Molecular Imaging Comes of Age: Applications and Impacts in Discovery, Clinical Trials, and Medical Practice

Table of Contents

• Chapter 1. The Basics of Imaging Technology
  • 1.1. Tomography: "Virtual Slicing" and Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Objects
  • 1.2. Tomography-Based Imaging Technologies
    • -Structural Imaging Modalities
      • --Computed Tomography (CT)
      • --Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • 1.3. Emission-Based Tomography Methods
    • -Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
    • -Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
  • 1.4. Combined Structural and Functional Imaging Modalities
  • 1.5. Optical Technologies
    • -Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT)
    • -Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
    • -Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and its Derivatives
      • --Fluorescence Correlation Microscopy (FCM)
      • --Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
      • --Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM)
      • --Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss in -Photobleaching (FLIP)
    • -"Standard" Fluorescence and Bioluminescence
    • -Optical Spectroscopy Imaging
  • 1.6. A Limited Role for Ultrasound
• Chapter 2. Molecular Imaging Targets and Probes
  • 2.1. Classes of Targets for Molecular Imaging
    • -Receptors, Ion Channels, and their Functional State
    • -Enzymes
    • -Antigens and Specific Binding Proteins
    • -Nucleic Acids
    • -Pathological Meta-Structures and Disease States
      • --Amyloid in Alzheimers Disease and Amyloidoses
      • --Vulnerable Plaque in Atherosclerosis
      • --Imaging Sites of Inflammation and Apoptosis.
    • -Voltage-Sensitive Dyes
  • 2.2. Probes and Signal Amplification Strategies
    • -Radioactive Tracers for PET, SPECT and Scintigraphy
    • -Molecular Imaging Probes with Visual or Infrared Output
      • --Targeted Beacon Probes
      • --Target-Activated Probes
    • -Bioluminescence: Luciferin/Luciferase
    • -Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and its Derivatives
      • --Basics
      • --GFP Variants
• Chapter 3. Molecular Imaging in Clinical Practice
  • 3.1. Advantages as Biomarkers
  • 3.2. General Regulatory Issues Affecting Imaging Agents
  • 3.3. Cancer: An Almost Ideal Clinical Application of Molecular Imaging
    • -Lung Cancer
    • -Breast Cancer
    • --Advanced Research Technologies SoftScan
    • -Ovarian Cancer
      • --CIS Bios INDIMACIS 125
    • -SPECT Receptor Imaging Agents for Neuroendocrine Tumors
      • --Mallinckrodt Medicals OctreoScan
      • --Diatides NeoSpect / Neotect (Technetium-99m depreotide)
      • --Draximages Iodine-123-Iobenguane (metaiodobenzylguanidine, MIBG)
    • -Colon Cancer
      • --Immunomedics, Inc.s CEA-Scan (arcitumomab)
    • -Prostate Cancer
      • --Cytogens ProstaScint
    • -Lymphoma
      • --Immunomedics LymphoScan (bectumomab)
      • --Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer at Accessible Mucosal Sites
  • 3.4. Cardiovascular Disease
    • -Minor but Growing Applications of MI in Cardiovascular Imaging
      • --Draximage/Molecular Targeting Technologys AmiScan
      • --Draximages Fibrimage
      • --Agenixs ThromboView
      • --Investigational Agents
  • 3.5. Inflammation and Infection
    • -Numerous Applications, Limited MI Options
      • --Palatin Technologies NeutroSpec (Leutech; [99mTc]-fanolesomab)
      • --Draximages Infecton (Tc-99m labeled ciprofloxacin)
    • -Investigational Agents
      • --LeukoScan (Tc-99m sulesomab)
      • --Tc-99m-RP-128
      • --Tc-99m RP-517
  • 3.6. Parkinsons and Alzheimers Diseases
  • 3.7. Summary
• Chapter 4. Molecular Imaging in Research and Development
  • 4.1. Molecular Imaging as an Integral Part of Clinical Development
    • Brain Disorders
      • --Alzheimers Disease
      • --Parkinsons Disease
      • --Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
      • --Ischemic Stroke
    • -Monitoring Treatment Response with Cancer Drugs
      • --Malignant Glioma
      • --Monitoring Progression of Pre-Melanoma
      • --A Combined Marker for Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Prostate Cancer
    • -Peripheral Vascular Disease
    • -Infection
    • -Monitoring Gene Therapy and Advancing Vector Development
      • --Imaging of Transgene-Induced Angiogenesis
      • --Suitability of New Vector Constructs
  • 4.2. Small Animal Imaging in Drug Development
    • -Disease-Specific Applications of Small Animal Imaging
      • --Prion Diseases
      • --p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein
      • --Models for Proto-Oncogenes and Their Ligands
  • 4.3. Molecular Imaging in Drug Discovery and Lead Characterization
    • -Procedure for Using Cell-Based Molecular Imaging
    • -Primary and Secondary Applications of Cell-Based MI in Drug Discovery
      • --Lead Characterization
      • --Lead Optimization
    • -New Avenues Toward Target Validation
    • -Basic Research in Cell Biology
• Chapter 5. Molecular Imaging as a Business
  • 5.1. The Clinical Market for Molecular Imaging
    • -PET as the Dominant Molecular Imaging Modality in Clinical Practice
    • -Combined PET/CT and SPECT/CT Modalities -- Boosters for Clinical Molecular -Imaging
  • 5.2. Small Animal Imaging: An Emerging Key Market for Preclinical Drug Development
  • 5.3. General Characteristics of the Molecular Imaging Market
  • 5.4. Expert Commentaries
    • -Merck
    • -Pfizer
    • -CTI Molecular
    • -Genentech
    • -Stanford
    • -Johns Hopkins
    • -GammaMedica
    • -Novartis
  • 5.5. Selected Company Profiles
    • -Siemens Medical Solutions
    • -GE Healthcare
    • -Philips Medical Systems -- Molecular Imaging Unit
    • -CTI Molecular Imaging
    • -Applied Imaging Corp.
    • -Norak Biosciences, Inc.
    • -GammaMedica, Inc.
    • -Kereos, Inc.
    • -OptoSonics, Inc.
    • -Xenogen Corp.
    • -Molecular Imaging Research, Inc.
    • -Visen Medical, Inc.
  • 5.6. The Business Outlook for Molecular Imaging
• Appendix. Important Societies and Institutions
• Glossary
• Index