Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications: The Global Market

Table of Contents

Chapter-1: SUMMARY 10

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 11

• ENVIRONMENTS IN QUESTION: BRIEF HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 11
• NANOTECHNOLOGY: BRIEF HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 12
• TABLE 1 INDUSTRY SECTORS LIKELY TO BE DISRUPTED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE NEAR-TERM ($ BILLIONS) 13
• LEVELS OF DEMAND FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT 14
• EXCLUSIONS 14
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND 14
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND (CONTINUED) 15
• TABLE 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET BY REGION, INCLUDING TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND LOW CARBON SECTORS, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 16
• FIGURE 1 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET BY REGION, INCLUDING TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND LOW CARBON SECTORS, 2008-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 17
• TABLE 3 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY REGION, 2008-2014 (%) 17
• FIGURE 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY REGION, 2008-2014 (%) 18
• TABLE 4 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY SECTOR (2007/8) 18
• TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 19
• TABLE 5 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SECTOR: VALUE BY COUNTRY, 2007 AND 2008 ($ BILLIONS) 19
• TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 20
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND (CONTINUED) 21

Chapter-3: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR AIR QUALITY REMEDIATION 71

• DELETERIOUS PATTERNS IN POTABLE WATER RESERVOIRS 93
• BACKGROUND DATA 94
• Composition of Fresh Water and Ocean Water 94
• TABLE 28 ESTIMATE OF GLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION 95
• TABLE 29 ION BALANCE IN TYPICAL FRESH WATER (%) 95
• TABLE 30 SEAWATER ELEMENTS AND CONCENTRATIONS 96
• Hydrologic Cycle 96
• Groundwater 97
• Aquifers 97
• TABLE 31 EXAMPLES OF AQUIFER DEPLETION 97
• TABLE 31 (CONTINUED) 98
• Water Contaminants 98
• TABLE 32 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 98
• TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 99
• TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 100
• Global Hot Spots Requiring Water Quality Remediation 101
• TABLE 33 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR WATER POLLUTION 101
• TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 102
• NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER FILTRATION - INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AND PERSONAL 103
• Nanoporous Membranes 103
• Reverse Osmosis (RO) 104
• Nanofiltration 105
• Ultrafiltration 105
• Microfiltration Membranes 105
• TABLE 34 NANOPOROUS MEMBRANE WATER FILTRATION 106
• NANOPOROUS MEMBRANE ANTI-BIOFOULING MEASURES 106
• Cross Flow Turbulent Cleaning 106
• Vibratory Membrane for Anti-Fouling 106
• Self-Assembled Hybrid Reverse Osmosis Membrane 107
• TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES FOR AMBIENT WATER REMEDIATION (SURFACE WATERS - OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, STREAMS) THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 107
• FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES FOR AMBIENT WATER REMEDIATION (SURFACE WATERS - OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, STREAMS) 2008-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 108
• TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES AND EQUIPMENT FOR WATER PURIFICATION (INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL), THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 108
• FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES AND EQUIPMENT FOR WATER PURIFICATION (INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL), 2008-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 109
• NANOSCALE ENTITIES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 109
• NANOFIBERS FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 109
• Zeolite and Titania Nanofibers 109
• Nano Alumina Fiber Filter 110
• Hollow Fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor (Spaghetti Filter) 110
• Self-Cleaning "Smart" Fabric 111
• The Lifestraw 111
• NANOPARTICLES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 112
• Catalytic Structures Synthesized By DNA Self-Assembly 112
• Oxidic Nanotubes 113
• Nanocrystalline Magnesia 113
• Titanium Dioxide Nanorod Arrays 113
• Molybdenum Disulfide Hollow Nanospheres and Nanocrystals 114
• Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFS) 115
• Polyoxometalates (POMS) 115
• Nanoscale Dendritic Chelating Agents 116
• Nanomagnetic Fluids 116
• Core Shell Nanoparticles 117
• Caged Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles (SENS) 117
• Cationic Liposome-Microtubule Complexes 117
• Destruction of Pesticides and Munitions Toxins with Iron-Taml Activators 118
• NANOMEMBRANE/SIEVE-LIKE STRUCTURES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 119
• GLAD (Glancing Angle Deposition) for Sculpted Thin-Film Fabrication 119
• Polyfunctional Ligands 119
• Robust Polymeric Nanoporous Materials 119
• "Industrial Kidneys" for Heavy Metal Recovery from Wastewater 120
• Rotaxane Activated Nano Valve 120
• Nanotube-Based Fluid Filters 121
• Alumoxane Nanoparticle Pre-Ceramic Membranes 122
• Ferroxane Nanoparticle Pre-Ceramic Membranes 122
• Nanoporous Solids via Nanoparticle Templating 122
• Nanosponges 123
• Membrane-Embedded Nanometric Metals 123
• PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 124
• Photoenzymes 124
• "Sense and Shoot" Photo-Catalytic Degradation 124
• Fountain Photocatalytic Reactor 124
• Ferritin Proteins for Photochemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Cr(Vi) 125
• Nanoscale TiO2 Photocatalyts 126
• Titanium Oxynitride Photocatalysts 126
• Zinc Oxide Photodegradation 127
• SEAWATER DESALINATION 127
• High Volume Seawater Desalination 128
• Hydrogel-Bridged Nanofluidic Polycarbonate Membranes 129
• Aerogel Capacitive De-ionization 129
• Magnetoferritin for Desalination 130
• Nanocomposite Reverse-Selective Membranes 130
• Forward Osmosis Filter 130
• Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode Capacitator 131
• Superhydrophobic Membranes with Ordered Arrays of Nanospiked Microchannels for Water Desalination 131
• TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MEDIA FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 132
• FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MEDIA FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 132
• OIL SPILL REMEDIATION 133
• Organically Modified Clays 133
• Robust Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) 133
• Photosensitized Colloidal Titanium Dioxide 134
• Nanowire Mesh 134
• RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL RECOVERY 135
• Uranium Concentration from Seawater via Nanofiltration 135
• Uranium Degradation with Bacteria 135
• Nanocomposite Pillared Clay Catalysts for Nuclear Waste Applications 136
• MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS 137
• Multiple-Use Materials for Photocatalysis of Contaminants 137
• Cyclodextrin Nanoporous Polymers 137
• Smart Nanoparticles 138
• PRECISION CHEMISTRY FOR CONTAMINANT ERADICATION 138
• Potential for Complete Degradation of Contaminants 138
• Vault Nanocapsules for Contaminant Encapsulation and Degradation 139
• TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 (OCEAN, LAKE, RIVER, STREAM) ($ MILLIONS) 140
• TABLE 39 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS APPLIED TO WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION, (INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/DOMESTIC), THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 140

Chapter-4: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 48

Chapter-5: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR SOIL CONTAMINANT REMEDIATION 24

• TABLE 40 U.S. SOIL CONTAMINANT REMEDIATION DATA, 2004 141
• BACKGROUND DATA 142
• Anatomy and Composition of Healthy Soils 142
• Biological Soil Crust 142
• Topsoil 143
• Vadose Zone 144
• Hardpan 144
• Water Table 144
• Formal Soil Classification 144
• Global Hotspots for Soil Contaminant Remediation 145
• TABLE 41 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR SOIL/GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 145
• TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) 146
• CONTEMPORARY SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 146
• In Situ Biological Remediation 147
• In Situ Physical/Chemical Remediation 147
• In Situ Thermal Remediation 148
• Ex Situ Biological Remediation 148
• Ex Situ Physical/Chemical Remediation (Assuming Excavation) 148
• Ex Situ Thermal Remediation (Assuming Excavation) 149
• NANOPARTICLES FOR SOIL REMEDIATION 149
• Nanoscale Iron Colloids 150
• Iron-Palladium Nanoparticles for Groundwater Remediation 151
• Ferrogels 151
• Bimetallic Nanoparticles 152
• Nanoclays for Soil Remediation 152
• Hydrophobic Sand 153
• Metal Oxide Destructive Adsorbants 154
• Assembly of Remedial Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Proteins 155
• Polymeric/Inorganic Hybrid Sorbent for Arsenic Removal 155
• Amphiphilic Polyurethane Nanonetwork Polymer Particles 155
• Polymeric Nanoparticles 156
• Nanoparticle Farming 156
• Geopolymers for Encapsulation/Immobilization of Hazardous Wastes 157
• TABLE 42 HAZARDOUS ELEMENTS LOCKED WITHIN GEOPOLYMERIC CEMENTS IN ACIDIC MEDIA (%) 158
• Geopolymers for Encapsulation/Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes 158
• Geopolymers for ...(Continued) 159
• NANO-ORGANICS IN SOIL REMEDIATION 160
• Bacteria in Soil Remediation 160
• TABLE 43 BACTERIA FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION 161
• Genetically Engineered Nanoscale Biopolymers 162
• Genetically Modified Bacteria for Soil/Groundwater Bioremediation 162
• TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 163
• TABLE 45 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR AGRICULTURAL SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 164
• Hypothetical Tri-Purpose Remediation 164

Chapter-6: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 48

• NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINTENANCE 213
• TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (AMBIENT AND INDOOR), THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 214
• FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (AMBIENT AND INDOOR), 2008-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 214
• NANOSENSORS APPLIED TO AIR QUALITY MAINTENANCE 215
• Quantum Dot Nanosensors 215
• Luminescent Nanoscale Semiconductors 216
• Nanoscale Metal Oxide Molecular Sieves 217
• Molecular Sieve Thin Films 217
• Nanomechanical Biosensors 218
• Mesoporous Silica Nanostructures 218
• Self-Assembling Nanointerferometric Cavities 219
• Single Molecule Detection 219
• Carbon Nanotube Coated Acoustic/Optical Hybrid Sensor 219
• Optical Nanocomposites 220
• Planar Photonic Crystal 220
• Plasmonic Photonic Crystals 221
• Nanometric Artificial Opals 221
• Fiber-Optic Nanobiosensors for Nitric Oxide, Nitrite, and Chloride 222
• Pore Proteins for Metal Ion Sensing 222
• Resistive-Pulse Molecular and Ion Sensors 223
• Brownian Modulated Optical Nanoprobes (MOONs) 223
• Nanoscale Affinity Biosensors 224
• Piezoresistive Nanomechanical Micro/Nanocantilevers 224
• Metal Oxide Nanobelts, Nanoribbons, Nanocantilevers 225
• Nanostructured Photonic Silicon for Gas Sensing 226
• Nanoparticle Colorimetric Lead Sensor 226
• MEMS-Based Nanosensor Packaging for Harsh Environments 227
• Nanocomposite Thin-Film Chemical Sensors 228
• Nanometric RPVs (Remote Piloted Vehicles 228
• Inorganic Nanotube Hydrogen Sensors 228
• Passive Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensor 229
• PEBBLE Platform Nanosensors 229
• Explosives Detection with Silole and Polysilole Nanowires and Nanoparticles 230
• Electronic Nose 231
• NANOSENSORS APPLIED TO WATER QUALITY MAINTENANCE 231
• Rapid Diagnostics for Bacteria 231
• Nanostructured Porous Silicon and Luminescent Polysiloles 232
• Polyelectrolyte Hollow Nanocapsule Reaction Cages 232
• Ionic Polymeric Metal Composites (IPMC) Nanosensors 233
• Organo-Clay Film Nanosensors 233
• Host-Guest System Contaminant Sequestration 233
• Cellulose Fibril Piezo-Nanosensors 234
• Electronic Tongue 234
• Atomic Crystal Layers 235
• Nanoporous Polymer Gas Sensors 235
• Nanowire and Nanocrystal Field-Effect Sensors 236
• Nanoshells 237
• Universal Nanosensing Platform 237
• NANOSENSOR NETWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINENTANCE 238
• SensorNet System 238
• Locally Pervasive, Environmental Intelligent Sensing Nodes 239
• Smart Dust 240
• Wavenis Wireless Sensor Network 241
• Wireless Microclimate Monitoring System 241
• Radio Chips 242
• Mesh Network Strategies 242
• Environmental "Collective" Cell Phone Sensor Net 243
• Nanosensors Applied to Forestry 244
• Agricultural Nanosensor Networks 244
• RADIATION DETECTION 245
• Dendritic Polymers 245
• Superconductor-Insulator-Normal Metal (SIN) Tunnel Junction 245
• Quantum Dot UV Light Detectors for Nanosensors 246

Chapter-7: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINTENANCE 34

Chapter-8: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT 24

• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING ENHANCEMENT 247
• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE ...(CONTINUED) 248
• TABLE 48 EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL STATUS FOR GM PRODUCT LABELING, 2005 AND 2006 (RELEVANCE TO POTENTIAL FUTURE NANO-LABELING REQUIREMENTS) 249
• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE ...(CONTINUED) 250
• NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 251
• Topsoil Binder 252
• Buckyball Fertilizer 253
• Titanium Dioxide Colloid for Plant Growth Enhancement 253
• Functional Foods 253
• Colloidosomes 254
• DNA and Genetic Therapy for Plants 255
• Atomic Level Seed Modification 255
• TABLE 49 POTENTIAL NANOCAPSULE PAYLOAD RELEASE METHODS 256
• TABLE 50 NANOENCAPSULATION APPLICATIONS TO AGRICULTURE 256
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND HUMAN HEALTH ISSUES 257
• NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY 257
• TABLE 51 NANOPARTICLE DIMENSIONS AND ACCESS TO BIOSYSTEMS 258
• POTENTIAL NANOPARTICLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 259
• SELF-REGULATED ASSEMBLY AND BUILT-IN DISASSEMBLY OF NANOSTRUCTURES 260
• Molecular Assemblers 261
• Nanostructure Disassembly Strategies 261
• Global Ecophagy 262
• Potential Nanoparticle: Fate and Effect Forecasting 263
• BRIEF SURVEY OF NANOPARTICLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 264
• Aerosolized Nanoparticles 264
• Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media and Foods: 265
• Nanoparticle Effects on Blood Cells 266
• Carbon Nanotubes and Human T Lymphocytes 266
• Nanoscale and Microscale Zinc Powders 267
• Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 268
• Cytotoxicity of C60 Aggregates 268
• Toggling of C60Toxicity 269
• BIONANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE 270

Chapter-9: A PROFILE SAMPLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES 27

• ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 271
• APNANO MATERIALS, INC. 272
• R&D CENTER 272
• R&D Center (Continued) 273
• APPLIED NANOTECH HOLDINGS INC. 274
• APPLIED SCIENCES INC. 275
• CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 275
• INTERNATIONAL OFFICES: 276
• CYRIUM TECHNOLOGIES 276
• DONALDSON CO., INC. 277
• DUST NETWORKS 278
• ELECTROVAYA 279
• UNITED STATES OFFICE: 279
• ELMARCO 279
• NANO DIVISION 280
• EMEMBRANE, INC. 280
• ESPIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 281
• GREEN EARTH NANO SCIENCE, INC. 282
• HEPA CORPORATION 283
• HILLS, INC. 283
• HOLLINGSWORTH & VOSE 284
• HYBRID PLASTICS, INC. 285
• WEST COAST OFFICE 285
• INAX CORPORATION 286
• INFRAMAT CORPORATION 286
• MATERIAL SALES 287
• JMAR TECHNOLOGIES 287
• JOHNS MANVILLE 288
• KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, INC. 289
• NANOMASK, INC. 290
• NANOPHASE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 291
• NANOSCALE CORPORATION 292
• NANOSTELLAR INC. 293
• NOVACENTRIX INC. 294
• OXONICA, INC. 295
• U.S. OFFICE 295
• QUANTUMSPHERE, INC. 295
• SENSICORE 296
• VALEO 297

Chapter-10: PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 5

• PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 298
• PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS (CONTINUED) 299
• TABLE 52 NANOTECHNOLOGIES RELATIVE TO THE ENVIRONMENT: PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FROM 1975 TO MARCH 2009 (A COMPARATIVE TABLE) 300
• TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 301
• TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 302

Chapter-11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES, POLICIES AND LAWS 10

• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY POLICY PERSPECTIVES 303
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 304
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 305
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 306
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 307
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 308
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 309
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 310
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 311
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 312

Chapter-12: FOOD FOR THOUGHT: ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS 4

• FOOD FOR THOUGHT: ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS 313
• CASES IN POINT 314
• CONCLUSION 315
• CONCLUSION (CONTINUED) 316