS IN BIOFUELS COMPANIES 119
- ENZYMES INDUSTRY 120
- TABLE 57 ENZYME COMPANY KEY ALLIANCES 121
- PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY 122
- TABLE 58 PHARMACEUTICALS COMPANY STRATEGIES 122
- INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS AND STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 123
- TABLE 59 INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS, 2006 - 2008 123
- TABLE 60 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY STRATEGIC ALLIANCES, 2006 - 2009 124
- TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 125
- TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 126
- BIODEFENSE ISSUES 127
- TABLE 61 FUTURE SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY SECURITY REGULATIONS 127
- SUPPORTING INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS 128
- TABLE 62 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ENABLING ORGANIZATIONS 128
- TABLE 62 (CONTINUED) 129
- SUPPORTING INDUSTRY ... (CONTINUED) 130
- FIGURE 17 GROWTH IN IGEM (NUMBER) 131
Chapter-6: SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKETS 35
- GROWTH DRIVING FORCES 132
- TABLE 63 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY GROWTH DRIVING FORCES 133
- FIGURE 18 NIH BUDGET OUTLAYS, 2000 - 2009 ($ BILLIONS) 134
- FIGURE 19 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS, 2000 - 2008 (NUMBER) 135
- MARKET FORECASTS 136
- FIGURE 20 MARKET FORECAST SCENARIO TABLE 136
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKETS BY INDUSTRY 137
- Summary 137
- TABLE 64 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY END USER, THROUGH
2013 ($ MILLIONS) 137
- R&D Market 138
- TABLE 65 GLOBAL VALUE OF R&D MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 138
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals Market 139
- TABLE 66 GLOBAL VALUE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICALS MARKET BY
PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 140
- Chemicals Market 141
- TABLE 67 GLOBAL VALUE OF CHEMICALS MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 141
- Energy Market 142
- TABLE 68 GLOBAL VALUE OF ENERGY MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 142
- FIGURE 21 S-CURVE FOR SECOND-GENERATION BIOFUELS 143
- TABLE 69 WORLD BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND CAPACITY TRENDS, 2002 - 2008
(MILLIONS TONS/YR) 144
- TABLE 70 GLOBAL BIOFUELS SUPPLY BY PRODUCT CLASS, THROUGH 2013 (KBOED) 145
- FIGURE 22 GLOBAL BIOFUELS MARKET, 2013 (GALS./YR.) 145
- FIGURE 22 (CONTINUED) 146
- FIGURE 23 GLOBAL CELLULOSIC SECOND-GENERATION BIOFUELS MARKET, 2013
(GALS./YR) 146
- FIGURE 23 (CONTINUED) 147
- FIGURE 24 UNITED STATES BIOFUELS MARKET GOALS, 2022 (%) 147
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKETS BY PRODUCT TYPE 148
- Summary 148
- TABLE 71 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH
2013 ($ MILLIONS) 148
- Summary (Continued) 149
- Enabling Products Market 150
- TABLE 72 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY-ENABLING PRODUCTS MARKET,
THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 150
- Biological Parts Market 151
- TABLE 73 GLOBAL VALUE OF DNA SYNTHESIS MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 151
- TABLE 74 GLOBAL VALUE OF BIOLOGIC PARTS MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 152
- Standardized Market Segment 152
- Value-Added Market Segments 152
- TABLE 75 GLOBAL VALUE OF BIOLOGIC PARTS MARKET BY END USER INDUSTRY,
THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 153
- TABLE 76 GLOBAL VALUE OF BIOLOGIC PARTS BY SUPPLIER TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 154
- TABLE 77 HOMEBREW VERSUS COMMERCIAL COST COMPARISON FOR SYNTHESIZING A
TYPICAL 714 BP GFP GENE ($) 155
- Integrated Systems Market 156
- TABLE 78 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS MARKET BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 156
- Enabled Products Market 156
- TABLE 79 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY-ENABLED PRODUCTS MARKET BY
INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 157
- TABLE 80 GLOBAL VALUE OF ENABLED R&D MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013
($ MILLIONS) 158
- TABLE 81 GLOBAL VALUE OF ENABLED PHARMACEUTICALS MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE,
THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 159
- TABLE 82 GLOBAL VALUE OF ENABLED CHEMICALS MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH
2013 ($ MILLIONS) 160
- TABLE 82 (CONTINUED) 161
- TABLE 83 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY-ENABLED ENERGY MARKET BY FUEL
TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 162
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION 163
- Summary 163
- TABLE 84 GLOBAL VALUE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY MARKET BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION,
THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 164
- Importance of Geography to Fuels Markets 165
- Importance of Geography ... (Continued) 166
Chapter-7: PATENT STATUS 13
- INTRODUCTION 167
- FOUNDATIONAL PATENTS 167
- TABLE 85 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY FOUNDATIONAL PATENTS 168
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY INDUSTRY PATENT ANALYSIS 169
- SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY INDUSTRY (continued) 170
- FIGURE 25 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY COMPANY 171
- FIGURE 25 (CONTINUED) 172
- TABLE 86 PATENT DESCRIPTION BY COMPANY 173
- FIGURE 26 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY PATENTS BY COMPANY AND SUBCLASS (NUMBER OF
PATENTS) 174
- FIGURE 26 (CONTINUED) 175
- LITIGATION STATUS 176
- TABLE 87 IP LITIGATION STATUS 176
- IP STRATEGY OF SELECTED SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY COMPANIES 177
- METABOLIX 177
- DUPONT 178
- GENEART 178
- FEBIT 179
Chapter-8: COMPANY PROFILES 66
- AGRIVIDA 180
- AMYRIS BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 180
- TABLE 88 AMYRIS BIODIESEL ADVANTAGES 181
- ATG BIOSYNTHETICS GMBH 182
- BASF AG 183
- BIO BASIC, INC. 184
- BIOCAT GMBH 184
- BIONEER CORP. 185
- BIONEXUS, INC. 185
- BIO S&T, INC. 186
- BIOTICA TECHNOLOGY, LTD. 186
- BIOTICA TECHNOLOGY, LTD. (CONTINUED) 187
- TABLE 89 STRUCTURE-FUNCTION APPROACH FOR RAPAMYCIN 188
- TABLE 90 BIOTICA PROJECTS PIPELINE 189
- BLUE HERON BIOTECHNOLOGIES 190
- BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB 190
- BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB (CONTINUED) 191
- BRITISH PETROLEUM 192
- CELLICON BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 193
- CODEXIS, INC. 194
- CODON DEVICES, INC. 195
- DANISCO A/S 195
- DNA 2.0 196
- TABLE 91 DNA2.0 STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 197
- DRATHS CORP. 198
- DUPONT 199
- DUPONT (CONTINUED) 200
- DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. 201
- ENTELECHON GMBH 201
- EPOCH BIOLABS, INC. 202
- ERAGEN BIOSCIENCES, INC. 203
- EUROFINS MEDIGENOMIX GMBH 203
- EUROFINS MWG OPERON 204
- FEBIT SYNBIO GMBH 204
- GENEART AG 205
- TABLE 92 GENEART MAJOR STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 206
- GENEART AG (CONTINUED) 207
- GENEMED SYNTHESIS, INC. 208
- GENSCRIPT CORP. 208
- GENEWORKS PTY, LTD. 208
- GEVO, INC. 209
- TABLE 93 GEVO ISOBUTANOL PRODUCTION FORECAST (GALS./YR.) 209
- HELICOS BIOSCIENCES CORP. 210
- HELICOS BIOSCIENCES CORP. (CONTINUED) 211
- HELICOS BIOSCIENCES CORP. (CONTINUED) 212
- INTEGRATED DNA TECHNOLOGIES 213
- ILLUMINA, INC. 213
- ILLUMINA, INC. (CONTINUED) 214
- INSTITUTE FOR ONEWORLD HEALTH 215
- IOGEN CORP. 216
- JOULE BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 216
- KHOSLA VENTURES 216
- TABLE 94 KHOSLA VENTURES BIOFUELS INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO 217
- LC SCIENCES 217
- LIFE TECHNOLOGIES 218
- LIFE TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) 219
- LS9, INC. 220
- MASCOMA 221
- TABLE 95 MASCOMA INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATUS 222
- MAXYGEN 223
- MERCK & CO. 224
- METABOLIX, INC. 225
- TABLE 96 METABOLOMIX BUSINESS STRATEGY 225
- METRIGEN, INC. 226
- NOVOZYMES A/S 227
- OMEGA BIO-TEK, INC. 227
- OPX BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 228
- PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES 229
- PFIZER 230
- PROTOLIFE SRL 231
- QTEROS 232
- ROCHE LIFE SCIENCES 232
- ROCHE LIFE SCIENCES (CONTINUED) 233
- ROYAL DSM N.V. 234
- SANGAMO BIOSCIENCES, INC. 234
- SANGAMO BIOSCIENCES, INC. (CONTINUED) 235
- SANOFI AVENTIS 236
- SCARAB GENOMICS, LLC 237
- SEQUESCO 238
- SLONING BIOTECHNOLOGY, GMBH 238
- SOLAZYME, INC. 239
- TABLE 97 SOLAZYME STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 240
- SYNTHETIC GENOMICS 240
- SYNTHETIC GENOMICS (CONTINUED) 241
- TABLE 98 SYNTHETIC GENOMICS STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 242
- VERDEZYNE 242
- TABLE 99 VERDEZYNE STRATEGIC COLLABORATIONS 243
- VERENIUM CORP. 244
- VERENIUM CORP. (CONTINUED) 245
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