Drug Delivery in Cancer - technologies, markets and companies

Table of Contents

0. Executive Summary

1. Introduction to cancer therapy

• Molecular biology of cancer
• The genesis of cancer
• Normal cell cycle and growth
• Oncogenes
• Tumor Suppressor Genes
• Role of microRNAs in cancer
• Role of Bub 1 gene in cell division
• Accumulation of random mutations
• Chromosomal instability
• Aneuploidy
• Telomeres and cancer
• DNA methylation and cancer
• Anticancer treatments based on RNA regulation of genes
• Hallmarks of cancer
• Self-sufficiency of tumor proliferation
• Apoptosis
• Therapeutic implications of apoptosis in cancer
• Autophagy
• Induction of angiogenesis
• Acquisition of a potential for unlimited replication
• Invasion and metastases
• Cancer biomarkers
• Molecular imaging of cancer
• Cancer genomics
• Gene expression profiling in cancer
• Cancer proteomics
• Limitations of genomics and proteomics for understanding cancer
• Cancer microenvironment
• Epidemiology of cancer
• Current management of cancer
• Chemotherapy
• Limitations of cancer chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Brachytherapy
• Surgery
• Basics of drug delivery in cancer
• Historical landmarks in cancer drug delivery

2. Innovative treatments for cancer

• Introduction
• Selective estrogen receptor modulators
• Antiangiogenic strategies for cancer
• Development of antiangiogenic therapies
• Classification of antiangiogenic agents
• Examples of antiangiogenic agents
• Chemotherapy at lower than maximum tolerated dose
• Inhibitors of endothelial proliferation
• Inducers of apoptosis of endothelial cells of tumor vessels
• Lodamin
• Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors
• Monoclonal antibodies with vasculostatic properties
• PPARα agonists
• Rapalogues as antiangiogenic agents
• VEGF Trap
• Agents that decrease the permeability of tumor blood vessels
• Antiangiogenic agents in clinical trials
• Combination of antiangiogenic with cytotoxic therapy
• Bacterial anticancer agents
• Tumor-targeted bacteria
• Genetically modified Salmonella typhimurium as anticancer agent
• TAPET (Tumor Amplified Protein Expression Therapy)
• Bacterial protein for targeted delivery of liposomal cancer drugs
• Killed but metabolically active (KBMA) bacteria
• Bacterial toxins targeted to tumors
• Immunotoxins
• Escherichia Coli toxins
• Engineered anthrax toxin
• Recombinant fusion toxins
• Type III secretion systems
• Induction of apoptosis in cancer by bacterial proteins
• Induction of immune response by bacteriolytic therapy
• Innovations in cell therapy for cancer
• Stem cell transplantation for cancer
• Cancer drug/gene delivery by mesenchymal stem cells
• Cancer immunotherapy
• Cytokines
• Cancer vaccines
• 5T4 as a target for cancer immunotherapy
• Anti-telomerase vaccine
• Antigen-specific cancer vaccines
• Carcinoembryonic antigen-based vaccines
• Dendritic cells for cancer vaccination
• Hybrid cell vaccination
• Lymphocyte-based cancer therapies
• Tumor cell vaccines
• Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens
• Concluding remarks about cancer vaccines
• Cancer Vaccine Consortium
• Innovative methods of radiation delivery
• Image-guided ultrasound technology for delivery of radiation
• Respiratory gating technology for radiation therapy
• Positron therapy
• Boron neutron capture therapy
• Application of drug delivery systems to BNCP
• Use of nanotechnology to enhance BNCT
• Skeletal Targeted Radiotherapy
• Irreversible electroporation
• Methods to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR)
• P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR
• MDR-associated protein gene
• Strategies for overcoming MDR
• Blocking the action of P-glycoprotein
• Nitric oxide inducers
• Managing resistance to antiapoptotic action of anticancer agents
• Inhibition of DNA repair
• Liposome formulation of drugs
• Modification of the chemical structure of the anticancer drug
• Enzyme Catalyzed Therapeutic Activation
• Modulation of SPARC expression
• Iron chelators that overcomes resistance to chemotherapeutics
• Proton pump inhibitors
• Combination of targeted drugs with different specificities
• Targeted cancer therapies
• Targeting cellular pathways
• Targeting antigens in virus-associated cancer
• Targeting HAAH for cancer therapy
• Targeting mitochondrial membranes
• Targeting tumor lymphatics
• Targeting tyrosine kinase receptors
• Inhibitors of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase
• Inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinases
• Inhibitors of ErbB tyrosine kinase
• Targeting the Hedgehog signaling pathway
• Targeting caspase-8
• Targeting oncogenes
• Targeting miRNA for cancer therapeutics
• Targeting the transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway
• Targeted anticancer therapies based on the Rad51 promoter
• Targeting cancer stem cells
• Targeting glycoproteins
• Tagging cancer with sugars
• Anticancer agents based on glycobiology
• Targeting cell surface glycoproteins
• Biofusion for targeted cancer therapy
• Targeted drug delivery of anticancer agents with controlled activation
• Targeted delivery of anticancer agents with ReCODE™ technology
• Enhancing the effects of radiation and chemotherapy
• Sensitizing agents for chemotherapy
• Tesmilifene for chemosensitization
• CoFactor to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy
• Enzyme-enhanced chemotherapy
• Sensitizing agents for radiotherapy
• IPdR
• Manipulation of tumor oxygenation
• Hypoxia-based methods to enhance chemotherapy and radiotherapy
• Hyperbaric oxygen and radiation
• HIF-1 antagonists to enhance radiotherapy
• Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs enhance tumor radiosensitivity
• ONCONASE as radiosensitivity enhancer
• Hyperthermia and chemotherapy/radiation therapy
• Techniques for hyperthermia
• Trimodality therapy: radiation, chemotherapy, and hyperthermia
• Photodynamic therapy
• Novel anticancer agents
• Anti-EphA2 antibodies
• Antioxidants
• Brostallicin
• Agents disrupting folate metabolism
• Pemetrexed
• Cell cycle inhibitors
• Cytotoxic ribonucleases
• DNA hypomethylating agents
• Histone-based cancer therapy
• Histone deacetylase inhibitors
• Modulation of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity
• Simulation of endogenous histone for anticancer therapy
• HSP90 inhibitors
• Ion channel blockers
• IOT-101
• Endovion
• LPAAT-beta inhibitors
• P13-kinase inhibitors
• PARP inhibitors
• Targeted destruction of BRCA2 deficient tumors by PARP inhibitors
• Prodrugs
• Enzyme-activated prodrugs
• Ascorbic acid as a prodrug for cancer
• Prolarix
• Protein kinase G activation
• Proteasome inhibitors
• Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
• Second generation nucleosides
• Targeting topoisomerase IB
• Telomerase inhibitors
• Therapeutic strategies based on the P53 pathway
• Therapeutic strategies based on molecular mechanisms
• In vivo models for molecularly anticancer drugs
• Checkpoint activation as a strategy against cancer
• Deletion-specific targeting for cancer therapy
• Repair-blocking drugs for enhancing effect of chemotherapy
• Combining novel anticancer approaches
• Personalized therapy of cancer
• Challenges of cancer classification
• Design of future cancer therapies
• Personalized drug development in oncology
• Role of molecular imaging
• Role of molecular imaging in targeted cancer therapy
• Screening for personalized anticancer drugs
• Targeting pathways for personalized cancer therapy
• 3. Drug delivery systems for cancer
• Introduction
• Routes of drug delivery in cancer
• Intravenous delivery systems for cancer therapy
• Intravenous versus oral ascorbate for treatment of cancer
• Oral delivery of anticancer agents
• Oral UFT
• 5-FU combined with eniluracil
• Oral paclitaxel
• Oral fluoropyrimidines
• Oral satraplatin
• Oral PXD101
• ARRY-142886
• High dose pulse administration of calcitrol
• Oral gefitinib vs intravenous docetaxel
• Transdermal drug delivery
• Delivery of the photosensitizer drug delta;-amino levulinic acid
• Transdermal delivery of the methotrexate
• Transdermal delivery of peptide cancer vaccines
• Intradermal delivery of cancer vaccines by adenoviral vectors
• Pulmonary delivery of anticancer agents
• Regional intra-arterial delivery of chemotherapy
• Gas embolotherapy of tumors
• Drug delivery to lymph nodes
• Intraperitoneal macrophages as drug delivery vehicle
• Challenges of cancer drug delivery
• Tumor blood vessel pore barrier to drug delivery
• Improvement of drug transport in tumors
• Delivery of anticancer drugs to nuclear targets
• Innovative formulations for drug delivery in cancer
• Cancer targeting with polymeric drugs
• Linking anticancer drugs to polyglutamate
• Improving delivery of protein-polymer anticancer drugs
• Bacterial ghosts as drug delivery systems for anticancer drugs
• Microparticles as therapeutic delivery systems in cancer
• Subcutaneous injection of microspheres carrying anticancer drugs
• Intravascular delivery systems using microparticles
• Tumor embolization with drug-eluting beads
• Tumor embolization with radioactive microparticles
• Microparticles heated by magnetic field
• Magnetic targeted microparticle technology
• Release of drugs from micelles by ultrasound
• Release of drugs from biSphere by ultrasound
• Release of drugs from microcapsules by laser
• Chemoembolization
• Anticancer drugs bound to carbon particles
• Anticancer drugs bound to protein microspheres
• Nanoerythrosomes
• Micronized droplets of olive oil
• Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery for cancer
• Nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery in cancer
• Anticancer drug particles incorporated in liposomes
• Encapsulating drugs in hydrogel nanoparticles
• Exosomes
• Folate-linked nanoparticles
• Lipid based nanocarriers
• Micelles for drug delivery in cancer
• Minicells for targeted delivery of nanoscale anticancer therapeutics
• Nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel
• Nanoparticles containing albumin and antisense oligonucleotides
• Non-aggregating nanoparticles
• Pegylated nanoliposomal formulation
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles
• Protosphere nanoparticle technology
• Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs into the cancer cells
• Antiangiogenic therapy using nanoparticles
• Carbon magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells
• Fullerenes for enhancing tumor targeting by antibodies
• Gold nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer
• Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle formulation for drug delivery
• Lipoprotein nanoparticles targeted to cancer-associated receptors
• Magnetic nanoparticles for remote-controlled drug delivery to tumors
• Nanobees for targeted delivery of cytolytic peptide melittin
• Nanocell for targeted drug delivery to tumor
• Nanodroplets for site-specific cancer treatment
• Phage nanoparticles as antibody-drug conjugates
• Polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Polymersomes for targeted cancer drug delivery
• Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates
• Dendrimers for anticancer drug delivery
• Application of dendrimers in boron neutron capture therapy
• Application of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy
• Dendrimer-based synthetic vector for targeted cancer gene therapy
• Devices for nanotechnology-based cancer therapy
• Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11
• Nanocomposite devices
• Nanoengineered silicon for brachytherapy
• Nanoparticles combined with physical agents for tumor ablation
• Carbon nanotubes for laser-induced cancer destruction
• Nanoparticles and thermal ablation
• Nanoparticles combined with ultrasound radiation of tumors
• Nanoparticles as adjuncts to photodynamic therapy of cancer
• Nanoparticles for boron neutron capture therapy
• RNA nanotechnology for delivery of cancer therapeutics
• Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer agents
• Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer
• Biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to tumors
• Dendrimer nanoparticles for targeting and imaging tumors
• Gold nanorods for diagnosis plus photothermal therapy of cancer
• Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging as well as therapy of cancer
• Nanobialys for combining MRI with delivery of anticancer agents
• pHLIP nanotechnology for detection and targeted therapy of cancer
• Radiolabeled carbon nanotubes for tumor imaging and targeting
• Targeted therapy with magnetic nanomaterials guided by antibodies
• Ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy by nanobubbles
• Polyethylene glycol technology
• Enzon' s PEG technology
• Debiopharm' s PEG biconjugate drug delivery platform
• Nektar PEGylation
• PEG Intron
• Single-chain antibody-binding protein technology
• Vesicular systems for drug delivery in cancer
• Liposomes for anticancer drug delivery
• Antibody-targeted liposomes for cancer therapy
• AlZA' s Stealth liposomes
• Boron-containing liposomes
• DepoFoam technology
• Hyperthermia and liposomal drug delivery
• Liposomal doxorubicin formulation with N-octanoyl-glucosylceramide
• Liposome-nucleic acid complexes for anticancer drug delivery
• Non-pegilated liposomal doxorubicin
• Tumor-selective targeted drug delivery via folate-PEG liposomes
• Ultrasound-mediated anticancer drug release from liposomes
• Companies developing liposome-based anticancer drugs
• Pharmacosomes for controlled anticancer drug delivery
• Emulsion formulations of anticancer drugs
• Albumin-based drug carriers
• Anticancer drugs that bind to tumors
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Murine monoclonal antibodies
• Humanized MAbs
• Actions and uses of monoclonal antibodies in cancer
• Targeted antibody-based cancer therapy
• Antibody - cytokine fusion proteins
• Antibody J591 for targeted delivery of anticancer therapy
• Anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen MAb
• Combining MAbs with anti-CD55 antibody
• MAbs targeted to alpha fetaprotein receptor
• MAbs targeted to tumor blood vessels
• MAbs targeted to HAAH
• MAbs for immune activation
• Delivery of cancer therapy with MAbs
• Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
• Chemically programmed antibodies
• Combining diagnostics with therapeutics based on MAbs
• Radiolabeled antibodies
• Clinical development of MAbs for treatment of cancer
• Advantages and limitations of MAbs for cancer therapy
• Monoclonal T cell receptors
• Radioactive materials for diagnosis and targeted therapy of cancer
• Theophylline enhances radioiodide uptake by cancer
• Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists
• Strategies for drug delivery in cancer
• Direct introduction of anticancer drugs into the tumor
• Injection into the tumor
• Antineoplastic drug implants into tumors
• Tumor necrosis therapy
• Injection into the arterial blood supply of cancer
• Electrochemotherapy
• Pressure-induced filtration of drugs across vessels to the tumor
• Improving drug transport to tumors
• Carbohydrate-enhanced chemotherapy
• Dextrans as macromolecular anticancer drug carriers
• In situ production of anticancer agents in tumors
• Targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Affibody molecules for targeted anticancer therapy
• Fatty acids as targeting vectors
• Genetic targeting of the kinase activity in cancer cells
• Heat-activated targeted drug delivery
• Novel transporters to target photosensitizers to cancer cell nuclei
• Photodynamic therapy of cancer
• Radionuclides delivered with receptor targeting technology
• Targeting ligands specific for cancer cells
• Targeting abnormal DNA in cancer cells
• Targeting using a bispecific antibody
• Targeted chemotherapy using transporters
• Targeted generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species
• Targeted cytotoxic peptides
• Targeted delivery to receptors found in tumors
• Targeted delivery by tumor-activated prodrug therapy
• Targeting glutathione S-transferase
• Targeting tumors by exploiting leaky blood vessels
• Transmembrane Carrier Systems
• Transferrin-oligomers as targeting carriers in anticancer drug delivery
• Ultrasound and microbubbles for targeted anticancer drug delivery
• Ultrasound for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics
• Vitamin B12 and folate for targeting cancer chemotherapy
• Drug delivery in relation to circadian rhythms
• Implants for systemic delivery of anticancer drugs
• Drug-eluting polymer implants
• Angiogenesis and drug delivery to tumors
• Antiangiogenesis strategies
• Targeting tumor endothelial cells
• Methods for overcoming limitations of antiangiogenesis approaches
• Vascular targeting agents
• Alpha-emitting antibodies for vascular targeting
• Angiolytic therapy
• Anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies as VTA
• AS1404
• Cadherin inhibitors
• Combretastatin A4 Prodrug
• Drugs to induce clotting in tumor vessels
• Selective permeation of the anticancer agent into the tumor
• Targeted delivery of tissue factor
• Vascular targeting agents versus antiangiogenesis agents
• ZD6126
• Delivery of proteins and peptides for cancer therapy
• CELLECTRA™ electroporation device
• Emisphere' s eligen™ system
• Diatos Peptide Vector intra-cellular/intra-nuclear delivery technology
• Lytic peptides and cancer
• Modification of proteins and peptides with polymers
• Peptide-based targeting of cancer biomarkers for drug delivery
• Peptide-cytokine complexes as vascular targeting agents
• Peptide-polymer conjugates with radionuclides
• Transduction of proteins in vivo
• Tumor targeting by stable toxin (ST) peptides
• Cell-based cancer vaccines
• Autologous tumor cell vaccines
• Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens
• Delivery systems for cancer vaccines
• A computational approach to integration of drug delivery methods for cancer

4. Delivery of Biological Therapies for Cancer

• Introduction
• Antisense therapy
• Basics of antisense approaches
• Antisense cancer therapy
• Mechanisms of anticancer effect of antisense oligonucleotides
• Selected antisense drugs in development for cancer
• Antisense targeted to ribonucleotide reductase
• Immune modulatory oligonucleotide
• Ribozyme therapy
• Antisense drug delivery issues
• Strategies to overcome delivery problems of antisense oligonucleotides
• Oral delivery of oligonucleotides
• Iontophoretic delivery of oligonucleotides
• Delivery across the blood-brain barrier
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Liposomes-mediated oligonucleotide delivery
• Antisense delivery in microspheres
• Antisense nanoparticles
• Peptide nucleic acid delivery
• Neugene™ antisense drugs
• Delivery of ribozymes
• Combination of antisense and electrochemotherapy
• Aptamers for combined diagnosis and therapeutics of cancer
• Antisense compounds in clinical trials
• RNA interference
• Basics of RNAi
• Comparison of antisense and RNAi
• RNAi applications in oncology
• Delivery of siRNA by nanoparticles
• Delivery of siRNA by nanosize liposomes
• Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of anticancer siRNAs
• Polymer nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer siRNA
• Companies developing cancer therapies based on antisense and RNAi
• DNA interference
• Cancer gene therapy
• Basics of gene therapy
• Strategies for cancer gene therapy
• Gene transfer techniques as applied to cancer gene therapy
• Viral vectors
• Non-viral vectors
• A polymer approach to gene therapy for cancer
• Direct gene delivery to the tumor
• Injection into tumor
• Reversible electroporation
• Hematopoietic gene transfer
• Genetic modification of human hematopoietic stem cells
• Gene-based strategies for immunotherapy of cancer (immunogene therapy)
• Cytokine gene therapy
• Monoclonal antibody gene transfer
• Transfer and expression of intracellular adhesion-1 molecules
• Other gene-based techniques of immunotherapy of cancer
• Fas (Apo-1)
• Chemokines
• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I
• IGF (Insulin-Like Growth Factor)
• Inhibition of immunosuppressive function
• Delivery of toxic genes to tumor cells for eradication (molecular chemotherapy)
• Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
• Combination of gene therapy with radiotherapy
• Multipronged therapy of cancer with microencapsulated cells
• Correction of genetic defects in cancer cells (mutation compensation)
• Targeted gene therapy for cancer
• Transcriptional targeting for cancer gene therapy
• Targeted epidermal growth factor-mediated DNA delivery
• Gene-based targeted drug delivery to tumors
• Targeting gene expression to hypoxic tumor cells
• Targeting gene expression by progression-elevated gene-3 promoter
• Targeted delivery of retroviral particles hitchhiking on T cells
• Targeting tumors with genetically modified T cells
• Targeting tumors by genetically engineered stem cells
• Tumor-targeted gene therapy by receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Targeted site-specific delivery of anticancer genes by nanoparticles
• Immunolipoplex for delivery of p53 gene
• Combination of electrogene and electrochemotherapy
• Virus-mediated oncolysis
• Targeted cancer treatments based on oncolytic viruses
• Oncolytic gene therapy
• Cytokine-induced killer cells for delivery of an oncolytic virus
• Facilitating oncolysis by targeting innate antiviral response by HDIs
• Oncolytic HSV
• Oncolytic adenoviruses
• Oncolytic Coxsackie virus A21
• Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus
• Oncolytic measles virus
• Oncolytic paramyxovirus
• Oncolytic reovirus
• Oncolytic vaccinia virus
• Cancer terminator virus
• Monitoring of viral-mediated oncolysis by PET
• Companies developing oncolytic viruses
• Bacteria as novel anticancer gene vectors
• Apoptotic approach to improve cancer gene therapy
• Concluding remarks on cancer gene therapy
• Cancer gene therapy companies
• Cell therapy for cancer
• Cellular immunotherapy for cancer
• Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells
• Granulocytes as anticancer agents
• Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer
• Use of hematopoietic stem cells for targeted cancer therapy
• Cancer vaccines
• Nucleic acid-based cancer vaccines
• DNA cancer vaccines
• Methods of delivery of DNA vaccines
• RNA vaccines
• Viral vector-based cancer vaccines
• Companies involved in nucleic acid-based vaccines
• Genetically modified cancer cells vaccines
• GVAX cancer vaccines
• Genetically modified dendritic cells
• Multipeptide-based cancer vaccines

5. Delivery strategies according to cancer type and location

• Introduction
• Bladder cancer
• Intravesical drug delivery
• Intravesical agents combined with systemic chemotherapy
• Targeted anticancer therapy for bladder cancer
• Prodrug EOquin for bladder cancer
• Antisense treatment of bladder cancer
• Gene therapy for bladder cancer
• Brain tumors
• Methods for evaluation of anticancer drug penetration into brain tumor
• Innovative methods of drug delivery for glioblastoma multiforme
• Anticancer agents with increased penetration of BBB
• Nanoparticle delivery across the BBB for imaging and therapy of brain tumors
• Intranasal perillyl alcohol
• Combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy
• Local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into the tumor
• Carmustine biodegradable polymer implants
• Fibrin glue implants containing anticancer drugs
• Biodegradable microspheres containing 5-FU
• Magnetically controlled microspheres
• Convection-enhanced delivery
• Receptor-directed cytotoxin therapy
• Delivery of a modified diphtheria toxin conjugated to transferrin
• Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11
• Monoclonal antibodies targeted to brain tumors
• Liposomes for drug delivery to brain tumors
• Use of nanoparticles for drug delivery in glioblastoma multiforme
• Lipid-coated microbubbles as a delivery vehicle for taxol
• Targeted antiangiogenic/apoptotic/cytotoxic therapies for brain tumors
• Multiple targeted drugs for brain tumors
• Introduction of the chemotherapeutic agent into the CSF pathways
• Intraventricular chemotherapy for meningeal cancer
• Intrathecal chemotherapy
• Increasing the permeability of blood-tumor barrier to anticancer drugs
• BBB disruption
• Nanoparticle-based targeted delivery of chemotherapy across the BBB
• Tyrosine kinase inhibitor increases topotecan penetration into CNS
• Intra-arterial chemotherapy
• Interstitial delivery of dexamethasone for reduction of peritumor edema
• Photodynamic therapy for chemosensitization of brain tumors
• Nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of brain tumors
• Innovative delivery of radiotherapy to brain tumors
• GliaSite Radiation Therapy System
• Boron neutron capture therapy for brain tumors
• Cell therapy for glioblastoma multiforme
• Mesenchymal stem cells to deliver treatment for gliomas
• Gene therapy for glioblastoma multiforme
• Single-chain antibody-targeted adenoviral vectors
• Intravenous gene delivery with nanoparticles into brain tumors
• Neural stem cells for drug/gene delivery to brain tumors
• Peptides targeted to glial tumor cells
• Targeting normal brain cells with an AAV vector encoding interferon-β
• Treatment of medulloblastoma by suppressing genes in Shh pathway
• Antiangiogenic gene therapy
• Anticancer drug delivery by genetically engineered MSCs
• RNAi gene therapy of brain cancer
• Ligand-directed delivery of dsRNA molecules targeted to EGFR
• Virus-mediated oncolytic therapy of brain cancer
• Vaccination for glioblastoma multiforme
• Breast Cancer
• Combination targeted treatment stops breast cancer growth
• Therapies for breast cancer involving innovative methods of drug delivery
• Injectable biodegradable polymer delivery system for local chemotherapy
• MammoSite brachytherapy
• Monoclonal antibodies for breast cancer
• Breast cancer vaccines
• HER-2 DNA AutoVac™ vaccine
• Recombinant adenoviral ErbB-2/neu vaccine
• Gene vaccine for breast cancer
• NeuVax
• Gene therapy for breast cancer
• Intratumoral injection of Ad5CMV-p53
• Antisense therapy for breast cancer
• Inhibitors of growth factors FGF2 and VEGF
• Drug delivery for cancer of the cervix and the uterus
• Gene therapy for cervical cancer
• Delivery of chemoradiation therapy
• Cervical cancer vaccines
• Leukemia
• Clofarabine
• Malignant melanoma
• Targeted therapies for melanoma
• Immunotherapy for malignant melanoma
• Gene therapy for malignant melanoma
• Neuroblastoma
• Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastoma
• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Intratumoral administration of anticancer drugs through a bronchoscope
• Aerosol delivery of anticancer agents for lung cancer
• Aerosol gene delivery for lung cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Innovative drug delivery for ovarian cancer
• Intraperitoneal delivery
• Gene Therapy for ovarian cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Targeted chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer
• Local anticancer drug delivery for pancreatic cancer
• Vaccine for pancreatic cancer
• Gene therapy for pancreatic cancer
• Adenovirus-mediated transfer of vasostatin gene
• Rexin-G™ for targeted gene delivery in pancreatic cancer
• Targeted Expression of BikDD gene
• Prostate cancer
• PACLIMER Microspheres
• PRX302
• Brachytherapy for cancer of prostate
• Capridine-beta
• LHRH for prostate cancer
• LHRH analogs
• Histrelin implant
• Immunomodulatory drugs
• MAbs for prostate cancer
• Targeted therapies for prostate cancer
• Delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer by nanoparticles
• Delivery of siRNAs to prostate cancer with aptamer-siRNA chimeras
• Delivery of siRNA for prostate cancer with metastases
• Nanoparticulate delivery of suicide DNA to prostate tumors
• PSA-activated protoxin that kills prostate cancer
• Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates
• Targeting oncogene MDM2 in prostate cancer
• Vascular targeting of prostate cancer
• Gene therapy for cancer of prostate
• Experimental studies
• Tumor suppressor gene therapy in prostate cancer
• Clinical trials
• Combined approaches
• Combined autovaccination and hyperthermia
• Hepatocellular carcinoma

6. Cancer drug delivery markets

• Introduction
• Global markets for drug delivery
• Estimation of cancer drug delivery markets
• Methods used for market estimation
• Cancer epidemiology
• Cost of patient care in cancer
• Market forecasts 2008-2018
• Cancer drug market
• Markets for leukemia
• Markets for brain tumors
• Geographical distribution of cancer markets
• Factors affecting future cancer markets
• Market share according to cancer drug delivery technologies
• Antiangiogenesis therapies
• Antineoplastic drug implants for systemic administration
• Antisense therapy and RNAi
• Cancer vaccines
• Gene therapy
• Liposomes for anticancer drugs
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Strategic aspects of cancer drug delivery
• Unmet needs in cancer drug delivery
• Future prospects of cancer drug delivery
• Cancer drug delivery and pharmacogenomics
• Drug delivery for cancer in the postgenomic era
• Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cancer drug delivery markets
• Expansion of cancer drug delivery markets in developing countries
• Drivers for the development of drug delivery technologies in cancer

7. References

Tables

• Table 1 1: Estimated new cases of cancer in the US at most involved organs - 2007
• Table 1 2: Historical landmarks in drug delivery for cancer
• Table 2 1: Innovative strategies against cancer
• Table 2 2: A classification of antiangiogenic therapies
• Table 2 3: Antiangiogenic agents in clinical trials
• Table 2 4:Approaches to cancer therapy based on bacteria
• Table 2 5: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer
• Table 2 6: Non-nucleic acid cancer vaccines without genetic modification
• Table 2 7: Cellular pathways as targets for anticancer therapies
• Table 2 8: Examples of anticancer agents that target mitochondrial membranes
• Table 2 9: Drugs targeting oncogenes
• Table 2 10: Cancer therapies based on the P53
• Table 2 11: Promise of personalized therapy in cancer
• Table 2 12: Companies developing personalized therapy for cancer
• Table 3 1: Routes of drug delivery in cancer
• Table 3 2: Systemic intravenous drug delivery systems for chemotherapy of cancer
• Table 3 3: Microparticles as therapeutic delivery systems in cancer
• Table 3 4: Classification of nanobiotechnology approaches to drug delivery in cancer
• Table 3 5: Liposome-based anticancer drug delivery
• Table 3 6: Approved monoclonal antibodies for cancer
• Table 3 7: Anticancer agents linked to monoclonal antibodies
• Table 3 8: Monoclonal antibodies in clinical trials for cancer
• Table 3 9: Strategies for drug delivery in cancer
• Table 3 10: Implant systems for delivery of anticancer drugs into tumors
• Table 3 11: Systemic delivery of drugs targeted to the tumor
• Table 3 12: Methods of delivery of antiangiogenesis therapies
• Table 3 13: Companies developing vascular targeting agents
• Table 4 1: Mechanisms of anticancer effect of antisense oligonucleotides
• Table 4 2: Methods of delivery of oligonucleotides for cancer therapy
• Table 4 3: Antisense oligonucleotides in clinical trials for cancer
• Table 4 4: Companies developing antisense and RNAi therapies for cancer
• Table 4 5: Strategies for cancer gene therapy
• Table 4 6: Enzyme/prodrug combinations employed in suicide gene therapy
• Table 4 7: Mutation compensation strategies used clinically
• Table 4 8: Companies developing oncolytic viruses
• Table 4 9: Companies involved in cancer gene therapy
• Table 4 10: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer
• Table 4 11: Companies developing nucleic acids/genetically modified cells-based cancer vaccines
• Table 5 1: Innovative methods of drug delivery for glioblastoma multiforme
• Table 5 2: Strategies for gene therapy of malignant brain tumors
• Table 5 3: Therapies for breast cancer involving innovative methods of drug delivery
• Table 5 4: Gene therapy for malignant melanoma
• Table 5 5: Targeted treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
• Table 5 6: Clinical trials of gene therapy in ovarian cancer
• Table 5 7: Methods of drug delivery in pancreatic cancer
• Table 5 8: Pharmacological strategies under investigation for cancer of the prostate
• Table 5 9: Clinical trials in gene therapy for prostate cancer
• Table 5 10: Drug delivery for hepatocellular carcinoma
• Table 6 1: Worldwide drug delivery market growth 2008 to 2018
• Table 6 2: Estimated worldwide prevalence of cancer according to type of cancer
• Table 6 3: Estimated number of cancer patients in major markets 2008-2018
• Table 6 4: Worldwide anticancer drug sales for selected cancers from 2008 to 2018
• Table 6 5: Geographical distribution of cancer markets 2008-2018
• Table 6 6: Market values of cancer drug delivery technologies from 2008-2018

Figures

• Figure 1 1: An overview of some key steps in tumor angiogenesis.
• Figure 2 1: Schematic role of T-helper cells in immune response to cancer
• Figure 3 1: Cyclacel' s Penetratin Transport System for delivery of drugs to targets
• Figure 3 2: Micelle for drug delivery in cancer
• Figure 3 3: Mechanism of action of Targaceutical drugs
• Figure 3 4: ALZA' s DUROS implant
• Figure 5 1: A concept of targeted drug delivery to GBM across the BBB
• Figure 6 1: Unmet needs in cancer drug delivery