Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2009-2019

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

• 1.1. What is energy harvesting?
• 1.2. What it is not
• 1.3. Power requirements of different devices
• 1.4. Harvesting options to meet these requirements
• 1.5. Battery advances fail to keep up - implications
• 1.6. Some key enablers for the future - printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS
  • 1.6.1. Printed and thin film
  • 1.6.2. Smart substrates
  • 1.6.3. MEMS

2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

• 2.1. Aerospace and military
• 2.2. Industrial
  • 2.2.1. Standards - EnOcean Alliance and Buildings
  • 2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems
  • 2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
  • 2.2.4. Aircraft, engines and machinery
• 2.3. Consumer
  • 2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc
  • 2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters
• 2.4. Healthcare
• 2.5. Third World
• 2.6. Environmental

3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS

• 3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power
  • 3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics
• 3.2. New battery options
  • 3.2.1. Smart Dust
  • 3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries
  • 3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices
  • 3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation - integrated battery management
  • 3.2.5. Transparent printed organic batteries
  • 3.2.6. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
  • 3.2.7. Need for shape standards for laminar batteries
• 3.3. Alternatives to batteries
  • 3.3.1. Supercapacitors
  • 3.3.2. Supercabatteries
  • 3.3.3. Mini fuel cells

4. LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES

• 4.1. Comparison of options
  • 4.1.1. Important parameters
  • 4.1.2. Principles of operation
  • 4.1.3. Options for the future
  • 4.1.4. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
• 4.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
• 4.3. Limits of CdTe
• 4.4. GaAsGe multilayers
• 4.5. DSSC
• 4.6. CIGS
• 4.7. Organic
• 4.8. Nanosilicon ink
• 4.9. Nantennas
• 4.10. Other options
  • 4.10.1. Nanowire solar cells

5. MOVEMENT HARVESTING

• 5.1. Vibration harvesting
• 5.2. Movement harvesting options
  • 5.2.1. Piezoelectric - conventional, ZnO and polymer
  • 5.2.2. Electrostatic
  • 5.2.3. Magnetostrictive
  • 5.2.4. Energy harvesting electronics
• 5.3. Electroactive polymers
• 5.4. MEMS
• 5.5. Electrodynamic

6. HEAT HARVESTING

• 6.1. Thermoelectrics
  • 6.1.1. Thermoelectric construction
  • 6.1.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
  • 6.1.3. Heat pumps

7. OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS

• 7.1. Electromagnetic field harnessing
• 7.2. Microbial and other fuel cells

8. PROFILES OF 200 PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES

• 8.1. Active Business Company GmbH
• 8.2. AdaptivEnergy
• 8.3. AdHoc Electronics
• 8.4. Advanced Cerametrics
• 8.5. Agency for Defense Development
• 8.6. AIST Tsukuba
• 8.7. Alabama A.&M. University
• 8.8. Alps Electric
• 8.9. Alvi Technologies
• 8.10. Ambient Research
• 8.11. AmbioSystems LLC
• 8.12. Applied Digital Solutions
• 8.13. Argonne National Laboratory
• 8.14. Arizona State University
• 8.15. Australian National University - Department of Engineering
• 8.16. BAE Systems
• 8.17. Biberach University of Applied Sciences
• 8.18. bk-electronic GmbH
• 8.19. BootUp GmbH
• 8.20. BSC Computer GmbH
• 8.21. California Institute of Technology
• 8.22. California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• 8.23. California State University - Northridge
• 8.24. Carnegie Mellon University
• 8.25. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France)
• 8.26. Chinese University of Hong Kong
• 8.27. Chungbuk National University
• 8.28. Citizen Holding Co Ltd
• 8.29. China National Space Administration
• 8.30. Clarkson University
• 8.31. Cymtox Ltd
• 8.32. DigiTower Cologne
• 8.33. Distech Controls
• 8.34. Drexel University
• 8.35. East Japan Railway Company
• 8.36. EchoFlex Solutions
• 8.37. EDF R&D
• 8.38. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
• 8.39. Eltako GmbH
• 8.40. Ember Corporation
• 8.41. Encrea srl
• 8.42. Energie Agentur
• 8.43. Engenuity Systems
• 8.44. EnOcean GmbH
• 8.45. European Space Agency
• 8.46. Exergen
• 8.47. Fast Trak Ltd
• 8.48. Fatih University
• 8.49. Ferro Solutions, Inc.
• 8.50. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen
• 8.51. Freeplay Foundation
• 8.52. G24 Innovations
• 8.53. Ganssle Group
• 8.54. Georgia Institute of Technology
• 8.55. GreenPeak Technologies
• 8.56. Harvard University
• 8.57. High Merit Thermoelectrics
• 8.58. Hi-Tech Wealth
• 8.59. Holst Centre
• 8.60. Honeywell
• 8.61. Idaho National Laboratory
• 8.62. IMEC
• 8.63. Imperial College
• 8.64. India Space Research Organisation
• 8.65. Ingenieurburo Zink GmbH
• 8.66. INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG
• 8.67. INSYS Electronics
• 8.68. IntAct
• 8.69. Intel
• 8.70. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
• 8.71. Jager Direkt GmbH & Co
• 8.72. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
• 8.73. Kanazawa University
• 8.74. KCF Technologies Inc
• 8.75. KIB Projekt GmbH
• 8.76. Kinetron BV
• 8.77. Kobe University
• 8.78. Konarka
• 8.79. Kookmin University,
• 8.80. Korea Electronics Company
• 8.81. Korea Institute of Science and Technology
• 8.82. Korea University
• 8.83. KVL Comp Ltd.
• 8.84. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• 8.85. Lebone Solutions
• 8.86. LessWire, LLC
• 8.87. Leviton
• 8.88. LonMark International
• 8.89. Masco
• 8.90. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• 8.91. MEMSCAP SA
• 8.92. Michigan Technological University
• 8.93. Microdul AG
• 8.94. Micropelt GmbH
• 8.95. MicroStrain Inc.,
• 8.96. Mide Technology Corporation
• 8.97. MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd
• 8.98. Mitsubishi Corporation
• 8.99. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business)
• 8.100. Moritani and Co Ltd
• 8.101. Nanosonic Inc
• 8.102. NASA
• 8.103. National Physical Laboratory
• 8.104. National Semiconductor
• 8.105. National Taiwan University,
• 8.106. National Tsing Hua University
• 8.107. Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd
• 8.108. Newcastle University
• 8.109. Nextreme
• 8.110. Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre
• 8.111. North Carolina State University
• 8.112. Northrop Grumman
• 8.113. Northeastern University
• 8.114. Northwestern University
• 8.115. Nova Mems
• 8.116. NTT DOCOMO
• 8.117. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• 8.118. Ohio State University
• 8.119. Omnio
• 8.120. Omron Corporation
• 8.121. Orkit Building Intelligence
• 8.122. Osram
• 8.123. Osram Silvania
• 8.124. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
• 8.125. PEHA
• 8.126. Pennsylvania State University
• 8.127. Perpetuum Ltd
• 8.128. PowerFilm, Inc.
• 8.129. PROBARE Thomas Rieder e.K.
• 8.130. PulseSwitch Systems
• 8.131. Purdue University
• 8.132. PYRECAP/HYCOSYS
• 8.133. Regulvar
• 8.134. Rockwell Automation
• 8.135. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
• 8.136. Sagentia
• 8.137. Sandia National Laboratory,
• 8.138. Satellite Services Ltd
• 8.139. SAT System- und Anlagentechnik Herbert GmbH
• 8.140. Sauter
• 8.141. Schulte Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG
• 8.142. Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna
• 8.143. Seiko
• 8.144. SELEX Galileo
• 8.145. SensorDynamics AG
• 8.146. Sentilla Corporation
• 8.147. Servodan A/S
• 8.148. Shanghai Jiao Tong University
• 8.149. Siemens Building Technologies GmbH & Co
• 8.150. Simon Fraser University
• 8.151. Smart Material Corp.
• 8.152. SMH
• 8.153. Solid State Research inc
• 8.154. Sony
• 8.155. Southampton University Hospital
• 8.156. Spectrolab Inc
• 8.157. State University of New Jersey
• 8.158. Steinbeis Transferzentrum fur Embedded Design und Networking
• 8.159. steute Schaltgerate GmbH & Co. KG
• 8.160. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
• 8.161. Syngenta Sensors UIC
• 8.162. Tambient
• 8.163. Technical University of Ilmenau,
• 8.164. Technograph Microcircuits Ltd
• 8.165. Texas Instruments
• 8.166. ThermoKon Sensortechnik
• 8.167. Thermolife Energy Corporation
• 8.168. The Technology Partnership
• 8.169. TIMA Laboratory
• 8.170. Tokyo Institute of Technology
• 8.171. TRW Conekt
• 8.172. Tyndall National Institute
• 8.173. Unitronic AG Zentrale
• 8.174. University of Berlin
• 8.175. University of Bristol
• 8.176. University of California Berkeley
• 8.177. University of California Los Angeles
• 8.178. University of Edinburgh
• 8.179. University of Florida
• 8.180. University of Freiburg - IMTEK
• 8.181. University of Idaho
• 8.182. University of Michigan
• 8.183. University of Neuchatel
• 8.184. University of Oxford
• 8.185. University of Pittsburgh
• 8.186. University of Sheffield
• 8.187. University of Southampton
• 8.188. University of Tokyo
• 8.189. Uppsala University
• 8.190. US Army Research Laboratory
• 8.191. Vicos
• 8.192. Virginia Tech
• 8.193. Voltaic Systems Inc
• 8.194. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
• 8.195. Washington State University
• 8.196. Wieland Electric GmbH
• 8.197. Wireless Industrial Technologies
• 8.198. Yale University,
• 8.199. Yonsei University,
• 8.200. ZMD AG

9. MARKET FORECASTS

• 9.1. Forecasts 2009- 2019 for energy harvesting markets
  • 9.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity
  • 9.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2009-2019, 2029
  • 9.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
• 9.2. Wireless sensor networks 2009-2019
• 9.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2029

APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

TABLES

• 4.1. Comparison of pn junction and electrophotochemical photovoltaics.
• 4.2. The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared.
• 4.3. CdTe cost advantage
• 4.4. Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC
• 9.1. Some high volume addressable global markets for energy harvesting for small devices
• 9.2. Electronic products selling in billions yearly and their pricing
• 9.3. Energy harvesting devices 2019 and 2029 by number and value
• 9.4. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by number and value
• 9.5. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by total value $M by sector
• 9.6. IDTechEx forecast of market % value share of total photovoltaic market by technology excluding conventional crystalline silicon
• 9.7. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
• 9.8. IDTechEx Wireless Sensor Networks WSN Forecast 2009-2019 with Real Time Locating Systems RTLS for comparison
• 9.9. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2009, 2019, 2029 and market drivers
• 9.10. Average number of nodes per system 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.11. Number of systems
• 9.12. WSN node price dollars 2009, 2019, 2029 and cost reduction factors
• 9.13. WSN node total value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.14. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.15. Total WSN market value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029

FIGURES

• 1.1. Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the types of battery employed
• 1.2. Ten year improvement in electronics, photovoltaics and batteries
• 2.1. Evolution of a few of the feasible features for e-labels and e-packaging
• 2.2. Possible production sequence for e-labels and e-packaging
• 2.3. Methodology for establishing the technology and product roadmap for e-labels and e-packaging.
• 3.1. Battery assisted passive RFID label recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit
• 3.2. Smart Dust WSN node concept with thick film battery and solar cells
• 3.3. New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery
• 3.4. World' s first thin-film battery with integrated battery management
• 3.5. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
• 4.1. NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions
• 4.2. International Space Station
• 4.3. Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide
• 4.4. Some candidates for the different photovoltaic requirements
• 4.5. Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells
• 4.6. DSSC design principle
• 4.7. HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix
• 4.8. The CIGS flexible photovoltaics of Odersun AG of Germany is used for energy harvesting to mobile phones on the bag of Bagjack of Germany
• 4.9. CIGS construction
• 4.10. The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy
• 4.11. Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008.
• 4.12. Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics
• 4.13. Module stack for photovoltaics
• 4.14. INL nantennas on film
• 4.15. Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA
• 5.1. Figure Power paving
• 5.2. Flexible charge pump - zinc oxide nanowires
• 5.3. How the flexible charge pump works at top and actual prototype at bottom.
• 5.4. The flexible charge pump generates alternating current as it is stretched and then relaxed
• 5.5. Piezo eel
• 5.6. Mide energy harvesting electronics
• 5.7. Artificial Muscle business plan
• 5.8. MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across
• 5.9. Examples of electrodynamic harvesting
• 5.10. Heart harvester
• 6.1. The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit
• 6.2. Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch
• 6.3. The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers
• 8.1. Profiled organisations by continent
• 8.2. Profiled organisations by country
• 8.3. Number in sample by intended sector of end use
• 8.4. Number of cases by type of harvesting
• 8.5. AdaptivEnergy' s Joule-Thief energy-harvesting module
• 8.6. Transparent photovoltaic film
• 8.7. Advertisement for Citizen Eco-Drive
• 8.8. CNSA moon orbiting satellite with solar cells
• 8.9. Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean
• 8.10. Solar powered wireless sensor node
• 8.11. Solar powered ESA satellites
• 8.12. Electrical lanterns, torches etc charged by hand cranking.
• 8.13. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa
• 8.14. Solar sail
• 8.15. Light in Africa
• 8.16. Hi-Tech Wealth' s S116 clamshell solar phone
• 8.17. Nantennas
• 8.18. Bulk nantennas
• 8.19. Human sensor networks
• 8.20. ISRO moon satellite
• 8.21. Sensor monitoring rock net using energy of net movement and solar cells
• 8.22. JAXA moon project
• 8.23. "Ibuki" GOSAT greenhouse gas monitoring satellite
• 8.24. KCF Harvesting Sensor Demonstration Pack
• 8.25. Flux density of a microgenerator
• 8.26. 3D drawing of the Pedal Light
• 8.27. WSN deployment
• 8.28. Helicopter vibration harvester
• 8.29. Bell model 412 helicopter
• 8.30. Solar-powered wireless G-Link seismic sensor on the Corinth Bridge in Greece.
• 8.31. Multiple solar-powered nodes monitor strain and vibration at key locations on the Goldstar Bridge over the Thames River in New London, Conn
• 8.32. Volture vibration harvester
• 8.33. Another version of Volture
• 8.34. International Space Station
• 8.35. Solar panels for the Hubble telescope
• 8.36. Schematic representations of a PN-couple used as TEC (left) based on the Peltier effect or TEG (right) based on the Seebeck effect.
• 8.37. Nextreme thermoelectric generator
• 8.38. eTEC Module and Die
• 8.39. Morph concept
• 8.40. Flexible & Changing Design
• 8.41. Concept device based on reduce, reuse recycle envisages many forms of energy harvesting
• 8.42. An optical image of an electronic device in a complex deformation mode
• 8.43. NTT DOCOMO concept phone with energy harvesting
• 8.44. Perpetuum Vibration Energy Harvesters
• 8.45. PowerFilm literature
• 8.46. PulseSwitch Systems makes piezoelectric wireless switches that do not need a battery
• 8.47. Seiko Thermic wristwatch
• 8.48. Knee-Mounted Device Generates Electricity While You Walk
• 8.49. Tissot Autoquartz
• 8.50. Heart harvester developed at Southampton University Hospital
• 8.51. Syngenta sensor
• 8.52. Transmitter left and implanted receiver right for inductively powered implantable dropped foot stimulator for stroke victims
• 8.53. Picture of PicoBeacon, the first fully self-contained wireless transmitter powered solely by solar energy
• 8.54. Surveillance bat
• 8.55. Sensor head on COM-BAT
• 8.56. A solar bag that is powerful enough to charge a laptop
• 9.1. Energy harvesting devices 2019 and 2029 by number
• 9.2. Energy harvesting devices 2019 and 2029 by unit value
• 9.3. Energy harvesting devices 2019 and 2029 by total value
• 9.4. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by number million
• 9.5. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by unit value dollars
• 9.6. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by total value $M
• 9.7. Forecast of global market energy harvesting devices 2009-2019 by total value $M by sector
• 9.8. Meter reading nodes number million 2009-2019
• 9.9. Meter reading nodes unit value dollars 2009-2019
• 9.10. Meter reading nodes total value dollars 2009-2019
• 9.11. Other nodes number million 2009-2019
• 9.12. Other nodes unit value dollars 2009-2019
• 9.13. Other nodes total value dollars 2009-2019
• 9.14. Total node value billion dollars 2009-2019
• 9.15. WSN systems and software excluding nodes billion dollars 2009-2019
• 9.16. Total WSN market million dollars 2009-2019
• 9.17. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.18. Average number of nodes per system 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.19. Number of systems 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.20. WSN node price dollars 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.21. WSN node total value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.22. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2009, 2019, 2029
• 9.23. Total WSN market value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029