Inorganic and Composite Printed Electronics 2009-2019

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

• 1.1. Printed electronics - reasons why
• 1.2. Impact of printed electronics on conventional electronics
• 1.3. Progress so far
  • 1.3.1. The age of silicon
  • 1.3.2. The dream of organic electronics
  • 1.3.3. The example of smart clothing
  • 1.3.4. Slow progress with organic conductors
  • 1.3.5. New inorganic materials and composites are often better
  • 1.3.6. Trade-off between inorganic and organic solutions
• 1.4. The new inorganic printed and thin film devices
  • 1.4.1. Rapidly widening choice of elements - deja vu
  • 1.4.2. Example - printed lighting
  • 1.4.3. Example - printed photodetectors

2. INORGANIC TRANSISTORS

• 2.1. Inorganic compound semiconductors for transistors
  • 2.1.1. Learning how to print inorganic compound transistors
  • 2.1.2. Zinc oxide based transistor semiconductors
  • 2.1.3. Amorphous InGaZnO
  • 2.1.4. Gallium-indium hydroxide nanoclusters
  • 2.1.5. Gallium arsenide semiconductors for transistors
  • 2.1.6. Transfer printing silicon and gallium arsenide on film
  • 2.1.7. Silicon nanoparticle ink
• 2.2. Inorganic dielectrics for transistors
  • 2.2.1. Solution processed barium titanate nanocomposite
  • 2.2.2. Alternative inorganic dielectrics HafSOx etc
  • 2.2.3. Hybrid inorganic dielectrics - zirconia
  • 2.2.4. Hafnium oxide - latest work
  • 2.2.5. Aluminium, lanthanum and other oxides
• 2.3. Hewlett Packard prints aSi backplanes reel to reel
• 2.4. Inorganic transistors on paper
• 2.5. Progress Towards p-type Metal Oxide Semiconductors
• 2.6. Hybrid inorganic/organic transistors and memory
  • 2.6.1. Resistive switching
  • 2.6.2. Oxides as anodes
• 2.7. Do organic transistors have a future?

3. INORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS

• 3.1. Performance criteria and limitations of silicon photovoltaics
• 3.2. Comparison of photovoltaic technologies
• 3.3. Non-silicon inorganic options
  • 3.3.1. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS)
  • 3.3.2. Gallium arsenide
  • 3.3.3. Gallium arsenide - germanium
  • 3.3.4. Gallium indium phosphide and gallium indium arsenide
  • 3.3.5. Cadmium telluride and cadmium selenide
  • 3.3.6. Porous zinc oxide
  • 3.3.7. Polymer-quantum dot devices CdSe, CdSe/ZnS, PbS, PbSe
  • 3.3.8. Other inorganic semiconductors for PV
• 3.4. Inorganic-organic and carbon-organic formulations
  • 3.4.1. Titanium dioxide Dye Sensitised Solar Cells DSSC
  • 3.4.2. Fullerene enhanced polymers
• 3.5. Other advances in 2008
• 3.6. Cobalt, phosphate and ITO to store the energy

4. BATTERIES

• 4.1. Applications of laminar batteries
• 4.2. Technology and developers
  • 4.2.1. Battery overview
  • 4.2.2. CEA Liten
  • 4.2.3. Rocket Electric, Bexel, Samsung, LG Chemicals and micro SKC batteries for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks
  • 4.2.4. Power Paper
  • 4.2.5. Solicore, USA
  • 4.2.6. SCI, USA
  • 4.2.7. Infinite Power Solutions, USA
  • 4.2.8. Cymbet USA
  • 4.2.9. Blue Spark Technologies USA
  • 4.2.10. Enfucell
  • 4.2.11. Progress with lithium batteries in 2008
  • 4.2.12. Printed battery research
• 4.3. Smart skin patches

5. INORGANIC CONDUCTORS AND SENSORS

• 5.1. Silver, indium tin oxide and general comparisons.
• 5.2. Conductor deposition technologies
• 5.3. Conductive Inks
• 5.4. Progress with new conductive ink chemistries and cure processes
• 5.5. Printed conductors for RFID tag antennas
  • 5.5.2. Process cost comparison
  • 5.5.3. RFID tag manufacture consolidation and leaders in 2009
• 5.6. Printing wide area sensors and their memory: Polyscene, Polyapply, 3Plast, PriMeBits, Motorola
• 5.7. Phase Change Memory
• 5.8. Printing metamaterials
• 5.9. Company profiles
  • 5.9.1. ASK
  • 5.9.2. Poly-Flex
  • 5.9.3. Avery Dennison
  • 5.9.4. Sun Chemical (Coates Circuit Products)
  • 5.9.5. Mark Andy
  • 5.9.6. InTune (formerly UPM Raflatac)
  • 5.9.7. Stork Prints
• 5.10. Electroless plating and electroplating technologies
  • 5.10.1. Conductive Inkjet Technology
  • 5.10.1. Hanita Coatings
  • 5.10.2. Omron
  • 5.10.3. Meco
  • 5.10.4. Additive Process Technologies Ltd
  • 5.10.5. Ertek
  • 5.10.6. Leonhard Kurz
• 5.11. Polymer - metal suspensions
• 5.12. Comparison of options
• 5.13. Dry Phase Patterning (DPP)
• 5.14. Inorganic biomedical sensors
  • 5.14.1. Disposable blocked artery sensors
  • 5.14.2. Disposable asthma analysis

6. NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES

• 6.1. Nanotubes
• 6.2. Carbon Nanotubes and printed electronics
• 6.3. Developers of Carbon Nanotubes for Printed Electronics
• 6.4. Nanorods in photovoltaics
• 6.5. Zinc oxide nanorod semiconductors
• 6.6. Zinc oxide nano-lasers
• 6.7. Indium oxide nanowires
• 6.8. Zinc oxide nanorod piezo power

7. INORGANIC AND HYBRID DISPLAYS AND LIGHTING

• 7.1. AC Electroluminescent
  • 7.1.1. Electroluminescent and other printed displays
  • 7.1.2. CASE STUDIES: Electroluminescent applications
  • 7.1.3. Rapid Improvements in AC Electroluminescent Displays
• 7.2. Thermochromic
  • 7.2.1. Heat generation and sensitivity
  • 7.2.2. CASE STUDY: Duracell battery testers
• 7.3. Electrophoretic
  • 7.3.2. Applications of E-paper displays
  • 7.3.3. The Killer Application
• 7.4. Colour electrophoretics
• 7.5. Inorganic LED lighting and hybrid OLED
• 7.6. Quantum dot lighting and displays

8. COMPANY PROFILES

• 8.1. Hewlett Packard
• 8.2. Unidym
• 8.3. NanoMas Technologies
• 8.4. Miasole
• 8.5. Konarka
• 8.6. Spectrolab
• 8.7. G24i
• 8.8. Soligie
• 8.9. BASF
• 8.10. DaiNippon Printing
• 8.11. Evonik
• 8.12. InkTec
• 8.13. Samsung
• 8.14. Toppan Printing

9. TIMELINES, SIZING OF OPPORTUNITIES AND MARKET FORECASTS

• 9.1. Market forecasts 2009-2029
• 9.2. Materials
• 9.3. Devices
  • 9.3.1. Photovoltaics
  • 9.3.2. Batteries, displays, etc

APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY

TABLES

• 1.1. Comparison of thin film silicon and organic thin films as transistor semiconductors.
• 1.2. Likely impact of inorganic printed and potentially printed technology to 2019
• 2.1. Comparison of printed polymer ink used in pilot production of organic transistors vs two thin film inorganic semiconductors for transistors vs nanosilicon ink
• 2.2. Some of the organisations developing zinc oxide transistors
• 2.3. Some properties of new thin film dielectrics
• 2.4. Benefits and challenges of R2R electronics fabrication were seen as follows:
• 2.5. Printing choices
• 3.1. Efficiency vs deliverable output power
• 3.2. Efficiencies for thin film solar cells
• 3.3. Technology comparison between inorganic and other photovoltaic cells on plastic film
• 3.4. Summary of some of the important performance criteria for photovoltaics by type
• 3.5. Some recent results for inorganic and organic-fullerene photovoltaic cells
• 3.6. Companies pursuing industrial production of CIGS photovoltaics
• 3.7. Quantum Dots Available
• 3.8. Typical quantum dot materials from Evident and their likely application.
• 3.9. Thin film market share module cost by technology
• 4.1. Some examples of marketing thrust for laminar batteries
• 4.2. Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages
• 4.3. Examples of suppliers of coin type batteries by country
• 4.4. The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries in smart packaging
• 4.5. Reel to reel printing of TBT batteries.
• 4.6. Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries
• 4.7. Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries
• 4.8. Examples of drugs and cosmetics applied by company using iontophoresis
• 5.1. Main applications of conductive inks and some major suppliers today
• 5.2. Different options for printing electronics, level of success and examples of companies
• 5.3. Comparison of metal etch (e.g. copper and aluminium) conductor choices
• 5.4. Electroless metal plate - Additive print process with weakly conductive ink (e.g. plastics or carbon) followed by wet metal plating
• 5.5. Electro metal plate - Additive print process with weakly conductive ink (e.g. plastics or carbon) followed by dry metal plating
• 5.6. Printable metallic conductors cure at LT e.g. silver based ink
• 5.7. Parameters for metal ink choices
• 5.8. Market share among suppliers for metal (mainly silver) PTF inks
• 5.9. Examples of companies progressing printed RFID antennas etc
• 5.10. Some companies progressing ink jettable conductors
• 5.11. Process Cost Comparison 1 - low volume - GB £ /sq metre web production - Antenna on substrate only
• 5.12. Cost breakdown of an average RFID tag in 2004 and target
• 5.13. Possibilities for various new printed conductors.
• 6.1. Charge carrier mobility of carbon nanotubes compared with alternatives
• 6.2. Developers of Carbon Nanotubes for Printed Electronics
• 7.1. Advantages and disadvantages of electrophoretic displays
• 7.2. Comparison between OLEDs and E-Ink of various parameters
• 9.1. The market for inorganic versus organic electronics defined by chemistry of key element
• 9.2. Percentage share as a whole of the market
• 9.3. Printed electronics materials and other elements of device income 2009-2029 in billions of dollars
• 9.4. Market for printed and potentially printed electronic devices 2009-2029 in billions of dollars
• 9.5. Statistics for electronic labels and their potential locations

FIGURES

• 1.1. SuperPanoramic cockpit with closable opaque layer - a concept of the US Air Force.
• 1.2. US Warfighter' s back pack must reduce in weight. Wrist displays, printed antennas, batteries, electronics and power generation will be part of this.
• 1.3. Toppan Forms vision of a smart Tokyo Transportation network
• 1.4. Smart home
• 1.5. Future shop
• 1.6. Future office
• 1.7. The smart airport will simplify air travel
• 1.8. The different impact of the new printed electronics on various existing electric and electronic markets.
• 1.9. Organic electronics - the dream
• 1.10. Concept of a power jacket
• 1.11. Silicon solar tents - heavy, semi rigid and expensive, but a start
• 1.12. Organic FET compared with silicon FET
• 1.13. Attributes and problems of inorganic, hybrid and organic thin film electronics form a spectrum.
• 1.14. Elements employed in the silicon chip business where blue refers to before the 1990s, green for since the 1990s and red for beyond 2005.
• 1.15. Projections for flexible printed and thin film lighting 2007-2025
• 2.1. Transparent inorganic transistor
• 2.2. Example of ZnO based transistor circuit.
• 2.3. Using a nanolaminate as an e-platform
• 2.4. TEM images of solution processed nanolaminates
• 2.5. Cross-sectional schematic view of an amorphous oxide TFT
• 2.6. Transparent and flexible active matrix backplanes fabricated on PEN films
• 2.7. Molecular precursors synthesized at the University of Oregon
• 2.8. Semprius transfer printing
• 2.9. Performance of Kovio' s ink versus others by mobility
• 2.10. Road map
• 2.11. Motorola high permittivity printable OFET dielectric using a barium titanate organic nanocomposite
• 2.12. Hybrid organic-inorganic transistor and right dual dielectric transistor
• 2.13. Web as clean room
• 2.14. The basic imprint lithography process
• 2.15. Zinc oxide transistors printed on to paper
• 2.16. SEM image of p-type ZnO nanowires.
• 3.1. Wafer vs thin film photovoltaics
• 3.2. Summary of the applicational requirements for the large potential markets
• 3.3. Progress in improving the efficiency of the different types of photovoltaic cell 1975-2005.
• 3.4. CIGS photovoltaic cell configuration
• 3.5. Physical Vapor Deposition System for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layers
• 3.6. Flexible CIGS module on plastic film
• 3.7. CIGS-CGS absorber layer
• 3.8. Roll to roll production of CIGS on metal or polyimide film
• 3.9. An example of flexible, lightweight CdTe photovoltaics on polymer film
• 3.10. Mass production of flexible thin film electronic devices using the three generations of technology.
• 3.11. A typical DSSC construction
• 3.12. Printed polymer DSSCs as constructed by Solaronix
• 3.13. Solid DSSC from CEA Liten
• 3.14. Typical Solaronix DSSC assembly process.
• 3.15. Examples of DSSCs
• 3.16. Fullerene-pentacene photovoltaic device
• 3.17. Advantages of Pulse Thermal Processing (PTP)
• 4.1. Inorganic micro-battery development by CEA Liten, illustrating the various chemistries
• 4.2. CEA Liten Li-Ion battery development
• 4.3. The Power Paper battery
• 4.4. The Infinite Power battery is very small
• 4.5. Infinite Power batteries ready for use
• 4.6. Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery
• 4.7. Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries
• 4.8. Carbon zinc thin film battery from Blue Spark Technologies, formerly Thin Battery Technologies.
• 4.9. Examples of smart skin patches.
• 4.10. The four generations of delivery skin patches
• 4.11. The Estee Lauder smart cosmetic patch with printed inorganic battery and electrodes launched in 2006 a three pack costing $50 and an eight pack costing $100.
• 4.12. The ultimate dream for smart skin patches for drugs - closed loop automated treatment.
• 4.13. Evolution of smart skin patches
• 5.1. Silver-based ink as printed and after curing
• 5.2. Conductance in ohms per square for the different printable conductive materials compared with bulk metal
• 5.3. Loading for spherical conductive fillers
• 5.4. Typical SEM images of CU flake C1 6000F. Copper flake
• 5.5. Choice of printing technology for RFID antennas today
• 5.6. Projected tag assembly costs from Alien Technology in US Cents for volumes of several billions of tags
• 5.7. How negative refractive index works
• 5.8. How to make a working printed metamaterial
• 5.9. Meco' s Flex Antenna Plating (FAP) machine
• 5.10. APT' s FFD prototype can operate faster than 20 meters per minute.
• 5.11. Additive Process Technologies 2 stage process
• 5.12. Additive Process Technologies antenna cost
• 5.13. New technology to make conductive patterns
• 5.14. Dry Phase Patterned inductor
• 6.1. Properties and morphology of single walled carbon nanotubes
• 6.2. Nanotube shrink-wrap from Unidym
• 6.3. Zinc oxide nanowires generating power
• 7.1. An example of an elumin8 electroluminescent display
• 7.2. A promotional display used at DeBeers
• 7.3. A concept inorganic electroluminescent display that is created by the energy of the sun on a window
• 7.4. The six inorganic layers of an ac electroluminescent display screen printed by elumin8 the phosphor is Cu doped ZnS from DuPont
• 7.5. elumin8 billboard display with changing images
• 7.6. Pelikon TV remote control and moving image in Fossil watch using ac electroluminescent display using eight inorganic layers
• 7.7. AC electroluminescent apparel
• 7.8. Pelikon products have progressed as follows
• 7.9. Pelikon' s prize winning fashion watch and intuitive flexible touch displays
• 7.10. Future timelines from Pelikon
• 7.11. Experimental game printed on beer pack by VTT Technology of Finland
• 7.12. Duracell battery testing chipless label - front and reverse view
• 7.13. Principle of operation of electrophoretic displays
• 7.14. E-paper displays on a magazine sold in the US in October 2008
• 7.15. Retail Shelf Edge Labels from UPM
• 7.16. Secondary display on a cell phone
• 7.17. Amazon Kindle 2, launched in the US in February 2009
• 7.18. Electrophoretic display on a commercially sold financial card
• 7.19. A Polymer Vision display
• 7.20. Electronic paper from Fujitsu
• 8.1. Unidym' s target markets for transparent conducting nanotube films
• 8.2. NanoMas technology
• 8.3. Konarka thin film solar cell arrays
• 8.4. G24i has a new UK factory printing titanium oxide photovoltaics
• 8.5. G24i' s advanced solar technology vs traditional polycrystalline
• 8.6. Printed Flexible Circuits from Soligie
• 8.7. Capabilities of Soligie
• 8.8. Printed electronics from Soligie
• 8.9. Printing presses used for printing electronics at Soligie
• 8.10. An e-label from Soligie
• 8.11. Semiconductor development at Evonik
• 8.12. Target range for mobility and processing temperature of semiconductors.
• 8.13. Transfer characteristics of gen3 semiconductor system
• 8.14. Current efficiency of a Novaled PIN OLEDTM stack on an inkjet printed, transparent conductive ITO anode.
• 8.15. Inks developed by InkTec
• 8.16. InkTec Printing methods
• 8.17. Samsung OLED display
• 9.1. Printed electronics materials and other elements of device income 2009-2019
• 9.2. Market forecast by component type for 2009-2019 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites
• 9.3. Konarka estimates of opening markets for flexible photovoltaics
• 9.4. Photovoltaic market growth in megawatts by country 2004-2010
• 9.5. Organic semiconductor projection by IBM
• 9.6. Technical challenges for the next ten year to improvement of FDICD capabilities
• 9.7. Facts about media
• 9.8. SM Products Road Map