Commercial Opportunities for Enzyme Technologies, 3rd Edition

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3: FOUNDATIONS

• General Principles
  • Background
  • Enzymes as Catalysts
  • Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
  • Inhibition
  • Regulatory Enzymes
  • Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups
  • Membrane Enzymes
  • Multiplicity and Isoenzymes
  • Enzymes in Metabolism
• Formal Classification Groups for Enzymes
  • The Six EC Nomenclature Classes
  • Proteases
  • Saccharases
  • Lipases
  • Other Enzymes of Industrial Importance
• Enzyme Assays
  • Colorimetric Assays
  • Fluorimetric Assays
  • Electrochemical Assays
  • Other Types of Assays

CHAPTER 4: ENZYME ENGINEERING

• Source Organisms
  • Extremophiles
    • Thermophiles
    • Psychrophiles
    • Halophiles
    • Acidophiles
    • Alkalophiles
    • Piezophiles
  • Mesophilic Terrestrial Bacteria
  • Eukaryotes
• Strategies for Developing Diversity Libraries
• Other Sources of Diversity
  • Abzymes
• Engineering Goals
  • Engineering Enzymes to Survive in Industry Environments
  • Protein Engineering Lessons Learned from Thermophiles
  • Improving Enzyme Activity at Low Temperature
  • Increasing Tolerance to Extremes in pH
  • Incompatibility between Thermal Stabilization and Low Temperature Activity
  • Selecting for Multiple Parameters
  • Compatible Solutes
• Engineering Methods
  • Modeling and Rational Design
  • Evolution
• Screening
• Format and Purification

CHAPTER 5: ENZYMES AS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

• Market Demand for Enzymes
• Detergent Additives
• Food Additives and Food Processing
  • Corn Syrup
  • Alcohol and Beverages
  • Rennet and Rennet Substitutes
• Enzymes for Feed Supplementation
  • Phytase
  • Xylanase
  • Other Feed Additive Enzymes
  • Thermostabilization of Feed Supplement Enzymes
  • Industrial Production of Enzymes for Feed Additives
  • Major Competitors with Enzyme Supplementation for Feed
• Pharmaceuticals
  • FDA-Approved Enzyme Drugs
• Research and Development Products
  • Signaling (Probe) Enzymes
    • Alkaline Phosphatase and Horseradish Peroxidase
      • Luciferase
      • Expression Tags
    • Proteases
    • Lysozyme
    • Nucleases
      • Taq and other Thermostable DNA Polymerases
      • Restriction Endonucleases
      • DNAse and RNAse
      • Reverse Transcriptase
      • Other Specialty Enzymes
• Clinical Assays
  • Forensic PCR
    • PCR Basics
    • Human Variations
  • Clinical PCR
  • ELISA

CHAPTER 6: ENZYMES AS THERAPY TARGETS

• Enzyme Target Families

CHAPTER 7: POTENTIAL GROWTH AREAS FOR ENZYMES

• Pharmaceutical Processing
  • Chiral Resolutio ns
  • Chiral Examples
  • Nonchiral Examples
• Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis Formats
  • Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry Example
• Specialty Chemical Applications
• Biopulping
  • Paper and Pulp
  • Fermentation Feedstock
• Waste Remediation
  • Explosives
  • Organophosphates in Pesticide Residues and Nerve Gas
• Biosensors
  • Glucose Monitors
• Biofilm Control
• Energy Substitution-Ethanol

CHAPTER 8: COMPANY PROFILES

• Altus Pharmaceuticals
• Biocon
• BioResearch Ireland
• Chimerix
• DIREVO Biotech
• Diversa
• GE Healthcare
• Genencor
• Hoffmann-La Roche
• Invitrogen
• Kikkoman
• Maxygen
• Novo Nordisk
• Toyobo
• Xencor