Displays and Lighting: OLED, e-paper, electroluminescent and beyond

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BACKPLANES

3. DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

• 3.1. Non Emissive
  • 3.1.1. Electrochromic (EC)
  • 3.1.2. Liquid Crystal (LCD)
  • 3.1.3. Electrophoretic (EP)
  • 3.1.4. Electrowetting (EW)
  • 3.1.5. Thermochromic
• 3.2. Emissive
  • 3.2.1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
  • 3.2.2. Field Emission Display (FED)
  • 3.2.3. Plasma Display (PDP)
  • 3.2.4. Electroluminescent (EL)
  • 3.2.5. Organic Light Emitting (OLED)

4. MATERIALS

• 4.1
  • 4.1.1. Substrates
  • 4.1.2. Metals
  • 4.1.3. Polymer films
  • 4.1.4. Paper
  • 4.1.5. Fabric or textiles
• 4.2. Encapsulation
  • 4.2.2. Vitex
  • 4.2.3. GE
  • 4.2.4. 3M
  • 4.2.5. Others

5. APPLICATIONS

• 5.1. (Smart) Cards
  • 5.1.1. Secure financial cards
  • 5.1.2. Stored value cards
  • 5.1.3. Novelty
• 5.2. Mobile Devices/Consumer Electronics
  • 5.2.1. Electronic Readers
  • 5.2.2. Mobile Telephone
  • 5.2.3. Dynamic Keypads
  • 5.2.4. Watches
  • 5.2.5. Storage
  • 5.2.6. Wearable/conformable
  • 5.2.7. Medical
  • 5.2.8. Skins for mobile devices
  • 5.2.9. Greeting Cards
  • 5.2.10. Electronic Tablets
  • 5.2.11. Others
• 5.3. Digital Signage
  • 5.3.2. Smart Labels
• 5.4. Others
  • 5.4.1. Military/Security
  • 5.4.2. Automotive
  • 5.4.3. High quality displays
  • 5.4.4. Transparent

6. PATTERNING TECHNIQUES

• 6.1. Physical phenomena
• 6.2. Printing/patterning process taxonomy
• 6.3. Printing process considerations
  • 6.3.1. Physical (size) requirements
  • 6.3.2. Material requirements
  • 6.3.3. Economic considerations
  • 6.3.4. Other considerations
• 6.4. Printing Processes
  • 6.4.1. Flexography
  • 6.4.2. Letterpress
  • 6.4.3. Soft Lithography
  • 6.4.4. Gravure
  • 6.4.5. Gravure Offset (Pad)
  • 6.4.6. Offset Lithography
  • 6.4.7. Screen
  • 6.4.8. Ink-jet
  • 6.4.9. Thermal/ablation
  • 6.4.10. Aerosol Jet
  • 6.4.11. Liquid dispensing

7. COMPANIES

• 7.1. OLED: Materials & Licensing
  • 7.1.1. Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) - Sumation™
  • 7.1.2. DuPont
  • 7.1.3. Kodak
  • 7.1.4. Novaled
  • 7.1.5. OLED-T
• 7.2. OLED Displays
  • 7.2.1. LG
  • 7.2.2. Pioneer
  • 7.2.3. RiTdisplay
  • 7.2.4. Samsung SDI
  • 7.2.5. Seiko Epson
  • 7.2.6. SONY
  • 7.2.7. TDK
  • 7.2.8. Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology (TMD)
  • 7.2.9. Universal Display Corporation
  • 7.2.10. Beijing Visionox Technology Company ltd.
• 7.3. OLED lighting
  • 7.3.1. Add-vision Inc. (AVI)
  • 7.3.2. General Electric (GE)
  • 7.3.3. Lumiotec Inc.
  • 7.3.4. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors
  • 7.3.5. PHILIPS
• 7.4. E-paper displays
  • 7.4.2. LG
  • 7.4.3. Nemoptic
  • 7.4.4. Plastic Logic
  • 7.4.5. Polymer Vision
  • 7.4.6. The four basic steps in making Polymer Vision' s rollable display
• 7.5. Inorganic Electroluminescent (EL)
  • 7.5.1. Elumin8
  • 7.5.2. Luminous Media
  • 7.5.3. Pelikon
  • 7.5.4. Rogers Corporation
  • 7.5.5. Schreiner VarioLight
• 7.6. Research groups
  • 7.6.1. USA
  • 7.6.2. Asia
  • 7.6.3. Europe
• 7.7. Manufacturers
• 7.8. Chemicals

8 APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES

9 APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS

TABLES

• 3.1. Selected electrical properties of metals
• 4.1. Dimensional stability of selected substrate materials
• 4.2. Properties of polymer films
• 4.3. Summary of properties for heat stabilized PET and PEN
• 4.4. Water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of various materials
• 4.5. Requirements of barrier materials
• 4.6. Oxygen transmission rates of polypropylene with various coatings
• 5.1. Quotes from major book publishers about electronic publishing
• 5.2. Performance characteristics of SiPix E-book media
• 5.3. Automotive display requirements
• 6.1. Printing processes and the physical phenomena they are based upon
• 6.2. Printing process parameter and issue comparison
• 6.3. Advantages and disadvantages of flexographic printing for functional materials.
• 6.4. Advantages and disadvantages of microcontact printing
• 6.5. Comparison of flexography with microcontact printing
• 6.6. Summary of gravure printing features.
• 6.7. Summary of pad printing characteristics
• 6.8. Offset lithography capability summary
• 6.9. Screen printing capability comparison
• 6.10. Summary of ink-jet printing features
• 6.11. Thermal transfer printing feature summary

FIGURES

• 2.1. Pelikon remote control with iconic displays
• 2.2. Primero 6 Digit, 7-segment printed display module from Aveso.
• 2.3. Optical micrograph of TFT array processed using Digital Lithography.12
• 2.4. Cross sectional view of printed multilayer pixel architechture from Plastic Logic.17
• 2.5. All additive OTFT AM backplane on PEN
• 2.6. Readius rollable display by Polymer Vision
• 3.1. Acreo electrochromic display and structure
• 3.2. Custom displays, using Aveso electrochromic technology
• 3.3. Side view of Aveso display
• 3.4. Chemistry of Aveso electrochromic display
• 3.5. Aveso inlays, showing battery, display, and switch
• 3.6. Siemens Electrochromic display
• 3.7. Structure of NTERA electrochromic display
• 3.8. Diagram of the construction and operation of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD)
• 3.9. Structure of TFT-LCD
• 3.10. Structure and example of Printed OTFT TN LCD from Plastic Logic
• 3.11. 30 µm droplets of spacer ball droplets (3.1-4.5 µm diameter) before drying, deposited by ink jet
• 3.12. ChLC droplets prepared by membrane emulsification
• 3.13. Comparison of ChLC stacking structures a) Shared electrode b) conventional
• 3.14. ChLC displays produced by PIPS
• 3.15. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays
• 3.16. Schematic cross section of FLC display pixel
• 3.17. Image of 3" FLC display from Dai Nippon Printing
• 3.18. Diagram of 1 and 2 particle electrophoretic display types
• 3.19. Diagram of EP display using 2 particles
• 3.20. Micrograph of E-ink display showing subcapsule addressing
• 3.21. Micrograph of RGBW pixel layout, and two color E-ink images
• 3.22. SiPix EP display
• 3.23. Optical micrograph of SiPix display showing sub microcup addressing
• 3.24. Grayscale rendition of SiPix EPD
• 3.25. SiPix display production process
• 3.26. Microcup filling and sealing processes
• 3.27. Dual Mode microcup operation and micrograph of color MicrocupTM array
• 3.28. Bridgestone liquid powder display
• 3.29. Operating principle of Liquid Powder display
• 3.30. Diagram of transmissive electrowetting display in the dark (a) and light (b) state
• 3.31. Step and wedge shaped Duracell thermochromic battery testers
• 3.32. Comparison of CRT and FED displays
• 3.33. SEM image of a) conventional metal (Spindt) tip and b) printable cathode FED
• 3.34. Cross section of a) first screen printed CNT FED, and diode FED (PED)
• 3.35. SEM images of CNT paste
• 3.36. Morphology of printed graphite cathode
• 3.37. Operation of Plasma Display
• 3.38. Typical EL lamp construction (not to scale)
• 3.39. Pelikon EL technologies
• 3.40. Pixellated EL matrix display from Pelikon
• 3.41. Cross sectional diagram of Quantum Paper (Nth Degree) EL display on paper
• 3.42. Production process (flowchart) for Quantum Paper (Nth degree) printed EL displays
• 3.43. Construction of iFire TDEL panels
• 3.44. Radisson SAS London Stansted Wine Tower
• 3.45. 100 m long printed EL poster for IBM at Heathrow airport
• 3.46. Over 100 m long advertising display (BNP Paribas) at London (Waterloo) train station
• 3.47. Interest in OLEDs
• 3.48. Typical structures of Small Molecule and Polymer OLEDs
• 3.49. Structure of Add-Vision' s printed P-OLED
• 4.1. Surface smoothness of PEN substrates
• 4.2. Chemical structures of PET and PEN
• 4.3. Chemical structures of bisphenol A (monomer) and polycarbonate.
• 4.4. Schematic view of inkjet deposition of PEDOT:PSS along polyimide strip, and AFM image
• 4.5. MVA fabrication process
• 4.6. Schematic cross section of a) MVA and b) transflective LCD' s
• 4.7. Chemical structure of Polyethersulfone
• 4.8. Chemical structure of fluorene polyester
• 4.9. Optical transmission spectra of DuPont "Clear Plastic" and Kapton® E
• 4.10. Cross sectional structure of top emitting OLED on paper
• 4.11. ChLC displays on textiles
• 4.12. Preparation process and cross section of ChLC display on textiles
• 4.13. Schematic diagram showing electronic paper display made of hollow fibers
• 4.14. Schematic diagrams for encapsulated structures a) conventional b) laminated c) deposited in situ
• 4.15. Examples of PML surface planarization a) OLED cathode separator structure b) high aspect ratio test structure
• 4.16. Vitex multilayer deposition process
• 4.17. SEM cross section of Vitex Barix material with 4 dyads
• 4.18. Optical transmission of Vitex Barix coating
• 4.19. Edge seal barrier formation by deposition through shadow masks
• 4.20. Three dimensional barrier structure. Polymer is shown in red, and oxide (barrier) shown in blue
• 4.21. Schematic of cross section of graded barrier coating and complete barrier film structure
• 5.1. RSA SecurID one time password token
• 5.2. Token and software system for generating a One Time Password
• 5.3. Schematic diagram of the construction of a smart card (SiPix)
• 5.4. Concepts of smart cards which incorporate a printed display
• 5.5. Business card prototype with emissive scrolling logo display
• 5.6. Estimated annual sales of E-readers
• 5.7. E-book readers
• 5.8. Printed EL display backlight for a mobile telephone
• 5.9. Motorola Motofone with electrophoretic main display
• 5.10. Mobile telephone with ReadiusTM rollable electronic display
• 5.11. Printed OLED displays for mobile telephones
• 5.12. NTT DoCoMo Dynamic keypad using electrophoretic display
• 5.13. DD101 watch with printed EL display
• 5.14. o.d.m. watch using SiPix electrophoretic display.
• 5.15. The Seiko Electronic Ink watch
• 5.16. Art Technology digital watch using E-Ink electrophoretic display technology
• 5.17. Lexar JumpDrive Mercury and Secure II Plus flash drives with electrophoretic "gas gauge"
• 5.18. SmartDisk Firelite Xpress portable USB hard drive
• 5.19. Hypercolor T-shirt incorporating thermochromic dye
• 5.20. Jay Maynard, a.k.a. "The TRON guy" wearing EL display
• 5.21. Concept of a diagnostic temperature sensing patch with display
• 5.22. Concept of eGo color changing skins
• 5.23. Greeting card produced for Marks & Spencer with electrochromic display
• 5.24. Electronic tablets from Kent Displays
• 5.25. Q2 remote from Qwizdom
• 5.26. Examples of printed electrophoretic displays for digital signage (courtesy SiPix)
• 5.27. Smart label with printed electronic display showing suitability for product use
• 5.28. Digital Alert Display Device with printed electrochromic display (Aveso)
• 5.29. Printed P-OLED wearable patch
• 5.30. Integrated display with solar-assisted power
• 5.31. Automotive dashboard printed with DuPont Luxprint® EL ink
• 5.32. Automotive dashboard with printed OLED display
• 5.33. Automotive application for low information content display
• 5.34. Active matrix display image
• 5.35. Transparent display from PolyDisplay
• 6.1. Schematic diagram of different types of printing processes
• 6.2. Taxonomy of printing processes
• 6.3. Throughput vs. Resolution of Different Kinds of Printing Processes
• 6.4. Illustration of how flexible printing plates conform to substrate surfaces
• 6.5. Diagram of flexographic printing process
• 6.6. Flexographic printing process.
• 6.7. Diagram of anilox roller.
• 6.8. Image of text printed with flexographic printing.
• 6.9. Letterpress printing process.
• 6.10. Diagram of the microcontact printing process.
• 6.11. Microcontact printing stamping process
• 6.12. Microcontact printing processes using cylindrical stamps
• 6.13. Gravure printing process
• 6.14. Micrograph of gravure printing cylinder
• 6.15. Pad printing process
• 6.16. Offset lithographic printing.
• 6.17. Screen printing process
• 6.18. Rotary screen printing process
• 6.19. Ink-jet deposition mechanisms. Thermal (left), piezo (right)
• 6.20. Drop placement errors at 1 mm standoff distance for Dimatix SX-128 print head
• 6.21. 3D profile of a coffee-stain formed by ink-jet printing
• 6.22. The effect of drying condition on thickness and photoluminescence
• 6.23. Surface energy patterning to constrain spreading of ink-jet drops, cross sectional structure of printed transistor, and AFM image of channel region
• 6.24. Schematic diagram of self-aligned printing process
• 6.25. Schematic diagram of thermal transfer printing process
• 6.26. Image of Graciela Blanchet holding an array organic transistors, printed using thermal transfer
• 6.27. Atomization (aerosol) generation techniques. (a) Ultrasonic (b) Pneumatic
• 6.28. (a) Diagram of aerosol jet focusing (b) Image of actual aerosol jet
• 6.29. Writing a bar code on a curved surface
• 6.30. Ohmcraft' s Micropen system, and image of writing a 75 μm line
• 6.31. 3D profile and cross sections of lines patterned using MicroPen
• 7.1. Solution Processing for OLED Fabrication
• 7.2. KODAK Elite Vision AMOLED TV
• 7.3. Novaled' s PIN OLEDTM structure
• 7.4. LG.Philips 4-inch flexible active matrix OLED
• 7.5. Manufacturing process for small molecule OLEDs and polymer OLEDs at RiTdisplay
• 7.6. 1.5inch 128xRGBx128 OLED display by RiTdisplay
• 7.7. Samsung 31' ' active matrix flat screen TV
• 7.8. Inkjet-printing of an OLED display
• 7.9. Epson' s 40 inch full-color OLED display
• 7.10. Epson' s "ultimate black" OLED display
• 7.11. SONY' s 11' ' 3mm thick OLED TV
• 7.12. SONY 2.5 inch flexible display featuring a resolution of 120×RGB×160 pixel and 0.3mm thickness of the panel.
• 7.13. Structural comparison between an LCD and an OLED display
• 7.14. PHOLED™
• 7.15. TOLED®
• 7.16. General Electric' s roll of OLED panels
• 7.17. Lumiotec white OLEDs
• 7.18. Transparent white OLED
• 7.19. In the OLLA project, this 15 cm x 15 cm demonstrator based on light-emitting polymer materials was produced jointly with Siemens and other partners
• 7.20. "Flying Future" and "Early Future" by Ingo Mauer
• 7.21. Siemens mobile phone with an OLED display
• 7.22. White OLED developed by PHILIPS
• 7.23. e-book readers currently available
• 7.24. e-paper displays by Samsung and EPSON, showcased at SID 2008
• 7.25. A4 size Flexible Color e-paper
• 7.26. Cross section of LG' s e-paper display
• 7.27. BiNem® Modules
• 7.28. BiNem® principle of operation
• 7.29. Plastic Logic "take anywhere, read anywhere" display using E Ink® Imaging Film
• 7.30. The Readius ® by Polymer Vision
• 7.31. Display Procesisng Steps
• 7.32. The interior lighting design of the Ford Iosis and the Jaguar CFX, by elumin8
• 7.33. EL lamps from Rogers Corporation
• 7.34. Schreiner VarioLight' s EL systems for the automotive industry