Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

Table of Contents

Part I

0. Executive Summar 21

1. Introduction to Cell Therap 25

• Introductio 25
• Historical landmarks of cell therap 25
• Interrelationship of cell therapy technologie 27
• Cells and organ transplantatio 27
• Cells and protein/gene therap 28
• Cell therapy and regenerative medicin 29
• Cells therapy and tissue engineerin 29
• Therapy based on cells involved in diseas 30
• Advantages of therapeutic use of cell 30
• Use of cells for improving drug deliver 31

2. Cell Therapy Technologie 33

• Introductio 33
• Cell types used for therap 33
• Sources of cell 33
• Xenograft 34
• Cell line 34
• Immortalized cell 34
• Blood component therap 34
• Therapeutic apheresi 34
• Leukoreductio 35
• Platelet therap 35
• Basic technologies for cell therap 36
• Cell cultur 36
• Observation of stem cell growth and viabilit 36
• Companies involved in cell cultur 36
• Cell sortin 38
• Flow cytometr 38
• A dielectrophoretic system for cell separatio 39
• Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cell 39
• Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorte 39
• Nanocytometr 40
• Companies supplying cell sorter 40
• Dynabead technology for cell sortin 41
• ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cell 41
• Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface marker 42
• Cell analysi 42
• Preservation of cell 43
• Innovations in cryopreservatio 43
• Packaging of cell 43
• Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherap 44
• Cloning and cell therap 44
• Techniques for cell manipulatio 45
• Cell-based drug discover 45
• Cells as vehicles for drug deliver 48
• Drug delivery systems for cell therap 48
• Intravenous delivery of stem cell 48
• Pharmacologically active microcarrier 49
• Devices for delivery of cell therap 49
• Artificial cell 50
• Applications of artificial cell 50
• Cell encapsulatio 50
• Diffusion capsule for cell 51
• Encapsulated cell biodeliver 51
• Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cell 52
• Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cell 53
• Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cell 54
• Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MR 54
• Companies involved in encapsulated cell technolog 54
• Electroporatio 55
• Gene therap 56
• Cell-mediated gene therap 56
• Fibroblast 56
• Chondrocyt 57
• Skeletal muscle cell 57
• Vascular smooth muscle cell 58
• Keratinocyte 58
• Hepatocyte 58
• Lymphocyte 59
• Mammalian artificial chromosome 59
• In vivo tracking of cell 59
• Molecular imaging for tracking cell 59
• MRI technologies for tracking cell 60
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent 61
• Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MR 61
• Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therap 61
• Cell transplantation for development of organ 62
• Cells transplantation and toleranc 62
• Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cell 63
• Encapsulation to prevent immune rejectio 63
• Prevention of rejection of xenotransplant 63
• Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the bod 64
• Therapeutic leukocytapheresi 64

3. Stem Cell 65

• Introductio 65
• Biology of stem cell 66
• Embryonic stem cell 66
• Growth and differentiation of ESC 66
• Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiatio 67
• Role of Pax3 in stem cell differentiatio 67
• ESCs and signaling pathway 68
• Genetic signature of of stem cell 68
• Epigenetics of hESC 68
• Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC developmen 69
• Mechanism of differentiation of ESC 69
• Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiatio 70
• Comparison of development of human and mouse ESC 70
• In vitro differentiation of hESC 70
• Global transcription in pluripotent ESC 71
• Signaling pathways and transcription factors in ESC 71
• Stem cells in the pituitary glan 71
• hESCs in stead of oocytes for reprogramming human somatic nucle 72
• Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissue 72
• Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cell 72
• Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cell 73
• Parthenogenesis and human stem cell 73
• Uniparental ESC 74
• Bone marrow stem cell 74
• Hematopoietic stem cell 74
• Role of HSCs in the immune syste 76
• Derivation of HSCs from ESC 76
• Mesenchymal stem cell 77
• Multipotent adult progenitor cell 78
• Side population (SP) stem cell 79
• Differentiation of adult stem cell 79
• Growth and differentiation of HSC 80
• Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSC 80
• Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSC 80
• Role of prions in self renewal of HSC 81
• Sources of stem cell 81
• Sources of of human embryonic stem cell 81
• Nuclear transfer to obtain hESC 82
• Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfe 83
• Alternative methods of obtaining hESC 83
• Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embry 83
• Altered nuclear transfe 84
• Small embryonic-like stem cell 85
• Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantatio 85
• Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantatio 85
• Spermatogonial stem cell 86
• Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cell 87
• Placenta as source of stem cell 87
• Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cell 87
• Placenta as a source of HSC 88
• Umbilical cord as a source of MSC 88
• Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cell 88
• Cryopreservation of UCB stem cell 89
• UCB as source of MSC 90
• Applications of UC 90
• Advantages of UC 90
• Limitations of the use of UC 91
• Licensing and patent disputes involving UC 92
• Infections following UCB transplant 92
• Unanswered questions about UCB transplantatio 93
• Companies involved in UCB bankin 93
• UCB banking in the U 94
• US national UCB banking syste 95
• Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cell 96
• Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cell 96
• Characteristics of iPSC 97
• Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSC 97
• Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSC 98
• iPSCs derived from bloo 98
• iPSCs derived from ski 98
• Clinical relevance of iPSC 99
• Sources of adult human stem cell 99
• Adipose tissue as a source of stem cell 99
• Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cell 100
• iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cell 100
• Skin as a source of stem cell 100
• Follicle stem cell 100
• Mesenchymal stem cells in ski 101
• Epidermal neural crest stem cell 101
• Regulation of stem cells in hair follicle 102
• Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cell 102
• Stem cells in teet 102
• Peripheral blood stem cell 103
• Spleen as a source of adult stem cell 104
• Search for master stem cell 104
• Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cell 104
• Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cell 105
• Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicle 106
• Stem cells obtained from blood in adult 106
• VENT cell 107
• Stem cell technologie 107
• Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiatio 107
• Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cell 108
• Stem cell biomarker 108
• Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSC 108
• STEMPRO&rec; EZChek™ for analysis of biomarkers of hESC 109
• SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSC 109
• p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cell 109
• Neural stem cell biomarke 109
• Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cell 110
• Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarker 110
• Study of stem cell gene 110
• Gene inactivation to study hESC 111
• RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESC 111
• Study of ESC development by inducible RNA 112
• Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome 112
• Homologous recombination of ESC 112
• Immortalization of hESCs by telomeras 112
• Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nucleas 113
• miRNA and stem cell 113
• Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiatio 114
• Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenanc 114
• Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expressio 115
• Stem cells and clonin 115
• Cell nuclear replacement and clonin 115
• Nuclear transfer and ESC 115
• Cloning from differentiated cell 117
• Cloning mice from adult stem cell 117
• Creating interspecies stem cell 118
• Cloned cells for transplantation medicin 118
• Claims of cloning of hESC 118
• Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cell 120
• Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cell 120
• Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cell 121
• Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cell 121
• Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing recepto 122
• Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homsper 122
• Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in cultur 123
• Ex vivo expansion of MSC 123
• Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenas 124
• Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct 124
• Expansion of transduced HSCs in viv 124
• Mobilization of HSCs by growth factor 125
• Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokine 125
• Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitor 126
• Mobilization of stem cells by HYC75 126
• Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxyge 127
• Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factor 127
• Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marro 128
• Selective Amplificatio 128
• Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonist 128
• Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzatio 129
• Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligand 129
• Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cell 129
• Use of lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESC 129
• Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPC 129
• Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESC 130
• Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cell 130
• Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSC 130
• Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cell 131
• Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cell 131
• Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiatio 131
• Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the U 132
• Contaminating material in stem cell culture and measures to eliminate i 132
• Stem cell separatio 133
• Stem cell cultur 134
• Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocyte 134
• Mass production of ESC 135
• Promoting survival of dissociated hESC 135
• Analysis and characterization of stem cell 135
• Havesting and identification of EPC 136
• Labeling of stem cell 136
• Quantum dots for labeling hMSC 137
• Imaging and tracking of stem cells in viv 137
• Quantum dot imaging for ESC 137
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in viv 137
• Project for imaging in stem cell therapy researc 138
• Applications of stem cell 138
• Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cell 139
• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantatio 139
• Complications of PBSC transplantation in childre 139
• Stem cell transplantation for radiation sicknes 140
• Stem cells and human reproductio 140
• Expansion of spermatogonial stem cell 140
• Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cell 140
• Conversion of stem cells to oocyte 141
• ESCs for treatment of infertility in wome 141
• Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laborator 142
• In utero stem cell transplantatio 142
• Innovations in delivery of stem cell 143
• Immunological aspects of hESC transplantatio 143
• Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplant 144
• Histocompatibility of hESC 144
• Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESC 144
• Stem cells for organ vascularizatio 145
• Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPC 146
• Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cell 146
• Stem cell gene therap 146
• Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfe 147
• Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expressio 147
• Genetic manipulation of ESC 147
• HSCs for gene therap 148
• Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESC 148
• Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cell 149
• Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technolog 149
• Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therap 149
• Molecular vibration for gene transfe 150
• Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therap 150
• Stem cells and in utero gene therap 150
• Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfe 151
• The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therap 151
• Stem cell pharmaceutic 151
• Stem cells for drug discover 151
• Advantages of using stem cells for drug discover 152
• Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drug 152
• Hepatocytes derived from hESC 153
• Cardiomyocytes derived from hESC 153
• ESCs as source of models for drug discover 154
• Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brai 155
• Use of ESCs for toxicology and drug safety studie 155
• European projects for safety testing of drugs using ESC 156
• Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cell 157
• Adverse effects of drugs on stem cell 159
• Future challenges for stem cell technologie 159
• Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiatio 159
• MBD3-deficient ESC lin 160
• In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cell 160
• Stem cell biology and cance 160
• Research into plasticity of stem cells from adult 161
• Stem cells and agin 161
• Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cell 162
• Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiatio 162
• Stem cell gene 163
• Gene expression in hESC 163
• The casanova gene in zebrafis 164
• Nanog gen 164
• Stem cell proteomic 165
• hESC phosphoproteom 166
• Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cell 166
• Proteomic profiling of neural stem cell 166
• Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiativ 167
• Genomic alterations in cultured hESC 167
• Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell researc 167
• Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cell 168
• Markers for characterizing hESC line 169
• Stem cell research at academic center 169
• International Regulome Consortiu 171
• Companies involved in stem cell technologie 171
• Concluding remarks about stem cell 176
• Challenges and future prospects of stem cell researc 176

4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therap 179

• Introductio 179
• Cell therapy for hematological disorder 179
• Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cell 179
• Hemophilia 179
• Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia 179
• Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia 180
• Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopeni 181
• Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemi 181
• Treatment of chronic acquired anemia 181
• Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEp 182
• Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemi 182
• Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathie 182
• Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosi 183
• Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorder 183
• Cell therapy for immunological disorder 184
• Role of dendritic cells in the immune syste 184
• Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixture 184
• Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous diseas 185
• Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficienc 185
• Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorder 185
• Treatment of Crohn' s disease with stem cell 186
• Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cell 186
• Stem cell transplants for scleroderm 186
• Role of T-Cells in immunological disorder 187
• Autologous T-cells from adult stem cell 188
• Cell therapy for graft vs host diseas 188
• Cell therapy for viral infection 189
• T-cell therapy for CM 189
• T-cell therapy for HIV infectio 189
• T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cell 190
• Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cell 190
• Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HI 190
• Cell therapy of lysosomal storage disease 191
• Niemann-Pick diseas 191
• Gaucher' s diseas 192
• Fabry' s diseas 192
• Cell therapy for diabetes mellitu 193
• Limitations of current treatmen 193
• Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitu 193
• Limitations of pancreatic transplantatio 194
• Islet cell transplantatio 194
• Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatiti 194
• Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabete 195
• Drawbacks of islet cell therap 195
• Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantatio 196
• Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and functio 196
• A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabete 197
• Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MR 197
• Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabete 197
• Encapsulation of insulin producing cell 198
• Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancrea 198
• Encapsulated insulinoma cell 198
• Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplant 198
• Islet precursor cell 199
• Dedifferentiation of β cells to promote regeneratio 200
• Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissu 200
• Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cell 200
• Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the chil 201
• Bio-artificial substitutes for pancrea 201
• Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabete 201
• Pancreatic stem cell 201
• Embryonic stem cells for diabete 202
• Isolation of islet progenitor cell 203
• Expansion of pancreatic progenitor cells in vitr 203
• Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cell 204
• Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cell 204
• Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patient 205
• HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therap 205
• Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabete 205
• Gene therapy in diabete 206
• Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabete 206
• Genetically engineered dendritic cell 206
• Genetically altered liver cell 207
• Genetically modified stem cell 207
• Companies developing cell therapy for diabete 207
• Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabete 208
• Cell therapy for liver disorder 209
• Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorder 210
• Bioartificial live 211
• Limitations of bioartificial live 211
• Stem cells for hepatic disorder 211
• Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSC 212
• Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissu 213
• MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failur 213
• Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorder 213
• Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblast 214
• Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocyte 214
• Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantatio 214
• Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cell 214
• Clinical application 215
• Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorder 215
• Cell therapy of renal disorder 216
• Bioartificial kidne 216
• Bone marrow stem cells for renal diseas 216
• Human stem cells to prevent end stage renal diseas 217
• Role of stem cells in renal repai 217
• Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal diseas 217
• Mesangial cell therap 218
• Cell therapy for pulmonary disorder 218
• Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorder 218
• Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasi 218
• Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorder 218
• Lung tissue regeneration from stem cell 219
• Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlun 219
• Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cell 219
• Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESC 220
• Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cell 220
• Cell-based tissue-engineering of airwa 221
• Pulmonary disorders that are treatable by stem cell 221
• Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSC 222
• Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSC 222
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPC 222
• Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joint 223
• Repair of fractures and bone defect 223
• Adult stem cells for bone graftin 225
• Stem cells for repairing skull defect 225
• Mesenchymal stem cells for repair of bones and joint 225
• Osteoce 227
• Cell therapy for osteonecrosi 228
• Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfect 228
• Stem cell-based bone tissue engineerin 229
• In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantatio 229
• Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joint 230
• Mosaicplast 230
• Autologous cultured chondrocyte 230
• Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantatio 231
• Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-&beta 232
• Generation of cartilage from stem cell 233
• Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injurie 234
• Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injur 236
• Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repai 236
• Platelet injection for tennis elbo 236
• Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthriti 237
• Cell therapy for regeneratio 237
• Stem cells for regeneratio 237
• Stem cells for regenerating organ 238
• Umbilical cord blood for regeneratio 239
• Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signalin 239
• Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epitheliu 239
• Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wastin 240
• MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damag 240
• Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repai 240
• Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcer 241
• CellSpray for wound repai 242
• Role of follicular stem cells in skin and wound repai 242
• Cell therapy for burn 243
• Genetically engineered cells for wound repai 244
• Cell therapy for corneal repai 244
• Closure of incisions with laser guns and cell 245
• Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblast 246
• Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surger 246
• Stem cells for tissue repai 246
• Scaffolds for tissue engineerin 247
• Improving vascularization of engineered tissue 247
• Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therap 248
• Choosing cells for tissue engineerin 248
• ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineerin 248
• Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineerin 249
• Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineerin 249
• Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organ 250
• Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cell 250
• Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstructio 251
• Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSC 251
• Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSC 252
• Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary syste 252
• Urinary incontinenc 252
• Tissue engineering of urinary bladde 254
• Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repai 254
• Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uteru 254
• Reconstruction of vagina from stem cell 255
• Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplan 255
• Cell therapy for rejuvenatio 255
• Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sport 255
• Application of stem cells in veterinary medicin 256
• Use of stem cells to repair tendon injurie 256
• Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dog 257

5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorder 259

• Introduction to cardiovascular disorder 259
• Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic diseas 259
• Tyes of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorder 259
• Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart diseas 260
• Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured hear 261
• Human cardiovascular progenitor cell 261
• Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocyte 262
• Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cell 262
• Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery diseas 262
• MyoCell"! (Bioheart 263
• Cardiac stem cell 263
• Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardiu 264
• Methods of delivery of cells to the hear 264
• Cellular cardiomyoplast 265
• IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for M 265
• Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by MorphRguide cathete 265
• Cell therapy for cardiac revascularizatio 265
• Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardiu 265
• Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplast 266
• Role of cells in cardiac tissue repai 267
• Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarctio 267
• Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast cultur 268
• Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscl 268
• Myocardial tissue engineerin 268
• Role of stem cells in repair of the hear 269
• Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injur 269
• Cardiomyocytes derived from ESC 270
• Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repai 271
• Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therap 272
• Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cell 272
• Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SC 272
• Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantatio 273
• Role of ESCs in repair of the hear 273
• ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the hear 274
• Transplantation of stem cells for acute myocardial infarctio 274
• Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutic 274
• Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cell 275
• Transplantation of cord blood stem cell 275
• Transplantation of hESC 275
• Transplantation of HSC 276
• Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursor 277
• Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cell 277
• Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived cells for AM 278
• Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cell 278
• Transplantation of endothelial cell 279
• Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESC 279
• Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneratio 279
• Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therap 279
• Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneratio 280
• In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the hear 281
• MSCs for hibernating myocardiu 281
• Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblast 282
• Transplantation of genetically modified cell 282
• Transplantation of genetically modified MSC 282
• Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth facto 282
• Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cell 283
• Cell transplantation for congestive heart failur 283
• Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failur 283
• Injection of adult stem cells for congestive heart failur 284
• AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failur 284
• Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopath 285
• Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmia 285
• Atrioventricular conduction bloc 286
• Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemaker 286
• Ventricular tachycardi 287
• Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineerin 287
• ESCs for correction of congenital heart defect 288
• Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart diseas 288
• Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemi 289
• Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineerin 289
• Construction of blood vessels with cell 289
• Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticle 290
• Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac graft 290
• UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valve 290
• Stem cell therapy for peripheral vascular diseas 291
• Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular diseas 292
• Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart diseas 294
• A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart diseas 295
• Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CV 295
• Future directions for cell therapy of CV 296
• Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of hear 296
• Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cell 297

6. Cell Therapy for Cance 299

• Introductio 299
• Cell therapy technologies for cance 299
• Cellular immunotherapy for cance 300
• Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cell 300
• Granulocytes as anticancer agent 301
• Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cance 301
• Cancer vaccine 302
• Autologous tumor cell vaccine 302
• Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigen 303
• Gene modified cancer cells vaccine 303
• GVAX cancer vaccine 303
• Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumo 304
• The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccinatio 304
• Basics of dendritic cell vaccine 304
• Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccine 304
• In vivo manipulation of dendritic cell 305
• Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRN 305
• Dendritic/tumor cell fusio 305
• Genetically modified dendritic cell 306
• Limitations of DC vaccines for cance 307
• Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccine 307
• Lymphocyte-based cancer therapie 308
• Adoptive immunotherap 308
• Rescue of CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherap 309
• Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte 310
• Genetically targeted T cells for treating B cell malignancie 310
• Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 311
• Genetic engineering of tumor cell 311
• Hybrid cell vaccinatio 312
• Stem cell-based anticancer therapie 312
• Stem cell transplantation in cance 312
• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantatio 312
• Autologous stem cell transplantatio 314
• Complications of stem cell transplants in cance 315
• Long-term results of HSC transplantatio 316
• Prediction of T-cell reconstitution after HSC transplantatio 316
• HSC transplantation followed by GM-CSF-secreting cell vaccine 317
• Role of mesenchymal stem cells in cance 317
• Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantatio 318
• Umbilical cord blood transplant for leukemi 318
• hESC-derived NK cells for treatment of cance 319
• ESC vaccine for prevention of lung cance 319
• Genetic modification of stem cells for cancer therap 320
• Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cell 320
• Use of hematopoietic stem cells to deliver suicide genes to tumor 320
• Delivery of anticancer agents by genetically engineered MSC 320
• Mesenchymal progenitor cells for delivery of oncolytic adenoviruse 321
• Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastom 321
• Innovations in cell-based therapy of cance 322
• Use of immortalized cell 322
• Cancer therapy based on natural killer cell 322
• Mesothelin as a target for cancer immunotherap 322
• Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therap 323
• Implantation of genetically modified encapsulated cells for anticancer therap 323
• Antiangiogenesis therapy by implantation of microencapsulated cell 323
• Recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protei 323
• NovaCaps® for pancreatic cance 324
• A device for filtering cancer and stem cells in the bloo 324
• Cancer stem cell 324
• Role of integrative nuclear signaling in stem cell developmen 325
• Cancer stem cell marker 325
• Breast cancer stem cell 325
• Role of intestinal stem cells in intestinal polyposi 326
• Role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesi 326
• Role of cancer stem cells in metastase 327
• Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cell 327
• Targeting cancer stem cells in leukemi 328
• Targeting stem cells in ovarian cance 328
• Targeting cancer stem cells to screen anticancer drug 328
• Cell-based therapies for malignant brain tumor 329
• Role of cancer stem cells in resistance to radiotherap 329
• Targeting stem cells in brain tumor 329
• Neural stem cells for drug/gene delivery to brain tumor 330
• Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of glioma 331
• Bone morphogenetic protein for inhibition of glioblastoma multiform 331
• Dendritic cell therapy for brain tumor 331
• Encapsulated cells for brain tumor 332
• Companies involved in cell-based cancer therap 333
• American Association for Cancer Research and ESC 334
• Future of cell-based immunotherapy for cance 335

7. Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorder 337

• Introductio 337
• Regeneration of the nervous system by endogenous stem cell 337
• Molecular mechanism of neurogenesi 337
• Generation of neurons from astrogli 338
• In vivo cell replacement therapy by locally induced neural progenitor cell 338
• Types of cells used for treatment of neurological disorder 339
• Activated T lymphocyte 339
• Differentiation of placenta-derived multipotent cells into neuron 339
• Mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete neurotrophic factor 340
• Neural stem cell 340
• Regulation of neural stem cells in the brai 340
• Study of neural differentiation of hESCs by NeuroStem Chi 341
• Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesi 341
• Neural progenitor cell 342
• Distinction between NSCs and intermediate neural progenitor 344
• Development of human CNS stem cell 344
• Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brai 345
• Mechanism of migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injur 345
• Transformation of neural stem cells into other cell type 346
• Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticle 346
• Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell 346
• Proteomics of neural stem cell 346
• Use of epidermal neural crest stem cells for neurological disorder 347
• Neural stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicle 347
• Olfactory epithelium stem cells for transplantation in the CN 347
• Development of CNS cells from extraneural stem cell 348
• Hair-follicle stem cells for neural repai 349
• Stem cells from human umbilical cord blood for CNS disorder 349
• Immortalized cells for CNS disorder 349
• Fetal tissue transplant 350
• Choroid plexus cell 351
• Laboratory mice with human brain cell 351
• Expansion of adult human neural progenitor 351
• Neurosphere 352
• Dental pulp cells for neuroprotectio 352
• Ideal cells for transplantation into the nervous syste 352
• Cell therapy techniques for neurological application 353
• Stem cells preparations for CNS disorder 353
• Neuronal differentiation of stem cell 354
• hESCs for CNS repai 354
• Enhancement of growth of stem cells in the brain by drug 355
• Carbon nanotubes to aid stem cell therapy of neurological disorder 356
• Use of neural stem cells to construct the blood brain barrie 356
• Tracking of stem cells in the CNS by nanoparticles and MR 356
• Methods of delivery of cells to the CN 357
• Encapsulated cell 357
• CNS neotissue implan 357
• Intrathecal delivery of stem cell 358
• CNS delivery of cells by catheter 359
• Intravascular administratio 359
• Cells used for gene therapy of neurological disorder 359
• Fibroblast 360
• Stem cell 360
• Neuronal cell 360
• Immortalized neural progenitor cell 361
• Astrocyte 361
• Cerebral endothelial cell 361
• Human retinal pigmented epithelial cell 362
• Neurological disorders amenable to cell therap 362
• Neuroprotection by cell therap 363
• Cells secreting neuroprotective substance 363
• Stem cells for neuroprotectio 363
• Neuroprotection by intravenous administration of HSC 363
• Human UCB-derived stem cells for the aging brai 364
• Neurodegenerative disorder 364
• Role of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorder 364
• MSCs for therapy of neurodegenerative disorder 365
• Role of NSCs in disorders associated with aging brai 366
• NSCs for improving memor 366
• Parkinson' s diseas 367
• Origin and fate of dopamine neuron 368
• Human dopaminergic neurons for P 368
• Graft survival-enhancing drug 369
• Xenografting porcine fetal neuron 369
• Encapsulated cells for P 370
• Stem cells for P 370
• Stem cells for production of glial derived neurotrophic facto 372
• Potential of regeneration of endogenous stem cells in P 372
• Human retinal pigment epithelium cells for P 373
• Coaxing hESCs to produce dopamin 374
• Tumorigenic potential of transplantated dopaminergic hESC 374
• Delivery of cells for P 374
• MSCs for multiple system atroph 374
• Cell therapy for Huntington' s diseas 375
• Fetal striatal cell transplantatio 375
• Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus cell 375
• Cell therapy for Alzheimer' s diseas 376
• Neural stem cell implantation for Alzheimer' s diseas 376
• Implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NG 377
• Cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosi 377
• Cell nuclear replacement technique for study of AL 377
• Use of stem cells for AL 378
• Transplantation of glial restricted precursors in AL 379
• Stem cell-based drug discovery for AL 379
• Cell therapy for lysosomal storage disorder 380
• Cell therapy for Batten diseas 380
• Genetically modified HSCs for metachromatic leukodystroph 381
• Cell therapy for demyelinating disorder 381
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosi 381
• Embryonic stem cells for remyelinatio 382
• Neural precursor cells for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosi 382
• Stem cells for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropath 383
• Fusokine method of personalized cell therapy of multiple sclerosi 383
• Cell therapy of strok 384
• Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexu 384
• Transplantation of fetal porcine cell 385
• Adult stem cell therapy in strok 385
• Implantation of genetically programmed ESC 385
• Intravenous infusion of marrow stromal cell 386
• Intravenous infusion of UCB stem cell 386
• Intracerebral administration of human adipose tissue stromal cell 387
• Intracerebral administration of multipotent adult progenitor cell 387
• Neural stem cell therapy for strok 387
• Future of cell therapy for strok 388
• Cell therapy of traumatic brain injur 389
• Cell/gene therapy for TB 390
• Clinical trials of autologous HSC therapy for TB 390
• Limitations of stem cell therapy for acute TB 390
• Improving the microenvironments of transplanted cells in TB 391
• Cell therapy for spinal cord injur 391
• Fetal neural grafts for SC 392
• Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SC 392
• Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SC 392
• Schwann cell transplants for SC 393
• Transplantation of glial cells for SC 393
• Stem cells for SC 393
• Bone marrow stem cells for SC 393
• Embryonic stem cells for SC 393
• Transplantation of MSCs for SC 394
• Transplantation of NSCs for SC 395
• Transdifferentiation of BM stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SC 395
• Spinal stem cells for treatment of ischemic injury of spinal cor 395
• Combined approaches for regeneration in SC 396
• Combined cell/gene therapy for SC 396
• Delivery of cells in SC 397
• Intrathecal injection of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticle 397
• Intravenous injection of stem cells for spinal cord repai 397
• Clinical applications of stem cells for SC 397
• Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for SC 398
• Cell therapy of syringomyeli 398
• Umbilical cord blood stem cells for neurogenetic disorder 398
• UCB stem cells for Krabbe' s diseas 398
• UCB stem cells for Hurler' s syndrom 399
• UCB stem cells for Sanfilippo syndrome type 399
• Combination of cell and gene therapy for Krabbe' s diseas 399
• Cell therapy of epileps 400
• Cell therapy of posttraumatic epileps 400
• Cell therapy for temporal lobe epileps 401
• Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsie 401
• Cell therapy for developmental neurological disorder 401
• Cell therapy for cerebral pals 402
• Cell therapy for muscular dystroph 402
• Cell transplant for Duchenne muscular dystroph 403
• Myoblast-based gene transfe 403
• Transplantation of myoblasts lacking the MyoD gen 404
• HSCs for DM 404
• Improvement of DMD therapy by using muscle-derived stem cell 404
• Combination of cell and pharmacotherapy for DM 405
• Myoblast injection for treatment of other muscular dystrophie 406
• Cell therapy for Autis 406
• Management of chronic intractable pain by cell therap 406
• Implantation of chromaffin cell 407
• Role of stem cells in management of pai 407
• Implantation of astrocytes secreting enkephali 408
• Cells for delivery of antinociceptive molecule 408
• Implantation of genetically engineered cell 408
• Cell therapy for low back pai 408
• Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorder 409
• Genetically engineered retinal pigmented epithelial cell line 410
• Delivery of CNTF by encapsulated cell intraocular implant 410
• Stem cell transplantation in the retin 411
• Isolation of RPE cells from hESCs using transcriptomic 411
• ESCs for retinal degenerative disorder 411
• Neuroprotective effect of neural progenitor cell transplantatio 412
• Human retinal stem cell 412
• Combining cell and gene therapies for retinal disorder 412
• Stem cell therapy for hearing los 413
• Cell thery for peripheral nerve lesion 413
• Cell transplants for peripheral nerve injurie 413
• Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with endothelial progenitor cell 414
• Clinical trials of cell therapy in neurological disorder 414
• Future prospects for cell therapy of CNS disorder 415

8. Ethical, Regulatory, and Safety Aspects of Cell Therap 417

• Introductio 417
• Safety issues of cell therap 417
• Immune-mediated reactions to transpanted stem cell 417
• Human virus infections associated with stem cell transplantatio 418
• Herpes simplex virus type 418
• Cytomegaloviru 418
• Opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient 418
• Carcinogenic potential of stem cells and its preventio 419
• FDA safety regulations for cell and tissue product 419
• FDA Guidance on license applications for umbilical cord blood product 420
• Political and ethical aspects of hESC research in the U 420
• Ethical issues concerning fetal tissue 420
• Morality and hESC researc 421
• Opponents of hESC research in the U 421
• Ban on cloning and impact on hESC researc 421
• Political aspects of human hESC research in the U 422
• Use of hESCs in NIH-supported researc 422
• Public opinion in the US about hESC researc 424
• Scientists' view of stem cell research in the U 425
• New developments in stem cell research in the U 427
• Human stem cell cloning in the U 428
• Stem cell guidelines of various US institution 428
• Ethics of transplanting human NSCs into the brains of nonhuman primate 429
• Stem cell lines available worldwid 430
• Stem cell policies around the worl 431
• Countries with no defined policies on hESC researc 431
• Australi 432
• Canad 432
• Chin 433
• Denmar 433
• Franc 434
• German 434
• Indi 436
• Irelan 436
• Israe 437
• Ital 437
• Japa 438
• The Netherland 438
• Saudi Arabi 439
• Singapor 439
• South Afric 439
• South Kore 440
• Spai 440
• Swede 440
• Switzerlan 441
• United Kingdo 441
• ESC ban 442
• European Unio 443
• EU guidelines for stem cell researc 443
• EMBO' s recommendations for stem cell researc 444
• United Nations, cloning and nuclear transfe 445
• The Embryo Project for information on ESC researc 446
• Concluding remarks about ethics of ESC researc 446
• Ethical issues concerning umbilical cord bloo 446
• Regulatory issue 447
• Regulation of cord blood banks in the U 447
• Regulatory issues for biotechnology-derived drug 447
• Regulation of cell selection devices for production of PBSCs at point of car 448
• FDA rules for human cells and tissue 448
• FDA regulation of fetal cellular or tissue product 449
• FDA and clinical trials using hESC 450
• Cell and gene therapy INDs placed on hold by the FD 450
• NIH regulation of fetal cellular or tissue product 451
• Regulatory issues for genetically engineered cell transplant 451
• FDA guidelines for human tissue transplantatio 451
• Xenotransplantatio 452
• Clinical Protocol Review and Oversigh 452
• Informed consent and patient educatio 452
• Xenotransplantation product source 452
• FDA guidelines for xenograft 453
• Regulations relevant to cell therapy in the European Unio 455
• Regulations about use of stem cell 455
• EMEA regulation of cell/gene therap 455
• Guidelines for cell therapy in the U 456
• Clinical trials in cell therap 457
• Stem cell patent 457
• Stem cell patents in the United State 458
• Current status of Thomson patents at WAR 458
• Stem cell patents in the European Unio 459

9. Reference 461

Tables

• Table 1 1: Landmarks in the history of cell therap 25
• Table 1 2: Examples of cells involved in various disease 30
• Table 2 1: Types of human cells used in cell therap 33
• Table 2 2: A selection of companies providing cell culture medi 37
• Table 2 3: A sampling of companies supplying cell sorter 40
• Table 2 4: Companies involved in cell-based drug discover 46
• Table 2 5: Methods of delivery of cells for therapeutic purpose 48
• Table 2 6: Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cell 52
• Table 2 7: Companies working on encapsulated cell technolog 54
• Table 2 8: Molecular imaging methods for tracking cells in viv 60
• Table 3 1: Companies involved in cord blood banking as a source of stem cell 93
• Table 3 2: Sources of adult human stem cell 99
• Table 3 3: Enhancing engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cell 120
• Table 3 4: Applications of stem cell 138
• Table 3 5: Growth factors with positive effects on stem cells and application 157
• Table 3 6: Examples of drugs that induce granulocytopenia at stem cell leve 159
• Table 3 7: Academic institutes involved in stem cell researc 169
• Table 3 8: Companies involved in stem cell technologie 171
• Table 4 1: Therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (T-regs 187
• Table 4 2: Various tissue/cell therapy approaches to the treatment of type 1 diabete 193
• Table 4 3: Companies involved in cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabete 208
• Table 4 4: Major pulmonary disorders potentially treatable by stem cell manipulatio 221
• Table 4 5: Cell-based repair of knee cartilage damag 234
• Table 5 1: Classification of various types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorder 259
• Table 5 2: Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular diseas 292
• Table 6 1: Cell therapy technologies used for cance 299
• Table 6 2: Companies involved in developing cell-based therapies for cance 333
• Table 7 1: Experimental use of immortalized cells for CNS disorder 349
• Table 7 2: Methods for delivering cell therapies in CNS disorder 357
• Table 7 3: Neurological disorders amenable to cell therap 362
• Table 7 4: Types of cell used for investigative treatment of Parkinson' s diseas 367
• Table 7 5: Status of cell therapies for Parkinson' s diseas 367
• Table 7 6: Clinical trials with cell-based therapies in neurological disorder 414
• Table 8 1: Possible adverse reactions and safety issues of cell therap 417
• Table 8 2: Listed numbers of stem cell lines around the world as of end of 200 430
• Table 8 3: Stem cell policies around the worl 431

Figures

• Figure 1 1: Interrelationships of cell therapy to other technologie 27
• Figure 1 2: Interrelationships of gene, cell and protein therapie 29
• Figure 3 1: A simplified biological scheme of embryonic stem Cell 66
• Figure 3 2: Steps of iPS cell productio 97
• Figure 3 3: Flow chart of development of stem cells with potential bottleneck 176
• Figure 5 1: hESC-derived cardiomyocytes from laboratory to bedsid 271
• Figure 6 1: A scheme of generation and administration of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cell 307
• Figure 6 2: Stem cell transplantation technique 313
• Figure 7 1: Stem cells that can give rise to neuron 343
• Figure 7 2: Approaches to stem cell therapy in strok 385

Part II

10. Markets and Future Prospects for Cell Therap 9

• Introductio 9
• Methods for estimation of cell therapy market 9
• Potential markets for cell therap 10
• Markets according to technologie 10
• Stem cell transplan 10
• hESC market 10
• Blood transfusion marke 10
• Cord blood collection and storag 11
• Cell therapy and related technologie 11
• Cell therapy markets according to therapeutic are 11
• Bone and joint disorder 12
• Cance 12
• Cardiovascular disorder 12
• Diabetes mellitu 13
• Liver disorder 13
• Neurological disorder 14
• Retinal degenerative diseases marke 14
• Skin and wound car 15
• Urinary incontinenc 15
• Reconstruction of teeth by stem cell implant 15
• Market size according to geographical area 15
• Unmet market needs in cell therap 16
• Drivers of growth of cell therapy market 17
• Role of stem cells in regenerative medicin 17
• Role of cells in markets for artificial organ 18
• Increase of R&D expense on cell therap 18
• Increased used of cell-based drug discover 18
• Impact of emerging healthcare trends on cell therapy market 18
• Future prospects of cell therap 18
• Embryonic stem cell research around the worl 19
• Consortia for ESC research in Europ 19
• EuroStemCel 19
• FunGenE 20
• ESTOOL 21
• UK National Stem Cell Networ 22
• Ethical concerns about commercialization of embryonic stem cell 22
• Education of the physician 22
• Public educatio 22
• NIH support of stem cell researc 23
• Funding of stem cell research from non-federal source 23
• Prospects of venture capital support for stem cell companie 25
• Cell therapy in the developing countrie 25
• Guidelines for stem cell therapie 26
• Business strategie 27
• Formation of network 27
• Future market potential of adult vs embryonic stem cell 28

11. Companies Involved in Cell Therap 29

• Introductio 29
• Profiles of selected companie 31
• Collaboration 323

12. Academic Institution 333

• Introductio 333
• Stem cell cente 333
• Profiles of institution 334
• Collaboration 416

Tables

• Table 10 1: Market size according to cell therapy and related technologies 2008-201 10
• Table 10 2: Market size according to therapeutic areas for cell therapy 2008-201 11
• Table 10 3: Cell therapy markets for cardiovascular disorders 2008-201 13
• Table 10 4: Values of cell therapies for neurological disorders 2008-201 14
• Table 10 5: Total cell therapy market according to geographical areas 2008-201 16
• Table 10 6: Cord blood market according to geographical areas 2008-201 16
• Table 10 7: Stem cells transplant market according to geographical areas 2008-201 16
• Table 11 1: Publicly traded cell therapy companie 29
• Table 11 2: Selected collaborations of cell therapy companie 322
• Table 12 1: Therapeutic uses of stem cell 339
• Table 12 2: Commercial collaborations of academic institutes in the US relevant to stem cell 414

Figures

• Figure 10 1: Unmet needs in cell therap 17