Hybrid and Pure Electric Cars 2009-2019 - Electric vehicles - On and off road cars

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

• 1.1. The world wakes up to global warming and oil running out.
• 1.2. Danger signs
• 1.3. Government support
• 1.4. Reluctant Australia
• 1.5. Germany the laggard
• 1.6. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers

2. PURE ELECTRIC CARS

• 2.1. The arguments against
• 2.2. Deja Vu
• 2.3. Examples of pure EV cars
  • 2.3.1. REVA
  • 2.3.2. ElBil Norge Buddy
  • 2.3.3. New initiatives by Chrysler and Nissan
  • 2.3.4. Think
  • 2.3.5. Toyota
  • 2.3.6. Tara Tiny
  • 2.3.7. Aixam
  • 2.3.8. Mitsubishi
  • 2.3.9. Here come the Chinese - BYD and Brilliance
  • 2.3.10. High performance pure EVs - Tesla
  • 2.3.11. Golf EVs

3. HYBRID CARS

• 3.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids
• 3.2. Evolution
• 3.3. Chevrolet Volt
• 3.4. Market drivers
• 3.5. History of hybrids

4. BATTERIES, SUPERCAPACITORS AND SUPERCABATTERIES FOR CARS

• 4.1. What is a battery?
  • 4.1.1. Battery history
  • 4.1.2. Analogy to a container of liquid
• 4.2. Construction of a battery
• 4.3. Many shapes of battery
• 4.4. Requirements
• 4.5. What is on offer?
• 4.6. Energy density comparisons
• 4.7. Safety
• 4.8. Capacitors
  • 4.8.1. What is a capacitor?
  • 4.8.2. Capacitor history
  • 4.8.3. Capacitor construction
• 4.9. How an ELDC supercapacitor works
  • 4.9.1. Basic geometry
• 4.10. Properties of EDL
• 4.11. Can supercapacitors replace batteries?
• 4.12. Where do supercabatteries fit in?
• 4.13. Limitations of energy storage devices
• 4.14. Where supercapacitors fit in
• 4.15. Prospect of radically different batteries and capacitors
• 4.16. Threat to lithium prices?

5. ENERGY HARVESTING FOR CARS

• 5.1. Definition
• 5.2. Choices of harvesting
• 5.3. Opportunities for energy harvesting in cars
• 5.4. Fiat Phylla
• 5.5. Combined flexible layers
• 5.6. Pure EV motive power
• 5.7. Power from bumps in the road
• 5.8. Regenerative braking
• 5.9. Electricity from engine and exhaust heat
• 5.10. Vibration harvesting

6. ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR MOTIVE POWER IN CARS

• 6.2. Mitsubishi i-MiEV
• 6.3. Motor position

7. FUEL CELLS AND FLYWHEELS

• 7.1. Fuel cells
  • 7.1.1. Definition and description
  • 7.1.2. Current situation
  • 7.1.3. Potential benefits
  • 7.1.4. Types of fuel cell
• 7.2. New forms of fuel cell
  • 7.2.1. Microbial fuel cells
  • 7.2.2. Lightweight hydrogen generating fuel cell
  • 7.2.3. Biomimetic approach with MIT fuel cell
• 7.3. Flywheels

8. MARKET FORECASTS

• 8.1. Car production
• 8.2. Cars and crude oil
  • 8.2.2. Technical progress
• 8.3. Hybrid cars
  • 8.3.1. History of hybrid car sales
• 8.4. Forecasts 2009-2019
• 8.5. Pure EVs
  • 8.5.1. Total market
  • 8.5.2. Market excluding golf cars
  • 8.5.3. Golf cars
  • 8.5.4. Fuel cell EVs
• 8.6. Battery trends

APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY

APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY

TABLES

• 1.1. European Green Car Initiative approximate R&D budget 2010 to 2013 in millions of Euros
• 1.2. 80 examples of manufacturers and intending manufacturers of EV cars
• 2.1. 15 examples of golf EV manufacturers
• 3.1. Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales
• 3.2. Objectives of the Ricardo Qinetiq diesel hybrid vs the Prius gasoline hybrid
• 3.3. Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units
• 3.4. Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2011
• 4.1. The rising percentage of cost that is attributable to electronics in different types of vehicle
• 4.2. Important milestones in battery and capacitor history
• 4.3. Comparison of lead acid and lithium batteries for motive power in cars
• 4.4. Comparison of some options for large rechargeable lithium batteries
• 4.5. Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources
• 4.6. Battery characteristics compared
• 4.7. Five ways in which a capacitor acts as the electrical equivalent of the spring
• 4.8. Early producers of electrochemical double-layer ultracapacitors
• 4.9. Advantages and limitations of supercapacitors
• 4.10. Comparison of the three types of capacitor when storing one kilojoule of energy.
• 4.11. Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources
• 4.12. Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices
• 5.1. Potential for improving energy harvesting efficiency
• 5.2. Main photovoltaic options compared
• 5.3. IDTechEx view of photovoltaic evolution on pure electric vehicles
• 6.2. Comparison of ac and dc electric motors for traction
• 7.1. Challenges faced in developing satisfactory fuel cells for vehicles
• 7.2. Types of fuel cell and characteristics
• 8.1. Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel
• 8.2. Global oil reserves, production and life
• 8.3. Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in thousands of units 2009-2019
• 8.4. Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in value $ billion 2009-2019
• 8.5. Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units
• 8.6. Prius US sales in units 2000-2008
• 8.7. Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole.
• 8.8. Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market
• 8.9. IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2009-2019 in units and %.
• 8.10. Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers
• 8.11. IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales 2009-2019 in units , ex works price and total value.
• 8.12. IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025
• 8.13. Approximate number of hybrid models actual and planned by year 2000 to 2010
• 8.14. Global pure EV car sales 2009-2019
• 8.15. Global pure EV car sales 2009-2019 excluding golf cars
• 8.16. Global pure EV golf car sales 2009-2019
• 8.17. Fuel cell EVs compared with battery pure EVs and ICE hybrids

FIGURES

• 1.1. Geographical distribution of 80 companies making or intending to make electric cars.
• 2.1. Trouve pure EV car in 1881
• 2.2. Red Bug pure EV in 1930
• 2.3. Sinclair C5
• 2.4. Aptera
• 2.5. Gemcars
• 2.6. REVA pure EV car
• 2.7. Buddy pure EV
• 2.8. Think City
• 2.9. Planned Toyota pure EV city car.
• 2.10. Tara Tiny
• 2.11. Aixam Mega City
• 2.12. Mitsubishi pure EV car
• 2.13. The BYD E6 pure EV car
• 2.14. Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car.
• 2.15. Tonaro from China
• 2.16. Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China
• 2.17. Yongkang Fourstar from China
• 2.18. Shadong Wuzheng golf cars
• 3.1. Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles
• 3.2. Chevrolet Volt internal structure
• 3.3. Chevrolet Volt drive train
• 3.4. Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning
• 3.5. Average annual fuel consumption in US gallons by vehicle type
• 3.6. Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units
• 4.1. Construction of a battery cell
• 4.2. MEMS compared with a dust mite less than one millimetre long
• 4.3. Rapid progress in the capabilities of small electronic devices and their photovoltaic energy harvesting contrasted with more modest progress in improving the batteries they employ
• 4.4. Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries
• 4.5. Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and GSM mobile phones and the types of battery employed
• 4.6. Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles.
• 4.7. Subaru lithium ion manganese battery
• 4.8. Mitsubishi lithium ion batteries for cars
• 4.9. Lightning electric car
• 4.10. ReVolt comparison of battery parameters with zinc air
• 4.11. Principle of the creation and maintenance of an aluminium electrolytic capacitor
• 4.12. Construction of wound electrolytic capacitor
• 4.13. Comparison of construction diagrams of three basic types of capacitor.
• 4.14. Symmetric supercapacitor construction
• 4.15. Symmetric compared to asymmetric supercapacitor construction
• 4.16. Single sheets of graphene
• 4.17. Graphene supercapacitor cross section
• 4.18. Six Kilowatts supercapacitor for vehicles
• 4.19. Maxwell Technologies supercapacitor modules on the roof of a Scania bus
• 4.20. Supercapacitor and supercabattery compared.
• 4.21. Types of ancillary electrical equipment being improved to serve small devices
• 4.22. Rechargeable energy storage - where supercapacitors fit in
• 4.23. Energy density vs power density for storage devices, including new and experimental supoercapacitors which includes supercabatteries.
• 4.24. Transparent flexible battery
• 4.25. Bolivian salt flats
• 4.26. Chevrolet Volt layout
• 4.27. Chevrolet Volt lithium ion battery
• 4.28. Smart EV car layout
• 5.1. Where energy harvesting fits into green energy
• 5.2. Focus of energy harvesting development in the value chain
• 5.3. Examples of energy harvesting technologies, developers and manufacturers
• 5.4. Primary energy harvesting choices by size and efficiency
• 5.5. Main energy harvesting technologies are compared by life and cost per watt
• 5.6. Possible sites for sensors with energy harvesting in cars
• 5.7. Lancia car using solar energy in 1997
• 5.8. Fiat Phylla running laboratory and enabling technologies.
• 5.9. Structure of Fiat mobile laboratory.
• 5.10. Phylla drive train
• 5.11. Self sufficient accessory cluster
• 5.12. Thin film photovoltaic market share 2009-2012
• 5.13. Latest MIT solar car
• 5.14. GenShock prototype
• 5.15. Ronggui Yang.
• 5.16. Perpetuum electrodynamic vibration harvester with its supercapacitors.
• 6.1. Ford Transit pure EV
• 6.2. Mitsubishi i-MiEV
• 6.3. In wheel system of Mitsubishi
• 6.4. A construction of in-wheel motor
• 6.5. Ford Siemens EV motor for central operation
• 6.6. Hybrid vehicle electric motor
• 7.1. MIT Biomimetic fuel cell
• 7.2. G-30 Van Flywheel Drive System in GMR Test Cell
• 7.3. Computed "Lower Bound" Fuel Consumption of Heat Engine Hybrid Vehicles vs. 1980 Production Cars
• 7.4. FX85 Leadership Team with a Mock-Up of the FX85 Transmission
• 7.5. Isometric Schematic of the FX85 Drivetrain
• 7.6. ALPS flywheel
• 8.1. Global bicycle and car production millions
• 8.2. US oil production and imports
• 8.3. Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in numbers 2009-2019
• 8.4. Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in value $ billion 2009-2019
• 8.5. HEV battery sales by type 2000-2006
• 8.6. Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units
• 8.7. US hybrid sales by month showing sharp drop in 2008 and early 2009
• 8.8. Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole
• 8.9. Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market
• 8.10. Hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer 2000-2006
• 8.11. Reported hybrid vehicle sales in the USA as a percentage of total new light vehicle sales in March 2009
• 8.12. Global hybrid vehicle market by country % 2007
• 8.13. Hybrid vehicle purchases by state in the USA in units 2007
• 8.14. US hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer % 2007.
• 8.15. Hybrid vehicle sales by model
• 8.16. 2006 forecast of total car sales by region 2006/2011 and 2016 in millions of units
• 8.17. IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2009-2019 in units and %.
• 8.18. Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally and market drivers
• 8.19. IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales
• 8.20. Total sales and hybrids
• 8.21. Rechargeable battery sales by type 1972-2010