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> Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies
Market Research Report
Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies
Published by
Jain Pharmabiotech
Published
2009/11
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JAI70916
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Table of Contents
Part I
0. Executive Summary. 21
1. Introduction to Cell Therapy. 25
Introduction. 25
Historical landmarks of cell therapy. 25
Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies. 27
Cells and organ transplantation. 27
Cells and protein/gene therapy. 28
Cell therapy and regenerative medicine. 29
Cells therapy and tissue engineering. 29
Therapy based on cells involved in disease. 30
Advantages of therapeutic use of cells. 30
Use of cells for improving drug delivery. 31
2. Cell Therapy Technologies. 33
Introduction. 33
Cell types used for therapy. 33
Sources of cells. 33
Xenografts. 34
Cell lines. 34
Immortalized cells. 34
Blood component therapy. 34
Therapeutic apheresis. 34
Leukoreduction. 35
Platelet therapy. 35
Basic technologies for cell therapy. 36
Cell culture. 36
Observation of stem cell growth and viability. 36
Companies involved in cell culture. 36
Cell sorting. 38
Flow cytometry. 38
A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation. 39
Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells. 39
Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter. 39
Nanocytometry. 40
Companies supplying cell sorters. 40
Dynabead technology for cell sorting. 41
ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells. 41
Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers. 42
Cell analysis. 42
Preservation of cells. 43
Innovations in cryopreservation. 43
Packaging of cells. 43
Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy. 44
Cloning and cell therapy. 44
Techniques for cell manipulation. 45
Cell-based drug discovery. 45
Cells as vehicles for drug delivery. 48
Drug delivery systems for cell therapy. 48
Intravenous delivery of stem cells. 48
Pharmacologically active microcarriers. 49
Devices for delivery of cell therapy. 49
Artificial cells. 50
Applications of artificial cells. 50
Cell encapsulation. 50
Diffusion capsule for cells. 51
Encapsulated cell biodelivery. 51
Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells. 52
Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells. 53
Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells. 54
Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI. 54
Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology. 54
Electroporation. 55
Gene therapy. 56
Cell-mediated gene therapy. 56
Fibroblasts. 56
Chondrocyte. 57
Skeletal muscle cells. 57
Vascular smooth muscle cells. 58
Keratinocytes. 58
Hepatocytes. 58
Lymphocytes. 59
Mammalian artificial chromosomes. 59
In vivo tracking of cells. 59
Molecular imaging for tracking cells. 59
MRI technologies for tracking cells. 60
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents. 61
Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI. 61
Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy. 61
Cell transplantation for development of organs. 62
Cells transplantation and tolerance. 62
Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells. 63
Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection. 63
Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants. 63
Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells. 64
Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body. 64
Therapeutic leukocytapheresis. 64
3. Stem Cells. 65
Introduction. 65
Biology of stem cells. 66
Embryonic stem cells. 66
Growth and differentiation of ESCs. 66
Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. 67
Role of Pax3 in stem cell differentiation. 67
ESCs and signaling pathways. 68
Genetic signature of of stem cells. 68
Epigenetics of hESCs. 68
Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development. 69
Mechanism of differentiation of ESCs. 69
Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation. 70
Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs. 70
In vitro differentiation of hESCs. 70
Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs. 71
Signaling pathways and transcription factors in ESCs. 71
Stem cells in the pituitary gland. 71
hESCs in stead of oocytes for reprogramming human somatic nuclei. 72
Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues. 72
Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells. 72
Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells. 73
Parthenogenesis and human stem cells. 73
Uniparental ESCs. 74
Bone marrow stem cells. 74
Hematopoietic stem cells. 74
Role of HSCs in the immune system. 76
Derivation of HSCs from ESCs. 76
Mesenchymal stem cells. 77
Multipotent adult progenitor cells. 78
Side population (SP) stem cells. 79
Differentiation of adult stem cells. 79
Growth and differentiation of HSCs. 80
Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs. 80
Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs. 80
Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs. 81
Sources of stem cells. 81
Sources of of human embryonic stem cells. 81
Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs. 82
Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer. 83
Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs. 83
Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo. 83
Altered nuclear transfer. 84
Small embryonic-like stem cells. 85
Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation. 85
Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation. 85
Spermatogonial stem cells. 86
Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells. 87
Placenta as source of stem cells. 87
Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells. 87
Placenta as a source of HSCs. 88
Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs. 88
Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells. 88
Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells. 89
UCB as source of MSCs. 90
Applications of UCB. 90
Advantages of UCB. 90
Limitations of the use of UCB. 91
Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB. 92
Infections following UCB transplants. 92
Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation. 93
Companies involved in UCB banking. 93
UCB banking in the UK. 94
US national UCB banking system. 95
Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells. 96
Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells. 96
Characteristics of iPSCs. 97
Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs. 97
Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs. 98
iPSCs derived from blood. 98
iPSCs derived from skin. 98
Clinical relevance of iPSCs. 99
Sources of adult human stem cells. 99
Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells. 100
Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells. 100
iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells. 100
Skin as a source of stem cells. 101
Follicle stem cells. 101
Mesenchymal stem cells in skin. 101
Epidermal neural crest stem cells. 102
Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles. 102
Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells. 102
Stem cells in teeth. 103
Peripheral blood stem cells. 103
Spleen as a source of adult stem cells. 104
Search for master stem cells. 104
Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells. 105
Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells. 105
Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles. 106
Stem cells obtained from blood in adults. 107
VENT cells. 107
Stem cell banking. 108
Stem cell technologies. 108
Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation. 108
Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells. 108
Stem cell biomarkers. 109
Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs. 109
STEMPRO&rec; EZChek™ for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs. 109
SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs. 109
p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells. 110
Neural stem cell biomarker. 110
Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells. 110
Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers. 111
Study of stem cell genes. 111
Gene inactivation to study hESCs. 111
RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs. 111
Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi. 112
Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes. 113
Homologous recombination of ESCs. 113
Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase. 113
Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease. 114
miRNA and stem cells. 114
Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation. 114
Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance. 115
Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression. 115
Stem cells and cloning. 116
Cell nuclear replacement and cloning. 116
Nuclear transfer and ESCs. 116
Cloning from differentiated cells. 117
Cloning mice from adult stem cells. 118
Creating interspecies stem cells. 118
Cloned cells for transplantation medicine. 119
Claims of cloning of hESCs. 119
Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells. 120
Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells. 121
Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells. 122
Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells. 122
Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor. 123
Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera. 123
Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture. 123
Ex vivo expansion of MSCs. 124
Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. 124
Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4. 125
Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo. 125
Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors. 125
Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines. 126
Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors. 127
Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750. 127
Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen. 127
Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors. 128
Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow. 128
Selective Amplification. 129
Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists. 129
Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation. 129
Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands. 129
Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells. 130
Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs. 130
Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs. 130
Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs. 130
Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells. 131
Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs. 131
Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells. 131
Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells. 132
Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation. 132
Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US. 132
Contaminating material in stem cell culture and measures to eliminate it. 133
Stem cell separation. 134
Stem cell culture. 135
Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes. 135
Mass production of ESCs. 135
Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs. 136
Analysis and characterization of stem cells. 136
Havesting and identification of EPCs. 136
Labeling of stem cells. 137
Quantum dots for labeling hMSCs. 137
Imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo. 138
Quantum dot imaging for ESCs. 138
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo. 138
Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research. 138
Applications of stem cells. 139
Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells. 139
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. 140
Complications of PBSC transplantation in children. 140
Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness. 140
Stem cells and human reproduction. 141
Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells. 141
Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells. 141
Conversion of stem cells to oocytes. 141
ESCs for treatment of infertility in women. 142
Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory. 142
In utero stem cell transplantation. 143
Innovations in delivery of stem cells. 143
Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation. 144
Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants. 144
Histocompatibility of hESCs. 144
Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs. 145
Stem cells for organ vascularization. 146
Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs. 146
Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells. 147
Stem cell gene therapy. 147
Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer. 147
Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression. 148
Genetic manipulation of ESCs. 148
Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis. 148
HSCs for gene therapy. 149
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs. 149
Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells. 150
Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology. 150
Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy. 150
Molecular vibration for gene transfer. 150
Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy. 151
Stem cells and in utero gene therapy. 151
Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer. 151
The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. 152
Stem cell pharmaceutics. 152
Stem cells for drug discovery. 152
Advantages of using stem cells for drug discovery. 153
Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs. 153
Hepatocytes derived from hESCs. 153
Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs. 154
ESCs as source of models for drug discovery. 155
Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain. 155
Use of ESCs for toxicology and drug safety studies. 156
European projects for safety testing of drugs using ESCs. 157
Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells. 158
Adverse effects of drugs on stem cells. 159
Future challenges for stem cell technologies. 159
Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation. 160
MBD3-deficient ESC line. 160
In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells. 160
Stem cell biology and cancer. 161
Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults. 162
Stem cells and aging. 162
Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells. 163
Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation. 163
Stem cell genes. 164
Gene expression in hESCs. 164
The casanova gene in zebrafish. 164
Nanog gene. 165
Stem cell proteomics. 166
hESC phosphoproteome. 166
Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells. 167
Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells. 167
Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative. 167
Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs. 168
Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research. 168
Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. 169
Markers for characterizing hESC lines. 169
Stem cell research at academic centers. 170
International Regulome Consortium. 171
Companies involved in stem cell technologies. 172
Concluding remarks about stem cells. 176
Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research. 176
4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy. 179
Introduction. 179
Cell therapy for hematological disorders. 179
Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. 179
Hemophilias. 179
Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B. 179
Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A. 180
Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia. 181
Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia. 181
Treatment of chronic acquired anemias. 181
Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo. 182
Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia. 182
Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies. 182
Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis. 183
Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders. 183
Cell therapy for immunological disorders. 184
Role of dendritic cells in the immune system. 184
Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures. 184
Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease. 185
Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. 185
Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders. 185
Treatment of Crohn' s disease with stem cells. 186
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells. 186
Stem cell transplants for scleroderma. 186
Role of T-Cells in immunological disorders. 187
Autologous T-cells from adult stem cells. 188
Cell therapy for graft vs host disease. 188
Cell therapy for viral infections. 189
T-cell therapy for CMV. 189
T-cell therapy for HIV infection. 189
T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells. 190
Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells. 190
Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV. 191
Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases. 191
Niemann-Pick disease. 191
Gaucher' s disease. 192
Fabry' s disease. 192
Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus. 193
Limitations of current treatment. 194
Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. 194
Limitations of pancreatic transplantation. 194
Islet cell transplantation. 194
Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis. 195
Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes. 195
Drawbacks of islet cell therapy. 196
Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation. 196
Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function. 197
A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes. 197
Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI. 197
Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes. 197
Encapsulation of insulin producing cells. 198
Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas. 198
Encapsulated insulinoma cells. 198
Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants. 199
Islet precursor cells. 199
Dedifferentiation of β cells to promote regeneration. 200
Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue. 200
Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells. 201
Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child. 201
Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas. 201
Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes. 202
Pancreatic stem cells. 202
Embryonic stem cells for diabetes. 202
Isolation of islet progenitor cells. 203
Expansion of pancreatic progenitor cells in vitro. 204
Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells. 204
Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells. 204
Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients. 205
HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy. 205
Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes. 205
Gene therapy in diabetes. 206
Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes. 206
Genetically engineered dendritic cells. 207
Genetically altered liver cells. 207
Genetically modified stem cells. 207
Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes. 208
Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes. 208
Cell therapy for liver disorders. 209
Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders. 210
Bioartificial liver. 211
Limitations of bioartificial liver. 211
Stem cells for hepatic disorders. 211
Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs. 212
Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue. 213
MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure. 213
Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders. 213
Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts. 214
Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes. 214
Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation. 214
Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells. 214
Clinical applications. 215
Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders. 215
Cell therapy of renal disorders. 216
Bioartificial kidney. 216
Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease. 216
Human stem cells to prevent end stage renal disease. 217
Role of stem cells in renal repair. 217
Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease. 217
Mesangial cell therapy. 218
Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders. 218
Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders. 218
Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia. 218
Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders. 218
Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells. 219
Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung. 219
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells. 219
Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs. 220
Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells. 220
Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway. 221
Pulmonary disorders that are treatable by stem cells. 221
Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs. 222
Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs. 222
Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs. 222
Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints. 223
Repair of fractures and bone defects. 223
Adult stem cells for bone grafting. 225
Stem cells for repairing skull defects. 225
Mesenchymal stem cells for repair of bones and joints. 225
Osteocel. 228
Cell therapy for osteonecrosis. 228
Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta. 228
Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering. 229
In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation. 230
Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints. 230
Mosaicplasty. 230
Autologous cultured chondrocytes. 231
Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation. 232
Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-&beta. 232
Generation of cartilage from stem cells. 233
Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries. 234
Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury. 236
Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair. 236
Platelet injection for tennis elbow. 236
Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. 237
Cell therapy for regeneration. 237
Stem cells for regeneration. 237
Stem cells for regenerating organs. 238
Umbilical cord blood for regeneration. 239
Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. 239
Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium. 240
Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting. 240
MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage. 240
Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair. 241
Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers. 241
CellSpray for wound repair. 242
Role of follicular stem cells in skin and wound repair. 243
Cell therapy for burns. 243
Genetically engineered cells for wound repair. 244
Cell therapy for corneal repair. 244
Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells. 246
Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts. 246
Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. 247
Stem cells for tissue repair. 247
Scaffolds for tissue engineering. 247
Improving vascularization of engineered tissues. 248
Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy. 248
Choosing cells for tissue engineering. 248
ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering. 248
Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering. 249
Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering. 249
Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs. 250
Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells. 250
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction. 251
Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs. 252
Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs. 252
Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system. 253
Urinary incontinence. 253
Tissue engineering of urinary bladder. 254
Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair. 254
Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus. 255
Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells. 255
Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant. 255
Cell therapy for rejuvenation. 255
Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports. 256
Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine. 256
Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries. 256
Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs. 257
5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders. 259
Introduction to cardiovascular disorders. 259
Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease. 259
Tyes of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders. 259
Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease. 260
Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart. 261
Human cardiovascular progenitor cells. 261
Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes. 262
Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells. 262
Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. 262
MyoCell"! (Bioheart). 263
Cardiac stem cells. 263
Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium. 264
Methods of delivery of cells to the heart. 264
Cellular cardiomyoplasty. 265
IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI. 265
Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by MorphRguide catheter. 265
Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization. 265
Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium. 265
Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty. 266
Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair. 267
Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction. 267
Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture. 268
Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle. 268
Myocardial tissue engineering. 268
Role of stem cells in repair of the heart. 269
Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury. 269
Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs. 270
Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair. 271
Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy. 272
Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells. 272
Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs. 272
Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation. 273
Role of ESCs in repair of the heart. 273
ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart. 274
Transplantation of stem cells for acute myocardial infarction. 274
Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics. 274
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells. 275
Transplantation of cord blood stem cells. 275
Transplantation of hESCs. 275
Transplantation of HSCs. 276
Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors. 277
Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells. 277
Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived cells for AMI. 278
Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. 278
Transplantation of endothelial cells. 279
Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs. 279
Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration. 279
Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy. 279
Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration. 280
In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart. 281
MSCs for hibernating myocardium. 281
Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts. 282
Transplantation of genetically modified cells. 282
Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs. 282
Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor. 282
Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells. 283
Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure. 283
Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure. 283
Injection of adult stem cells for congestive heart failure. 284
AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure. 284
Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy. 285
Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias. 285
Atrioventricular conduction block. 286
Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers. 286
Ventricular tachycardia. 287
Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering. 287
ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects. 288
Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease. 288
Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia. 289
Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering. 289
Construction of blood vessels with cells. 289
Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles. 290
Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts. 290
UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves. 290
Stem cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease. 291
Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease. 292
Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease. 294
A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease. 295
Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD. 295
Future directions for cell therapy of CVD. 296
Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart. 296
Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells. 297
6. Cell Therapy for Cancer. 299
Introduction. 299
Cell therapy technologies for cancer. 299
Cellular immunotherapy for cancer. 300
Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells. 300
Granulocytes as anticancer agents. 301
Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer. 301
Cancer vaccines. 302
Autologous tumor cell vaccines. 302
Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens. 303
Gene modified cancer cells vaccines. 303
GVAX cancer vaccines. 303
Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor. 304
The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination. 304
Basics of dendritic cell vaccines. 304
Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines. 304
In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells. 305
Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA. 305
Dendritic/tumor cell fusion. 305
Genetically modified dendritic cells. 306
Limitations of DC vaccines for cancer. 307
Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccines. 307
Lymphocyte-based cancer therapies. 308
Adoptive immunotherapy. 308
Rescue of CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherapy. 309
Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 310
Genetically targeted T cells for treating B cell malignancies. 310
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. 311
Genetic engineering of tumor cells. 311
Hybrid cell vaccination. 312
Stem cell-based anticancer therapies. 312
Stem cell transplantation in cancer. 312
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. 312
Autologous stem cell transplantation. 314
Complications of stem cell transplants in cancer. 315
Long-term results of HSC transplantation. 316
Prediction of T-cell reconstitution after HSC transplantation. 316
HSC transplantation followed by GM-CSF-secreting cell vaccines. 317
Role of mesenchymal stem cells in cancer. 317
Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 318
Umbilical cord blood transplant for leukemia. 318
hESC-derived NK cells for treatment of cancer. 319
ESC vaccine for prevention of lung cancer. 319
Genetic modification of stem cells for cancer therapy. 320
Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells. 320
Use of hematopoietic stem cells to deliver suicide genes to tumors. 320
Delivery of anticancer agents by genetically engineered MSCs. 320
Mesenchymal progenitor cells for delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses. 321
Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastoma. 321
Innovations in cell-based therapy of cancer. 322
Use of immortalized cells. 322
Cancer therapy based on natural killer cells. 322
Mesothelin as a target for cancer immunotherapy. 322
Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy. 323
Implantation of genetically modified encapsulated cells for anticancer therapy. 323
Antiangiogenesis therapy by implantation of microencapsulated cells. 323
Recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protein. 323
NovaCaps® for pancreatic cancer. 324
A device for filtering cancer and stem cells in the blood. 324
Cancer stem cells. 324
Role of integrative nuclear signaling in stem cell development. 325
Cancer stem cell markers. 325
Breast cancer stem cells. 325
Role of intestinal stem cells in intestinal polyposis. 326
Role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis. 326
Role of cancer stem cells in metastases. 327
Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells. 327
Targeting cancer stem cells in leukemia. 328
Targeting stem cells in ovarian cancer. 328
Targeting cancer stem cells to screen anticancer drugs. 328
Cell-based therapies for malignant brain tumors. 329
Role of cancer stem cells in resistance to radiotherapy. 329
Targeting stem cells in brain tumors. 329
Neural stem cells for drug/gene delivery to brain tumors. 330
Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of gliomas. 331
Bone morphogenetic protein for inhibition of glioblastoma multiforme. 331
Dendritic cell therapy for brain tumors. 331
Encapsulated cells for brain tumors. 332
Companies involved in cell-based cancer therapy. 333
American Association for Cancer Research and ESCs. 334
Future of cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. 335
7. Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders. 337
Introduction. 337
Regeneration of the nervous system by endogenous stem cells. 337
Molecular mechanism of neurogenesis. 337
Generation of neurons from astroglia. 338
In vivo cell replacement therapy by locally induced neural progenitor cells. 338
Types of cells used for treatment of neurological disorders. 339
Activated T lymphocytes. 339
Differentiation of placenta-derived multipotent cells into neurons. 339
Mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete neurotrophic factors. 340
Neural stem cells. 340
Development of human CNS stem cells. 340
Distinction between NSCs and intermediate neural progenitors. 341
Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesis. 341
Mechanism of migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury. 343
Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles. 343
Neural progenitor cells. 343
Neural stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles. 345
Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain. 346
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. 346
Proteomics of neural stem cells. 346
Regulation of neural stem cells in the brain. 347
Study of neural differentiation of hESCs by NeuroStem Chip. 347
Transformation of neural stem cells into other cell types. 347
Use of epidermal neural crest stem cells for neurological disorders. 348
Olfactory epithelium stem cells for transplantation in the CNS. 348
Development of CNS cells from extraneural stem cells. 348
Hair-follicle stem cells for neural repair. 349
Stem cells from human umbilical cord blood for CNS disorders. 349
Immortalized cells for CNS disorders. 350
Fetal tissue transplants. 350
Choroid plexus cells. 351
Laboratory mice with human brain cells. 351
Expansion of adult human neural progenitors. 352
Neurospheres. 352
Dental pulp cells for neuroprotection. 352
Ideal cells for transplantation into the nervous system. 353
Cell therapy techniques for neurological applications. 353
Stem cells preparations for CNS disorders. 353
Neuronal differentiation of stem cells. 354
hESCs for CNS repair. 355
Enhancement of growth of stem cells in the brain by drugs. 355
Carbon nanotubes to aid stem cell therapy of neurological disorders. 356
Use of neural stem cells to construct the blood brain barrier. 356
Tracking of stem cells in the CNS by nanoparticles and MRI. 357
Methods of delivery of cells to the CNS. 357
Encapsulated cells. 358
CNS neotissue implant. 358
Intrathecal delivery of stem cells. 358
CNS delivery of cells by catheters. 359
Intravascular administration. 359
Cells used for gene therapy of neurological disorders. 360
Fibroblasts. 360
Stem cells. 361
Neuronal cells. 361
Immortalized neural progenitor cells. 361
Astrocytes. 362
Cerebral endothelial cells. 362
Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells. 363
Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy. 363
Neuroprotection by cell therapy. 363
Cells secreting neuroprotective substances. 363
Stem cells for neuroprotection. 364
Neuroprotection by intravenous administration of HSCs. 364
Human UCB-derived stem cells for the aging brain. 364
Neurodegenerative disorders. 364
Role of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorders. 365
MSCs for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. 365
Role of NSCs in disorders associated with aging brain. 366
NSCs for improving memory. 367
Parkinson' s disease. 367
Origin and fate of dopamine neurons. 369
Human dopaminergic neurons for PD. 369
Graft survival-enhancing drugs. 369
Xenografting porcine fetal neurons. 370
Encapsulated cells for PD. 370
Stem cells for PD. 371
Stem cells for production of glial derived neurotrophic factor. 373
Potential of regeneration of endogenous stem cells in PD. 373
Human retinal pigment epithelium cells for PD. 374
Coaxing hESCs to produce dopamine. 374
Tumorigenic potential of transplantated dopaminergic hESCs. 374
Delivery of cells for PD. 375
MSCs for multiple system atrophy. 375
Cell therapy for Huntington' s disease. 375
Fetal striatal cell transplantation. 375
Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus cells. 376
Cell therapy for Alzheimer' s disease. 376
Neural stem cell implantation for Alzheimer' s disease. 377
Implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NGF. 377
Cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 378
Cell nuclear replacement technique for study of ALS. 378
Use of stem cells for ALS. 378
Transplantation of glial restricted precursors in ALS. 380
Stem cell-based drug discovery for ALS. 380
Cell therapy for lysosomal storage disorders. 380
Cell therapy for Batten disease. 380
Genetically modified HSCs for metachromatic leukodystrophy. 381
Cell therapy for demyelinating disorders. 382
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. 382
Embryonic stem cells for remyelination. 383
Neural precursor cells for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. 383
Stem cells for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. 384
Fusokine method of personalized cell therapy of multiple sclerosis. 384
Cell therapy of stroke. 384
Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus. 385
Transplantation of fetal porcine cells. 385
Adult stem cell therapy in stroke. 385
Implantation of genetically programmed ESCs. 386
Intravenous infusion of marrow stromal cells. 386
Intravenous infusion of UCB stem cells. 387
Intracerebral administration of human adipose tissue stromal cells. 387
Intracerebral administration of multipotent adult progenitor cells. 388
Neural stem cell therapy for stroke. 388
Future of cell therapy for stroke. 389
Cell therapy of traumatic brain injury. 390
Cell/gene therapy for TBI. 390
Clinical trials of autologous HSC therapy for TBI. 391
Limitations of stem cell therapy for acute TBI. 391
Improving the microenvironments of transplanted cells in TBI. 391
Cell therapy for spinal cord injury. 392
Fetal neural grafts for SCI. 392
Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SCI. 392
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SCI. 393
Schwann cell transplants for SCI. 393
Transplantation of glial cells for SCI. 393
Stem cells for SCI. 394
Bone marrow stem cells for SCI. 394
Embryonic stem cells for SCI. 394
Transplantation of MSCs for SCI. 395
Transplantation of NSCs for SCI. 395
Transdifferentiation of BM stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SCI. 396
Spinal stem cells for treatment of ischemic injury of spinal cord. 396
Combined approaches for regeneration in SCI. 397
Combined cell/gene therapy for SCI. 397
Delivery of cells in SCI. 397
Intrathecal injection of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles. 398
Intravenous injection of stem cells for spinal cord repair. 398
Clinical applications of stem cells for SCI. 398
Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for SCI. 398
Cell therapy of syringomyelia. 399
Umbilical cord blood stem cells for neurogenetic disorders. 399
UCB stem cells for Krabbe' s disease. 399
UCB stem cells for Hurler' s syndrome. 399
UCB stem cells for Sanfilippo syndrome type B. 400
Combination of cell and gene therapy for Krabbe' s disease. 400
Cell therapy of epilepsy. 401
Cell therapy of posttraumatic epilepsy. 401
Cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy. 401
Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsies. 402
Cell therapy for developmental neurological disorders. 402
Cell therapy for cerebral palsy. 402
Cell therapy for muscular dystrophy. 403
Cell transplant for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 403
Myoblast-based gene transfer. 404
Transplantation of myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene. 404
HSCs for DMD. 405
Improvement of DMD therapy by using muscle-derived stem cells. 405
Combination of cell and pharmacotherapy for DMD. 406
Myoblast injection for treatment of other muscular dystrophies. 406
Cell therapy for Autism. 407
Management of chronic intractable pain by cell therapy. 407
Implantation of chromaffin cells. 407
Role of stem cells in management of pain. 408
Implantation of astrocytes secreting enkephalin. 408
Cells for delivery of antinociceptive molecules. 409
Implantation of genetically engineered cells. 409
Cell therapy for low back pain. 409
Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders. 410
Genetically engineered retinal pigmented epithelial cell lines. 411
Delivery of CNTF by encapsulated cell intraocular implants. 411
Stem cell transplantation in the retina. 411
Isolation of RPE cells from hESCs using transcriptomics. 412
ESCs for retinal degenerative disorders. 412
Neuroprotective effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation. 412
Human retinal stem cells. 413
Combining cell and gene therapies for retinal disorders. 413
Stem cell therapy for hearing loss. 413
Cell thery for peripheral nerve lesions. 414
Cell transplants for peripheral nerve injuries. 414
Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with endothelial progenitor cells. 414
Clinical trials of cell therapy in neurological disorders. 415
Future prospects for cell therapy of CNS disorders. 416
8. Ethical, Regulatory, and Safety Aspects of Cell Therapy. 417
Introduction. 417
Safety issues of cell therapy. 417
Immune-mediated reactions to transpanted stem cells. 417
Human virus infections associated with stem cell transplantation. 418
Herpes simplex virus type 1. 418
Cytomegalovirus. 418
Opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. 418
Carcinogenic potential of stem cells and its prevention. 419
FDA safety regulations for cell and tissue products. 419
FDA Guidance on license applications for umbilical cord blood products. 420
Political and ethical aspects of hESC research in the US. 420
Ethical issues concerning fetal tissues. 420
Morality and hESC research. 421
Opponents of hESC research in the US. 421
Ban on cloning and impact on hESC research. 421
Political aspects of human hESC research in the US. 422
Use of hESCs in NIH-supported research. 422
Public opinion in the US about hESC research. 424
Scientists' view of stem cell research in the US. 425
New developments in stem cell research in the US. 427
Human stem cell cloning in the US. 428
Stem cell guidelines of various US institutions. 428
Ethics of transplanting human NSCs into the brains of nonhuman primates. 429
Stem cell lines available worldwide. 430
Stem cell policies around the world. 431
Countries with no defined policies on hESC research. 431
Australia. 432
Canada. 432
China. 433
Denmark. 433
France. 434
Germany. 434
India. 436
Ireland. 436
Israel. 437
Italy. 437
Japan. 438
The Netherlands. 438
Saudi Arabia. 439
Singapore. 439
South Africa. 439
South Korea. 440
Spain. 440
Sweden. 440
Switzerland. 441
United Kingdom. 441
ESC bank. 442
European Union. 443
EU guidelines for stem cell research. 443
EMBO' s recommendations for stem cell research. 444
United Nations, cloning and nuclear transfer. 445
The Embryo Project for information on ESC research. 446
Concluding remarks about ethics of ESC research. 446
Ethical issues concerning umbilical cord blood. 446
Cell therapy tourism. 447
Regulatory issues. 447
Regulation of cord blood banks in the US. 447
Regulatory issues for biotechnology-derived drugs. 448
Regulation of cell selection devices for production of PBSCs at point of care. 448
FDA rules for human cells and tissues. 449
FDA regulation of fetal cellular or tissue products. 449
FDA and clinical trials using hESCs. 450
Cell and gene therapy INDs placed on hold by the FDA. 451
NIH regulation of fetal cellular or tissue products. 451
Regulatory issues for genetically engineered cell transplants. 452
FDA guidelines for human tissue transplantation. 452
Xenotransplantation. 452
Clinical Protocol Review and Oversight. 452
Informed consent and patient education. 453
Xenotransplantation product sources. 453
FDA guidelines for xenografts. 454
Regulations relevant to cell therapy in the European Union. 455
Regulations about use of stem cells. 456
EMEA regulation of cell/gene therapy. 456
Guidelines for cell therapy in the UK. 457
Clinical trials in cell therapy. 457
Stem cell patents. 458
Stem cell patents in the United States. 458
Current status of Thomson patents at WARF. 459
Stem cell patents in the European Union. 459
9. References. 461
Tables
Table 1 1: Landmarks in the history of cell therapy. 25
Table 1 2: Examples of cells involved in various diseases. 30
Table 2 1: Types of human cells used in cell therapy. 33
Table 2 2: A selection of companies providing cell culture media. 37
Table 2 3: A sampling of companies supplying cell sorters. 40
Table 2 4: Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery. 46
Table 2 5: Methods of delivery of cells for therapeutic purposes. 48
Table 2 6: Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells. 52
Table 2 7: Companies working on encapsulated cell technology. 54
Table 2 8: Molecular imaging methods for tracking cells in vivo. 60
Table 3 1: Companies involved in cord blood banking as a source of stem cells. 93
Table 3 2: Sources of adult human stem cells. 99
Table 3 3: Enhancing engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells. 121
Table 3 4: Applications of stem cells. 139
Table 3 5: Growth factors with positive effects on stem cells and applications. 158
Table 3 6: Examples of drugs that induce granulocytopenia at stem cell level. 159
Table 3 7: Academic institutes involved in stem cell research. 170
Table 3 8: Companies involved in stem cell technologies. 172
Table 4 1: Therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (T-regs). 187
Table 4 2: Various tissue/cell therapy approaches to the treatment of type 1 diabetes. 193
Table 4 3: Companies involved in cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. 208
Table 4 4: Major pulmonary disorders potentially treatable by stem cell manipulation. 221
Table 4 5: Cell-based repair of knee cartilage damage. 235
Table 5 1: Classification of various types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders. 259
Table 5 2: Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease. 292
Table 6 1: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer. 299
Table 6 2: Companies involved in developing cell-based therapies for cancer. 333
Table 7 1: Experimental use of immortalized cells for CNS disorders. 350
Table 7 2: Methods for delivering cell therapies in CNS disorders. 357
Table 7 3: Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy. 363
Table 7 4: Types of cell used for investigative treatment of Parkinson' s disease. 368
Table 7 5: Status of cell therapies for Parkinson' s disease. 368
Table 7 6: Clinical trials with cell-based therapies in neurological disorders. 415
Table 8 1: Possible adverse reactions and safety issues of cell therapy. 417
Table 8 2: Listed numbers of stem cell lines around the world as of end of 2008. 430
Table 8 3: Stem cell policies around the world. 431
Figures
Figure 1 1: Interrelationships of cell therapy to other technologies. 27
Figure 1 2: Interrelationships of gene, cell and protein therapies. 29
Figure 3 1: A simplified biological scheme of embryonic stem Cells. 66
Figure 3 2: Steps of iPS cell production. 97
Figure 3 3: Flow chart of development of stem cells with potential bottlenecks. 176
Figure 5 1: hESC-derived cardiomyocytes from laboratory to bedside. 271
Figure 6 1: A scheme of generation and administration of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. 307
Figure 6 2: Stem cell transplantation techniques. 313
Figure 7 1: Stem cells that can give rise to neurons. 345
Figure 7 2: Approaches to stem cell therapy in stroke. 386
Part II
10. Markets and Future Prospects for Cell Therapy. 9
Introduction. 9
Methods for estimation of cell therapy markets. 9
Potential markets for cell therapy. 10
Markets according to technologies. 10
Stem cell transplant. 10
hESC markets. 10
Blood transfusion market. 10
Cord blood collection and storage. 11
Cell therapy and related technologies. 11
Cell therapy markets according to therapeutic area. 11
Bone and joint disorders. 12
Cancer. 12
Cardiovascular disorders. 12
Diabetes mellitus. 13
Liver disorders. 13
Neurological disorders. 14
Retinal degenerative diseases market. 14
Skin and wound care. 15
Urinary incontinence. 15
Reconstruction of teeth by stem cell implants. 15
Market size according to geographical areas. 15
Unmet market needs in cell therapy. 16
Drivers of growth of cell therapy markets. 17
Role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. 17
Role of cells in markets for artificial organs. 18
Increase of R&D expense on cell therapy. 18
Increased used of cell-based drug discovery. 18
Impact of emerging healthcare trends on cell therapy markets. 18
Future prospects of cell therapy. 18
Embryonic stem cell research around the world. 19
Consortia for ESC research in Europe. 19
EuroStemCell. 19
FunGenES. 20
ESTOOLS. 21
UK National Stem Cell Network. 22
Ethical concerns about commercialization of embryonic stem cells. 22
Education of the physicians. 22
Public education. 22
NIH support of stem cell research. 23
Funding of stem cell research from non-federal sources. 23
Prospects of venture capital support for stem cell companies. 25
Cell therapy in the developing countries. 25
Guidelines for stem cell therapies. 26
Business strategies. 27
Formation of networks. 27
Future market potential of adult vs embryonic stem cells. 28
11. Companies Involved in Cell Therapy. 29
Introduction. 29
Profiles of selected companies. 31
Collaborations. 324
12. Academic Institutions. 333
Introduction. 333
Stem cell center. 333
Profiles of institutions. 334
Collaborations. 416
Tables
Table 10 1: Market size according to cell therapy and related technologies 2008-2018. 10
Table 10 2: Market size according to therapeutic areas for cell therapy 2008-2018. 11
Table 10 3: Cell therapy markets for cardiovascular disorders 2008-2018. 13
Table 10 4: Values of cell therapies for neurological disorders 2008-2018. 14
Table 10 5: Total cell therapy market according to geographical areas 2008-2018. 16
Table 10 6: Cord blood market according to geographical areas 2008-2018. 16
Table 10 7: Stem cells transplant market according to geographical areas 2008-2018. 16
Table 11 1: Publicly traded cell therapy companies. 29
Table 11 2: Selected collaborations of cell therapy companies. 324
Table 12 1: Therapeutic uses of stem cells. 341
Table 12 2: Commercial collaborations of academic institutes in the US relevant to stem cells. 416
Figures
Figure 10 1: Unmet needs in cell therapy. 17
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