Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

• 1.1. Small electrical and electronic devices
• 1.2. What is a battery?
  • 1.2.1. Battery definition
  • 1.2.2. Battery history
  • 1.2.3. Analogy to a container of liquid
  • 1.2.4. Construction of a battery
  • 1.2.5. Many shapes of battery
  • 1.2.6. Single use vs rechargeable batteries
  • 1.2.7. Challenges with batteries in small devices
• 1.3. What is a capacitor?
  • 1.3.1. Capacitor definition
  • 1.3.2. Capacitor history
  • 1.3.3. Analogy to a spring
  • 1.3.4. Capacitor construction
• 1.4. Limitations of energy storage devices
  • 1.4.1. The electronic device and its immediate support
  • 1.4.2. Safety
  • 1.4.3. Improvement in performance taking place
• 1.5. Standards

2. RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES

• 2.1. Technology successes and failures
• 2.2. Lithium polymer vs lithium ion
• 2.3. New shapes - laminar and flexible batteries
  • 2.3.1. Laminar lithium batteries
  • 2.3.2. Ultrathin battery from Front Edge Technology
• 2.4. Transparent battery - NEC and Waseda University
• 2.5. New methods of charging
• 2.6. Technology Challenges
• 2.7. Threat to lithium prices?
• 2.8. New applications for new laminar rechargeable batteries

3. SINGLE USE BATTERIES

• 3.1. Tadiran Batteries twenty year batteries
• 3.2. Laminar printed manganese dioxide batteries
  • 3.2.1. Printed battery construction
  • 3.2.2. Printed battery production facilities
  • 3.2.3. Applications of printed batteries
  • 3.2.4. Printed battery specifications
• 3.3. Other emerging needs for laminar batteries - apparel and medical
  • 3.3.1. Electronic apparel
  • 3.3.2. Wireless body area network
• 3.4. Nanotube flexible battery
• 3.5. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
• 3.6. Microbatteries built with viruses
• 3.7. Biomimetic energy storage system
• 3.8. Magnetic spin battery

4. CAPACITORS AND SUPERCAPACITORS

• 4.2. Example of capacitor storage application - e-labels
• 4.3. Many shapes of capacitor
• 4.4. Capacitors for small devices
• 4.5. Technology of capacitors
  • 4.5.1. Technology of non-polar capacitors
  • 4.5.2. Technology of the electrolytic capacitor
  • 4.5.3. Development path
• 4.6. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
  • 4.6.2. High capacitance but at a price
  • 4.6.3. Non-polar electrolytic
  • 4.6.4. Safety issues
  • 4.6.5. Polarity
  • 4.6.6. The dielectric is fragile
  • 4.6.7. Electrolyte
• 4.7. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors

5. SUPERCAPACITORS = ULTRACAPACITORS

• 5.1. Where supercapacitors fit in
• 5.2. Advantages and disadvantages
• 5.3. How it all began
• 5.4. Applications
• 5.5. Uses in small devices.
• 5.6. Relevance to energy harvesting
  • 5.6.1. Perpetuum harvester
  • 5.6.2. Human power to recharge portable electronics
  • 5.6.3. Use in nanoelectronics
• 5.7. Can supercapacitors replace capacitors?
• 5.8. Can supercapacitors replace batteries?
• 5.9. Electric vehicle demonstrations and adoption
• 5.10. How an ELDC supercapacitor works
  • 5.10.1. Basic geometry
  • 5.10.2. Properties of EDL
  • 5.10.3. Charging
  • 5.10.4. Discharging and cycling
  • 5.10.5. Energy density
  • 5.10.6. Achieving higher voltages
• 5.11. Improvements coming along
  • 5.11.1. Better electrodes
  • 5.11.2. Better electrolytes
  • 5.11.3. Better carbon technologies
  • 5.11.4. Carbon nanotubes
  • 5.11.5. Carbon aerogel
  • 5.11.6. Solid activated carbon
  • 5.11.7. Carbon derived carbon
  • 5.11.8. Graphene
  • 5.11.9. Polyacenes or polypyrrole
• 5.12. Supercapacitor performance without EDL - EEstor
• 5.13. Supercabatteries or bacitors

6. FUEL CELLS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES

• 6.1. Fuel cells
• 6.2. New forms of miniature fuel cells
  • 6.2.1. Microbial fuel cells
  • 6.2.2. Lightweight hydrogen generating fuel cell
  • 6.2.3. Biomimetic approach with MIT fuel cell
• 6.3. Mechanical storage

7. ORGANISATION PROFILES

• 7.1. Blue Spark Technologies USA
• 7.2. Cap-XX Australia
• 7.3. Celxpert Energy Corp. Taiwan Head Quarter
• 7.4. Cymbet USA
• 7.5. Duracell USA
• 7.6. Enfucell Finland
• 7.7. Excellatron USA
• 7.8. Freeplay Foundation UK
• 7.9. Front Edge Technology USA
• 7.10. Frontier Carbon Corporation Japan
• 7.11. Harvard University USA
• 7.12. Hitachi Maxell
• 7.13. Holst Centre Netherlands
• 7.14. Infinite Power Solutions USA
• 7.15. Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Singapore
• 7.16. Lebone Solutions South Africa
• 7.17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA
• 7.18. Matsushita Battery Industrial Company Ltd.
• 7.19. Maxwell Technologies Inc., USA
• 7.20. Nanotecture, UK
• 7.21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory USA
• 7.22. NEC Japan
• 7.23. Nippon Chemi-Con Japan
• 7.24. Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA
• 7.25. Planar Energy Devices USA
• 7.26. Power Paper Israel
• 7.27. Prelonic Technologies
• 7.28. Renata Batteries
• 7.29. ReVolt Technologies Ltd
• 7.30. Sandia National Laboratory USA
• 7.31. Solicore USA
• 7.32. Tadiran Batteries
• 7.33. Technical University of Berlin Germany
• 7.34. Sony Japan
• 7.35. University of California Los Angeles USA
• 7.36. University of Michigan USA
• 7.37. University of Sheffield UK
• 7.38. University of Wollongong Australia
• 7.39. Waseda University

8. MARKETS AND FORECASTS

• 8.1. Market for batteries, supercapacitors, other
• 8.2. Total global battery market
• 8.3. Global battery market by use
  • 8.3.1. Batteries for RFID
  • 8.3.2. Batteries for gift cards
  • 8.3.3. Batteries for car keys
  • 8.3.4. Printed and thin film batteries 2009-2019

9. GLOSSARY

• APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
• APPENDIX 2: INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED ELECTRONICS

TABLES

• 1.1. Five ways in which a capacitor acts as the electrical equivalent of the spring
• 1.2. Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices
• 1.3. Some limitations of batteries in small electronic devices and some solutions
• 3.1. Tadiran cylindrical battery ratings
• 3.2. Printed and thin film battery product and specification comparison
• 3.3. Printed battery materials comparison
• 3.4. The half cell and overall chemical reactions that occur in a Zn/MnO2 battery
• 4.1. Comparison of the three types of capacitor when storing one kilojoule of energy.
• 4.2. Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources
• 6.1. Challenges faced in developing satisfactory fuel cells for vehicles
• 6.2. Types of fuel cell and characteristics
• 8.1. Global market for all batteries for use in portable devices $ billion
• 8.2. Global market for supercapacitors for use in portable devices $ billion
• 8.3. Total and small device battery market 2009 and 2019 $billions
• 8.4. Split of small device battery market in 2009 by shape, giving number, unit value, total value
• 8.8. Market forecast for printed and potentially printed batteries in US $ billions 2009-2019

FIGURES

• 1.1. Construction of a battery cell
• 1.2. MEMS compared with a dust mite less than one millimetre long
• 1.3. Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries
• 1.4. Principle of the creation and maintenance of an aluminium electrolytic capacitor
• 1.5. Construction of wound electrolytic capacitor
• 1.6. Comparison of construction diagrams of three basic types of capacitor
• 1.7. Types of ancillary electrical equipment being improved to serve small devices
• 1.8. Rapid progress in the capabilities of small electronic devices and their photovoltaic energy harvesting contrasted with more modest progress in improving the batteries they employ
• 2.1. Volumetric energy density vs gravimetric energy density for rechargeable batteries
• 2.2. Laminar lithium ion battery
• 2.3. Typical active RFID tag showing the problematic coin cells
• 2.4. Construction of a lithium rechargeable laminar battery
• 2.5. Reel to reel construction of rechargeable laminar lithium batteries
• 2.6. Ultra thin lithium rechargeable battery
• 2.7. Construction of a thin-film battery
• 2.8. NanoEnergy® powering a blue LED
• 2.9. Examples of transparent flexible technology
• 2.10. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
• 2.11. Battery assisted passive RFID label with rechargeable thin film lithium battery recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit
• 2.12. Bolivian salt flats
• 2.13. Chevrolet Volt
• 2.14. Electric Smart car
• 3.1. Tadiran in EZ pass
• 3.2. Tadiran' s new high voltage/high rate AA-sized lithium battery
• 3.3. Internal structure of Power Paper Battery
• 3.4. Power Paper printed manganese dioxide zinc battery that gathers moisture from the air
• 3.5. Screen printing of Blue Spark Technology flexible, sealed, manganese dioxide zinc batteries
• 3.6. Power Paper production line for printed batteries
• 3.7. Power Paper skin patch that delivers cosmetic through the skin by means of a printed battery and electrodes
• 3.8. Skin patches electronically communicating to skin patches powered by laminar batteries, coin cells being unacceptable
• 3.9. Audio Paper TM
• 3.10. Electronic apparel - sports bra with diagnostic electronics and animated t-shirt displaying music
• 3.11. Wireless body area network
• 3.12. Disposable digital plaster
• 3.13. Sensium system
• 3.14. Flexible battery made of nanotube ink
• 3.15. Microbattery built with viruses
• 3.16. Biomimetic energy storage
• 4.1. E-labels with capacitor and no battery.
• 4.2. Examples of small aluminum electrolytic capacitors
• 4.3. Simplest common modeling circuit for an electrolytic capacitor
• 5.1. Where supercapacitors fit in
• 5.2. Energy density vs power density for storage devices
• 5.3. Small carbon aerogel supercapacitors
• 5.4. Bikudo supercapacitor
• 5.5. Laminar supercapacitor one millimetre thick
• 5.6. Mobile phone modified to give much brighter flash thanks to supercapacitor outlined in red
• 5.7. Perpetuum energy harvester with its supercapacitors
• 5.8. Citizen Eco-DriveTM solar powered wristwatch with rechargeable battery
• 5.9. Symmetric supercapacitor construction
• 5.10. Symmetric compared to asymmetric supercapacitor construction
• 5.11. Single sheets of graphene
• 5.12. Graphene supercapacitor cross section
• 6.1. MIT Biomimetic fuel cell
• 6.2. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa
• 7.1. Blue Spark laminar battery
• 7.2. Celxpert notebook battery pack
• 7.3. Interchangeable notebook battery pack
• 7.4. The Cymbet EnerChip
• 7.5. Duracell NiOx batteries
• 7.6. Enfucell SoftBattery
• 7.7. Thin-film solid-state batteries by Excellatron
• 7.8. Solar-powered Lifeline radio
• 7.9. The world' s thinnest self standing rechargeable battery claims FET
• 7.10. Light in Africa
• 7.11. LiTESTAR
• 7.12. Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC
• 7.13. Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery
• 7.14. Researchers from Planar Energy -Devices, Inc., insert a sample into the vacuum chamber of the company' s thin-film deposition system
• 7.15. Planar Energy Devices has advanced the solid-state lithium battery from NREL' s crude prototype (below) to a miniaturized, integrated device (bottom)
• 7.16. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
• 7.17. Nippon Chemi-Con ELDCs - supercapacitors
• 7.18. New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery
• 7.19. Power Paper' s battery technology
• 7.20. Prelonic printed batteries
• 7.21. Prelonic Display Modules
• 7.22. Renata Batteries
• 7.23. Flexion
• 7.24. Surveillance bat
• 7.25. Sensor head on COM-BAT
• 7.26. Waseda founder
• 8.1. Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2009
• 8.2. Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2019
• 8.3. Split of small device battery market in 2019 by total value