Clean Coal: U.S. Emerging Technologies, R&D and Next Generation Equipment

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

1. Introduction: Clean Coal Technologies and Equipment

2. US National Clean Coal Policy Considerations

• 2.1 The 1986-93 Clean Coal Technology Program
• 2.2 Current Clean Coal Policy
  • 2.2.1 Cooperative Clean Coal Programs Funded by US Government
  • 2.2.2 Clean Coal Power Initiative
  • 2.2.3 Power Plant Improvement Initiative
  • 2.2.4 Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program
  • 2.2.5 Clean Coal Technology Roadmap
  • 2.2.6 FutureGen Program
• 2.3 Policy Under Obama Administration
  • 2.3.1 Innovations for Existing Power Plants
  • 2.3.2 Reducing Mercury Emission of the Existing Fleet
  • 2.3.3 Gasification Technology R&D
  • 2.3.4 Environmental Benefits
  • 2.3.5 Efficiency Benefits
  • 2.3.6 Advanced Research Program
  • 2.3.7 Biomimetics
  • 2.3.8 Coal Utilization Science (CUS)
  • 2.3.9 Computational Energy Science (CES)
  • 2.3.10 High Performance Materials
  • 2.3.11 University Research (UCR & HBCU-OMI)
  • 2.3.12 New Projects

3. US Coal Production and Consumption Including New Coal-Fired Power Plants and Market Outlook

• 3.1 Coal Production and Consumption Through 2010
  • Table 3-1: U.S. Coal Supply and Consumption for Electric Power, 2003 - 2010
• 3.2 US Coal Production Outlook Through 2030
  • 3.2.1 Outlook: Total Coal Production Increases at a Slower Rate than in the Past
    • Table 3-2: Total US Coal Supply and Consumption, 2006-2030
  • 3.2.2 Long-Term Production Outlook Varies Considerably Across Cases
    • Table 3-3: Projected US Coal Production Through 2030 (in quadrillion Btu) in Three Key Scenarios
  • 3.2.3 Coal-Fired Electricity Consumption
    • 3.2.3.1 Coal-Fired Power Plants Provide Largest Share of Electricity Supply
      • Table 3-4: Total Electricity Generation by Source in Three Scenarios Through 2030
    • 3.2.3.2 Most New Capacity Uses Natural Gas as Fewer Coal-Fired Plants Are Added
      • Table 3-5: US Electricity Generation Capacity Additions by Fuel Type, 2008-2030
    • 3.2.3.3 Least Expensive Technology Options Are Likely Choices for New Capacity
• 3.3 US Coal Price Trends
  • Table 3-6: US Coal Prices, 2004-2008
• 3.4 New Coal-Fired Power Plant Capacity Trends
  • Table 3-7: Current Coal-Fired Capacity Projects, 2007 and 2009
  • Table 3-8: Coal-Fired Capacity Additions, 2010-2018
• 3.5 New Technologies Driving New Power Plant Construction
  • Table 3-9: Proposed Technologies for New Coal-Fired Plants
• 3.6 Market Outlook for Clean Coal Projects Through 2015
  • Table 3-10: US New Coal Plant Market Outlook
  • 3.6.1 Market Forecast for Clean Coal Technologies
    • Table 3-11: Total market forecast through 2020
  • 3.6.2 Technologies and Applications
  • 3.6.3 Market outlook for clean coal technology
    • Table 3-12: Market outlook for clean coal technology by technology, 2007-2020
    • Table 3-13: Market outlook for clean coal technology by application, 2007-2020
  • 3.6.4 Outlook for Clean Coal R&D Investment Through 2015
    • Table 3-14: US DoE R&D Budget for Clean Coal Technologies, 2009-2010
  • 3.6.5 R&D Expenditures for Clean Coal Technology
    • Table 3-15: Total clean coal-related R&D forecast through 2015
  • 3.6.6 Clean coal R&D Spending by Technology
    • Table 3-16: Total clean coal-related R&D forecast through 2015 by technology
    • Table 3-17: Total clean coal-related R&D forecast through 2015 by application

4. Clean Coal Technology: Now and Tomorrow

• 4.1 Pre-Combustion Technology
  • 4.1.1 Coal Cleaning
  • 4.1.2 Coal Upgrading Technologies
  • 4.1.3 Coal Treatment Technologies
  • 4.1.4 Benefits of Using Pre-combustion Technologies
• 4.2 Primary Coal Cleaning Technologies
  • 4.2.1 Wet Cleaning
    • 4.2.1.1 Fine Coal Flotation
    • 4.2.1.2 Reverse Flotation
    • 4.2.1.3 Ken-Float Column
    • 4.2.1.4 Microbubble Column Flotation
    • 4.2.1.5 Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
    • 4.2.1.6 Dry Cleaning
    • 4.2.1.7 Electrostatic Separation
    • 4.2.1.8 Rare Earth Magnetic Separators (REMS)
    • 4.2.1.9 Pneumatic Accelerator
    • 4.2.1.10 High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS)
    • 4.2.1.11 TriboElectroStatic Separation (TESS) Process
    • 4.2.1.12 Chemical or Microbial Cleaning
    • 4.2.1.13 Oxidative Desulfurization Process
    • 4.2.1.14 Mercury Catalytic Oxidation
    • 4.2.1.15 Coal Cleaning by Leaching Reaction
    • 4.2.1.16 Microwave Desulfurization
    • 4.2.1.17 Chlorinalysis
    • 4.2.1.18 Microbial Coal Cleaning
• 4.3 Emerging Coal Cleaning Technologies
  • 4.3.1 Hyper Coal
  • 4.3.2 Low Quality Coal Reforming Technology
    • 4.3.2.1 Binderless Coal Briquetting (BCB) Process
    • 4.3.2.2 Upgraded Brown Coal (UBC) Process
    • 4.3.2.3 “Coal 2.0”
    • 4.3.2.4 Lignite Fuel Enhancement System (LFES)
    • 4.3.2.5 K-Fuel
    • 4.3.2.6 SynCoal Advanced Coal Conversion Process (ACCP)
    • 4.3.2.7 Nu-Fuel
    • 4.3.2.8 Reductive Thermal Process (RTP)
    • 4.3.2.9 White Coal Technology
• 4.4 Activities of Key Players
  • Common Research Item:
    • Maker
    • Location
    • Application & Technology
    • Activity
  • 4.1.1 CoalTek
  • 4.1.2 Confluence Coal Combustion
  • 4.1.3 Cowboy Coal / FMI NewCoal Inc
  • 4.1.4 Evergreen Energy Inc
  • 4.1.5 Great River Energy
  • 4.1.6 Headwaters Inc/ Covol Engineered Fuels
  • 4.1.7 MicroCoal Inc
  • 4.1.8 Syncoal Partners Inc
  • 4.1.9 Vertus Technologies
  • 4.1.10 White Energy

5. Advanced Combustion and Carbon Sequestration Technology

• 5.1 Integrated Coal Syngas Compression Power Generation Technology (IGCC)
  • Table 5-1: US IGCC Projects Permitted (Plant, Location, Net Power, Primary Fuel, Permit Status, Construction Status)
  • Table 5-2: Key IGCC Technology Owners
  • Common Research Item
    • Location
    • Process
    • Technology Package
  • GE Energy
  • ConocoPhillips
  • Shell
  • Siemens
  • KBR
• 5.2 Coal Gasification
  • Table 5-3: World Gasification-based Power Generating Capacity
  • 5.2.1 Entrained flow gasifier
  • 5.2.2 Fixed Bed Gasifier
  • 5.2.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier
  • 5.2.4 Multi-Purpose Coal Gas Manufacturing Technology (EAGLE: coal Energy Application for Gas, Liquid and Electricity / EAGLE Pilot Plant System)
  • 5.2.5 Next Generation High Efficiency Coal Syngas Compression Power Generation (A- IGCC, A-IGFC)
    • Table 5-4: Comparison between existing IGCC and A-IGCF
  • 5.2.6 HyPr - RING Process Technology (Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification Process)
  • 5.2.7 Coal Syngas Co-Production Technology
  • 5.2.8 Dimethyl Ether Manufacturing Technology (DME)
  • 5.2.9 Next Generation Coke Manufacturing Process (SCOPE 21)
• 5.3 Underground Coal Gasification Technology (UCG)
• 5.4 Coal-to-Liquid Technology
  • 5.4.1 Activities of Key Companies in Coal-to-Liquid Technology (Company, Location, Activity)
• 5.5 Advanced Coal Gasification Technologies
  • Table 5-5: Advantages of Advanced Coal Gasification Technologies
  • 5.5.1 Bluegas (Hydromethanation)
  • 5.5.2 HydroMax (molten bath technology)
  • 5.5.3 Calderon Process
  • 5.5.4 Wiley Process
  • 5.5.5 Ze-gen Process
  • 5.5.6 High Temperature Hydrogasification Process (HTHG)
• 5.6 Global Environment Protection Technology
  • 5.6.1 Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC)
  • 5.6.2 Oxy-combustion capture
    • Table 5-6: Advantages and disadvantages of oxy-fuel combustion
• 5.7 Pre-combustion carbon capture
• 5.8 Post-combustion capture (PCC) Technology
  • 5.8.1 Current Status of PCC Technology
  • 5.8.2 Activities of other amine technologies (Company, Location,Technology)
  • 5.8.3 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBN)
• 5.9 CO2 Underground Storage Technology (Geologic Carbon Sequestration, GCS)
  • Table 6-4: Commercial coal-based CCS electric power plants in the US
• 5.10 Underground Storage Technologies
  • 5.10.1 CO2 Storage in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
  • 5.10.2 CO2 Storage in Unmineable Coal Seams
  • 5.10.3 CO2 Storage in Saline Formations
  • 5.10.4 GEO-SEQ Project
  • 5.10.5 Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Program
  • 5.10.6 Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification

6. Advanced Boiler and Gas Separation Technology

• 6.1 Advanced Pulverized Coal (PC) Boiler Technology
  • 6.1.1 Ultra-Super Critical Combustion Technology
  • 6.1.2 Ultra-Supercritical PC Boiler Technology (USC)
  • 6.1.3 Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Compression Boiler Technology (A-USC)
• 6.2 Ultra-Supercritical Circulating Fluid Bed Boiler (USC CFB)
  • Table 6-1: US Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers for Power Generation
  • 6.2.1 Flexi-BurnTM CFB Boiler
• 6.3 Fluidized-bed Combustion
• 6.4 Gas Separation Technology
• 6.5 Membranes and Related Post-Combustion Technology
  • Table 6-2: Post-combustion capture R&D pathways
  • 6.5.1 Absorption Technology
    • 6.5.1.1 Amines
    • 6.5.1.2 Ammonia
• 6.6 Adsorption Technology
  • 6.6.1 Physical sorbents
  • 6.6.2 Chemical sorbents
• 6.7 Membrane-based Separation Technology
  • 6.7.1 Membrane Absorption
  • 6.7.2 Biomimetic Technology
• 6.8 Next-Generation Membrane R&D
  • 6.8.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks
  • 6.8.2 Functionalized Fibrous Matrices
  • 6.8.3 Poly (Ionic Liquids)
  • 6.8.4 Liquid Crystals
  • 6.8.5 Ionic Liquids
    • Table 6-3: Carbon Capture Projects Funded by DoE/NETL

7. Clean Coal Corporate Profiles and Activity

• 7.1 Company
  • Common Research Item
    • Location/Contact
    • URL
    • Year Established
    • Public or Private
    • Revenue
    • Number of Employees
    • Business Line
    • Clean Coal Application
    • Focus on Clean Coal Technology
    • R&D Activity
    • Strategic Partners
  • 7.1.1 Clean Coal Technologies, Inc.
  • 7.1.2 Clean Energy Systems Inc. (CES)
  • 7.1.3 DKRW Advanced Fuels
  • 7.1.4 Evergreen Energy
  • 7.1.5 Babcock Power/ ThermoEnergy
  • 7.1.6 American Electric Power
  • 7.1.7 Fuel-Tech
  • 7.1.8 Full Circle Energy
  • 7.1.9 GreatPoint Energy
  • 7.1.10 GTA Energy
  • 7.1.11 Headwaters
  • 7.1.12 InterAmericas
  • 7.1.13 Laurus Energy/Ergo-Exergy Technologies
  • 7.1.14 Luca Technologies
  • 7.1.15 Luminant/ Energy Future Holdings (formerly TXU)
  • 7.1.16 Mirant
  • 7.1.17 Natural Resource Partners
  • 7.1.18 FutureGen
  • 7.1.19 Taggart Global
  • 7.1.20 NeuCo
  • 7.1.21 NRG Energy
  • 7.1.22 Nuclear Solutions/Fuel Frontiers
  • 7.1.23 Physical Sciences, Inc
  • 7.1.24 Reading Anthracite Company
  • 7.1.25 Rentech, Inc
  • 7.1.26 Sasol
  • 7.1.27 Silverado Gold Mines, LTD/ Silverado Green Fuel
  • 7.1.28 Syntroleum Corporation
  • 7.1.29 Tenaska Energy
  • 7.1.30 Hydrocoal
  • 7.1.31 CoalTec Energy
• 7.2 Universities and Research Institutions
  • 7.2.1 Carnegie Mellon
  • 7.2.2 Georgia Tech
  • 7.2.3 GTI
  • 7.2.4 Idaho National Energy and Engineering Laboratory
  • 7.2.5 Johns Hopkins University
  • 7.2.6 Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • 7.2.7 Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ MIT Energy Initiative
  • 7.2.8 MIT Reacting Gas Dynamics Laboratory
  • 7.2.9 MIT Carbon Management
  • 7.2.10 MIT CO2 Sequestration Project
  • 7.2.11 Ohio State University
  • 7.2.12 Ohio University Coal Research Center
  • 7.2.13 Purdue University
  • 7.2.14 Research Triangle Institute
  • 7.2.15 Southern Illinois State University
  • 7.2.16 Tennessee Technological Institute
  • 7.2.17 Texas A&M
  • 7.2.18 University of Alabama
  • 7.2.19 University of Cincinnati
  • 7.2.20 University of Cincinnati
  • 7.2.21 University of Kansas
  • 7.2.22 University of Kentucky
  • 7.2.23 University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER)
  • 7.2.24 University of Kentucky
  • 7.2.25 University of Mississippi
  • 7.2.26 University of North Dakota
  • 7.2.27 University of North Dakota
  • 7.2.28 University of North Dakota
  • 7.2.29 University of Texas
  • 7.2.30 University of Utah
  • 7.2.31 University of Washington
  • 7.2.32 University of Wyoming
  • 7.2.33 Virginia Polytechnic Institute
  • 7.2.34 Washington University
  • 7.2.35 Washington University

8. US Clean Coal R&D Projects

• Common Research Item
  • Company
  • Location
  • Research Sponsor or Partner
  • Application
  • Technology
  • Description
  • Investment (millions)
  • Research start date
  • Commercialization forecast

9. Outlook for Clean Coal Production and New Generation Equipment

• 9.1 Comparative Economic Analysis of Advanced Combustion Power Plants
  • Table 9-1: Current and projected costs and efficiencies of technologies
  • Table 9-2: Costs of CO2 abatement
• 9.2 Cost of Geological (underground) carbon storage
  • Table 9-3: Estimated costs of CO2 capture, transport and UCG storage, 2007 and 2020
• 9.3 World syngas capacity growth
  • Table 9-4: World Syngas Capacity Growth, 2000-2015 (in MW thermal equivalent)
• 9.4 Membrane Technology
  • 9.4.1 Market Forecast for Membrane Technology, 2005-2020
    • Table 9-5: Market forecast for membrane technologies applicable to clean coal, 2005-2020
  • 9.4.2 Key Players' Activity
    • 9.4.2.1 Air Products & Chemicals Inc
    • 9.4.2.2 Membrane Technology & Research Inc.
    • 9.4.2.3 Innovative Membrane Systems (Subsidiary of Praxair Inc)
    • 9.4.2.4 NeoMecs Inc.
    • 9.4.2.5 OUP LLC
    • 9.4.2.6 Air Liquide
    • 9.4.2.7 Eltron Research and Development
    • 9.4.2.8 Carbozyme Inc
    • 9.4.2.9 Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
• 9.5 Advanced Boiler Technology
  • 9.5.1 Market Outlook for Advanced Boiler Technologies, 2009- 2015
    • Table 9-6: Commercial market forecast for advanced boiler technologies, 200-2015
  • 9.5.2 Key Players' Activity: Boilers (including oxy-combustion)
    • 9.5.2.1 AE&E / von Roll Inova
    • 9.5.2.2 Alstom
    • 9.5.2.3 Babcock & Wilcox
    • 9.5.2.4 Doosan Heavy Industries
    • 9.5.2.5 EPI (Energy Products of Idaho)
    • 9.5.2.6 Foster Wheeler
    • 9.5.2.7 Metso Power USA

10. Venture Capital Investment in Clean Coal Technology

• Table 10.1: Venture Capital investment in clean coal, 2006-2009 (Company, Venture Investor, Round, Amount)