Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1. Background
- 1.1.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
- 1.1.2. Active vs passive RFID
- 1.1.3. Semi active vs semi passive RFID
- 1.1.4. Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID
- 1.1.5. Smart Active Labels (SAL)
- 1.1.6. Lessons from sixty years of active RFID
- 1.2. The active RFID value chain and paybacks
- 1.3. Total Asset Visibility
- 1.4. Civilian logistics - Smart and Secure Tradelanes
- 1.5. Five key priorities for TAV
- 1.6. The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service
2. LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID
- 2.1. Spread of parameters and applications
- 2.1.1. Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant
applications so far
- 2.1.2. Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged
- 2.1.3. Frequencies are varied
- 2.1.4. Ranges are varied
- 2.1.5. Totally new types of battery
- 2.1.6. The most important countries
- 2.2. Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing
- 2.2.1. Volkswagen, Germany - work in progress
- 2.2.2. Peugeot, France - work in progress
- 2.2.3. Club Car, USA - work in progress
- 2.2.4. AM General, USA - part replenishment
- 2.2.5. Merrimac Industries, USA - tracking folders
- 2.2.6. BMW, UK - work in progress
- 2.3. Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive
- 2.3.1. 30 major car companies - vehicle immobilisers
- 2.3.2. Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China - tracking buses
- 2.3.3. NedTrain, The Netherlands - wheel maintenance
- 2.3.4. Tracker/ Police, UK - locating stolen vehicles
- 2.3.5. Hills, UK - numberplates
- 2.3.6. Ford, USA - location of new cars
- 2.3.7. Postauto Bus, Switzerland - bus terminal management
- 2.3.8. Tranz Rail, New Zealand - freight management
- 2.3.9. General Motors, USA - containers
- 2.3.10. Shanghai Railway, China
- 2.3.11. Hamburg Metro Germany
- 2.3.12. Parking, Arizona State University, USA
- 2.3.13. Korea World Cup vehicles
- 2.4. Case studies of active RFID in the air industry
- 2.4.1. Sepang Airport, Malaysia - catering trolleys
- 2.4.2. Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA - vehicle
tolling and management
- 2.4.3. Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and
management
- 2.4.4. New York Newark International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and
management
- 2.4.5. Orange County Airport, USA - vehicle tolling
- 2.4.6. Hong Kong International Airport, China - catering trolleys
- 2.4.7. Vienna International Airport, Austria - ground support equipment
- 2.4.8. Charles de Gaulle International Airport, France - taxis
- 2.4.9. Envirotainer, Belgium - unit load devices
- 2.4.10. Air Canada - food trolleys
- 2.4.11. Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking
- 2.5. Case studies of active RFID in healthcare
- 2.5.1. National Health Service UK social workers
- 2.5.2. Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets
- 2.5.3. St Elisabeth Medical Center patients USA
- 2.5.4. Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere - patient and staff tracking/
alert
- 2.5.5. Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA - patient tracking
- 2.5.6. Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK - assets
- 2.5.7. HCA Hospital Dallas, USA - mother baby matching
- 2.5.8. HCA Hospital Arlington, USA - mother baby matching
- 2.5.9. French Blood Agency, France - chemovigilance
- 2.5.10. Alexandra Hospital, Singapore - people tracking for SARS
- 2.5.11. National University Hospital Singapore - people tracking for SARS
- 2.5.12. Hart District, UK - alarm for elderly
- 2.6. Case studies of active RFID in the military sector
- 2.6.1. Kosovo/ US Military - military assets and supplies
- 2.6.2. Ministry of Defence, UK - military supplies
- 2.6.3. NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets
- 2.6.4. Department of Defense, USA - medical supplies
- 2.6.5. Bosnia/ UK Military - supply chain.
- 2.7. Case studies of active RFID in logistics
- 2.7.1. NYK Logistics, USA - intermodal freight containers
- 2.7.2. Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools
- 2.7.3. Brink' s, USA - transport container access
- 2.7.4. Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK - Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes
RTGC handling intermodal containers
- 2.7.5. Agricultural Cooperative, France - vehicle tare weighing
- 2.7.6. Yard management, USA
- 2.7.7. Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria - trucks
- 2.7.8. Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA - intermodal container seals
- 2.7.9. Royal Mail, UK - roll cages
- 2.7.10. Parcelforce, UK - postal trailers
- 2.7.11. Mercator Transportation, USA - intermodal container tracking
- 2.7.12. Lynx Express, UK - roll cages
- 2.7.13. London Waste, UK - vehicles
- 2.7.14. J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA - vehicle loading and fuelling
- 2.7.15. HiroCem, Slovakia - trucks
- 2.7.16. DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland - cases
- 2.7.17. Intermodal Cargo Shipments
- 2.7.18. Carlisle Carriers, USA - tractors and trailers
- 2.7.19. Alliant Atlantic Food, USA - access control
- 2.7.20. Somerfield Supermarkets, UK - trucks
- 2.7.21. Argos, UK - conveyances
- 2.7.22. Paramount Farms, USA - farming vehicles
- 2.7.23. Meat producer, Canada - case monitoring
- 2.8. Case studies of active RFID in Retail
- 2.8.1. Selfridges, UK - food containers
- 2.8.2. Safeway Supermarkets, UK - trolleys
- 2.9. Other
- 2.9.1. HM Prison Service, UK - keys
- 2.9.2. Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA - keys
3. COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM
- 3.1. The tag
- 3.2. The interrogator
- 3.3. Other system components.
- 3.4. Multi-tag reading (anti-collision)
- 3.5. Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems
- 3.5.1. RFID - basic operation
- 3.5.2. One at a time or many at a time
- 3.5.3. Active beacon tags - long range
- 3.5.4. Signpost system for long range active tag configurations
- 3.5.5. Real-time locating systems - long range
- 3.6. Options on range
- 3.7. Systems aspects
- 3.7.1. Network vs stand alone
- 3.7.2. Stand alone - polled vs not polled
- 3.7.3. Networked - on-line
- 3.8. Networking at tag, reader or system level
- 3.9. Data on the device or network
- 3.9.1. Spectrum of choice
- 3.9.2. Data capture on the tag or not - a summary
- 3.9.3. Continuous monitoring or not
- 3.10. Open and closed service provider access
- 3.11. Networks within networks
- 3.12. Ad hoc / mesh networks
- 3.13. The importance of interoperability
- 3.14. Multi-frequency, multi-protocol interrogators
- 3.14.1. Supplier Case study : ThingMagic
- 3.14.2. Supplier Case Study: Savi Technology UDAP
- 3.15. Choice of frequency
- 3.15.1. Licence free frequencies
- 3.15.2. Ultra Wide Band
- 3.15.3. Supplier Case study: Parco Wireless
- 3.15.4. Case Study: Ubisense
- 3.15.5. Supplier Case Study: DSRC Industry Consortium
4. ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION
- 4.1. Overall construction
- 4.2. Batteries
- 4.2.1. Battery overview
- 4.2.2. Coin type batteries
- 4.2.3. Power Paper
- 4.2.4. Solicore, USA
- 4.2.5. SCI, USA
- 4.2.6. Infinite Power Solutions, USA
- 4.2.7. Cymbet, USA
- 4.2.8. Thin Battery Technologies
- 4.2.9. Research
- 4.3. Fuel cells
- 4.4. Photovoltaics
- 4.5. Photocapacitors
- 4.6. Active RFID with sensing
5. STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY
- 5.1. Standards
- 5.1.1. Standards for active RFID systems
- 5.1.2. Benefits of standardisation
- 5.1.3. Types of standard
- 5.1.4. Open and closed application systems
- 5.1.5. Standards organisations
- 5.1.6. Types of standard relating to item level RFID
- 5.1.7. When long range is a problem
- 5.1.8. Company case study: Avante
- 5.1.9. Summary of the essential standards issues and opportunities
- 5.2. Radio regulations
- 5.3. Privacy issues
- 5.4. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined
- 5.4.1. Bridging the gap
- 5.4.2. Bluetooth and WiFi
- 5.4.3. ZigBee
- 5.4.4. Conventional active RFID
- 5.4.5. Combinations
- 5.4.6. Near Field Communications (NFC)
- 5.4.7. RFID and communications interfaces
- 5.4.8. A virtual connector
- 5.4.9. Link to RFID smart cards
- 5.4.10. NFC Forum created by Sony and Philips
- 5.4.11. Standardization of NFC
6. REAL TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS (RTLS)
- 6.1. Triangulation, radio fingerprinting and multilateration
- 6.2. GPS
- 6.3. WiFi RTLS from AeroScout
- 6.4. Supplier case study: Ekahau USA
- 6.5. PanGo Networks
- 6.6. Another form of RTLS
- 6.7. Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER)
- 6.8. Shakeout in Real Time Locating Systems in 2007/8
7. MARKETS
- 7.1. Price sensitivity
- 7.2. Many bridges to cross
- 7.3. Forecasts for tags 2008-2018
- 7.4. RFID enabled cellphones
- 7.5. Active RFID suppliers
- 7.6. Impressions from the IDTechEx Active RFID and RTLS Summit in December
2007
- 7.7. Forecast for systems excluding tags 2008-2018
- 7.8. Forecast of systems including tags 2008-2018
- 7.9. The importance of logistics systems
- 7.10. Total RFID market
- 7.11. RTLS market forecast
- 7.12. Number of suppliers 2008-2018
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 2: EPCGLOBAL AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS
APPENDIX 3: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION
TABLES
- 1.1. Important functions that an active RFID tag can perform
- 1.2. Benefits and disadvantages of active RFID vs passive RFID
- 1.3. AIM survey of RFID user priorities
- 1.4. The different types of active RFID tag compared with passive tags
- 1.5. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2007
- 1.6. Cost structure of active vs passive RFID projects
- 1.7. Active RFID in the prison and parole service
- 2.1. Approximate distribution of case studies by range.
- 3.1. Summary of today' s RFID physical configurations
- 3.2. The spectrum of choice between stand alone and networked RFID systems
- 3.3. The spectrum of choice between basic number plate tags and those with
high data retention
- 3.4. Spectrum of choice from short to long range
- 3.5. Choice of active RFID tags - typical cost, range, memory
- 3.6. Savi UDAP partners
- 3.7. The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID
- 4.1. Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages
- 4.2. Examples of suppliers of coin type batteries by country
- 4.3. The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries in smart
packaging
- 4.4. Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries
- 4.5. Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar
batteries.
- 4.6. Comparison of conventional active RFID with temperature/ time
recording and Smart Active Label (SAL) versions.
- 5.1. The most important standards
- 5.2. The permitted frequency bands for RFID by territory
- 5.3. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee and Semi-Active RFID compared
- 7.1. Global active RFID by value 2008-2018, tag vs non-tag (readers,
software, services) in $ million
- 7.2. Global market for active tags in millions 2008-2018
- 7.3. Global market for active tags - unit prices in dollars 2008-2018
- 7.4. Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2008-2018
- 7.5. Global market for readers, software and services in millions of
dollars 2008-2018
- 7.6. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2007
- 7.7. Main frequencies by type
- 7.8. The value of the RFID enabled active RFID cellphone market
- 7.9. Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including tags
in the next ten years
- 7.10. Main present and future locations of active RFID tags
- 7.11. The IDTechEx forecast for active RFID systems excluding tags
2008-2018
- 7.12. The total global spend on active RFID systems plus tags in US$
millions
- 7.13. Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including
tags in the next ten years
- 7.14. Total active market as a portion of the total RFID market
- 7.15. Number of suppliers of active RFID doing serious business 2008,
2013, 2018
FIGURES
- 1.1. RFID range required for typical applications
- 1.2. Active tag from Identec for anti-theft. 620,000 laptops were stolen
in the USA in 2002.
- 1.3. Road map of development of active RFID and allied technologies
- 1.4. RFID hierarchy
- 1.5. Active RFID characteristics
- 1.6. SAL-C concept of a warehouse managed using disposable SALs on
packages.
- 1.7. An active RFID car clicker working in semi-active mode at 433 MHz
- 1.8. Value chain for active RFID in 2008
- 1.9. Active RFID value chain 2013 onwards
- 1.10. RFID value chain in 2018
- 1.11. Typical military deployment of active RFID tags
- 1.12. A military viewpoint of active RFID
- 1.13. Active RFID interrogator deployment in the Iraq war
- 1.14. Mobile interrogators in the Iraq war
- 1.15. Write terminal and docking station
- 1.16. Survey of priorities in sea freight by AT Kearney
- 1.17. Sealing and anti-tamper capability with intermodal containers
- 1.18. Smart and Secure Tradelanes active RFID seal being used to lock an
intermodal container
- 1.19. Final check of security at dock
- 1.20. Security check of truck at customs point - interrogator monitoring
active RFID tag
- 1.21. The general benefits of the Savi Technology Active RFID systems
- 1.22. Some of the potential benefits throughout the supply chain
- 1.23. Two types of active RFID tag offered by Wavetrend UK for asset
tracking and other applications
- 1.24. RFID protecting keys against theft or misuse.
- 1.25. Wristwatch transmitters worn by inmates
- 1.26. Belt transmitters worn by officers and staff
- 2.1. Active RFID wrist strap to protect disoriented patients
- 3.1. Basic operation of an active RFID system
- 3.2. RFID - basic operation
- 3.3. Short range semi- passive tags
- 3.4. Active beacon tags - long range
- 3.5. Antenna hierarchy of Savi EchoPoint active RFID system
- 3.6. Savi EchoPoint active tag
- 3.7. Various semi-active tags from Axcess Technologies
- 3.8. Real Time Locating Systems - long range triangulation
- 3.9. WhereNet System Components
- 3.10. Networks within networks - the "Russian Doll" approach
- 3.11. Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a
function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology
- 3.12. UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID
bands in the microwave region.
- 3.13. A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID.
- 3.14. The elements of the Parco Wireless UWB RFID system
- 3.15. Parco UWB RFID tags
- 4.1. The Power Paper battery
- 4.2. The Infinite Power battery is very small
- 4.3. Infinite Power batteries ready for use
- 4.4. Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery
- 4.5. Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries
- 4.6. Carbon-zinc thin film battery from Thin Battery Technologies.
- 4.7. Konarka photovoltaic flexible film
- 4.8. Smart label road map
- 4.9. Semi-passive RFID label from KSW Microtec
- 4.10. Infinite Power Solution flexible lithium battery as part of a
semi-passive tag.
- 5.1. Layers of logistic units
- 5.2. The relative benefits and disadvantages of IEEE 802.11, IEEE
802.15.3a, IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN)
- 5.3. Examples of 802.11 and 802.15.5 tags and readers from Tagsense
- 5.4. ZigBee hierarchy
- 5.5. Siemens hierarchy of networks
- 5.6. X-Mark Systems prevent mismatching in hospitals
- 5.7. Identec Solutions semi-active RFID personnel tag.
- 5.8. Identec Solutions secure access configuration
- 5.9. Verichip (X-Mark Systems) wander prevention system for disoriented
elderly in care homes and hospitals
- 5.10. Some applications for NFC, usually in the form of second generation
(active RFID reader) cellphones
- 5.11. Vending and ticket machine payment
- 5.12. Smart posters
- 5.13. Music downloads
- 5.14. Frequent payments for less than £UK7 ($12.5) in a city such as
London UK
- 6.1. Global RTLS market in millions of dollars as presented by Yankee
Group at the IDTechEx "Active RFID Summit"
- 6.2. AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags
- 6.3. AeroScout WiFi armbands
- 6.4. Ekahau WiFi tag
- 7.1. The future lower tag price - larger yearly numbers and the new tag
technologies that will make it possible
- 7.2. Market opportunity for disposable electronic displays
- 7.3. Global active RFID by value and type 2008-2018
- 7.4. Overlapping eras of evolution of active RFID in its new, broader
definition, including use of the new radio systems for active RFID 1990-2025.
- 7.5. Global market for active tags in millions 2008-2018
- 7.6. Global market for active tags - unit prices in dollars 2008-2018
- 7.7. Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2008-2018
- 7.8. Global market for readers, software and services in millions of
dollars 2008-2018
- 7.9. Malaysian project for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks etc based on its
ultra small MM chip
- 7.10. What is USN in Korea?
- 7.11. Korean program towards ubiquitous sensor enabled RFID 2004 to 2010
- 7.12. An active RFID cellphone module
- 7.13. Asset tags from Axcess
- 7.14. Present and next generation smart container market
- 7.15. 2012 Smart Container Market Segmented by Equipment Sales, Service &
Communication Fees in millions of dollars
- 7.16. Active RFID market for systems plus tags showing RTLS percentage in
2011
- 7.17. Active RFID market for systems plus tags showing RTLS percentage 2018
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