Co-Firing Biomass: Will Ash and Pollution Equipment Issues Be Showstoppers?

Table of Contents

• Table of Contents
• Energy Insights Opinion
• Executive Summary
• The Main Points
• Introduction
  • What's in biomass?
  • Figure: Coal and Biomass Ash Composition Differ
  • Table: Heat, Ash, and Chemical Composition of Selected Solid Fuels and Biomass Materials
• The Impacts on SCR Equipment
  • How SCR works
    • SCR in the U.S.
    • SCR deactivation mechanisms
    • Figure: Plugging, Masking, and Poisoning Mechanisms for SCR Catalyst Deactivation
    • Research on SCR deactivation
  • The problem with alkalis
    • Low biomass percentages
• Biomass Effects on Coal Fly Ash and Its Marketability
  • Coal fly ash use in concrete
  • Table: Coal Combustion Fly Ash Uses and Market Values in U.S. for 2003
    • Waste not, want more
  • How does biomass ash stand up under the standards?
  • Table: ASTM Specification C618 Chemical and Physical Specifications
    • Alkali-silica reactivity
    • Air entrainment and unburned carbon (LOI)
    • Permeability-sulfate resistance
    • Strength activity index
  • Changing the standard
    • Lack of ASTM standard for co-fired ash does not necessarily inhibit use
      • Florida Department of Transportation
    • The European standard
• Notes
• Acknowledgment
  • Synopsis