Nanobiotechnologies- applications, markets and companies

Table of Contents

0. Executive Summary

1. Basics of Nanobiotechnology

• Introduction
• Classification of nanobiotechnologies
• Top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Landmarks in the evolution of nanobiotechnology
• Relation of nanobiotechnology to healthcare

2. Technologies

• Introduction
• Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems
• BioMEMS
• Microarrays and nanoarrays
• Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays
• Protein nanoarrays
• Microfluidics and nanofluidics
• Nanotechnology on a chip
• Microfluidic chips for nanoliter volumes
• Nanogen' s NanoChip
• Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics
• Construction of nanofluidic channels
• Nanoscale flow visualization
• Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces
• Electrochemical nanofluid injection
• Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces
• Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip
• Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA
• Visualization and manipulation on nanoscale
• 4Pi microscope
• Atomic force microscopy
• Basic AFM operation
• Advantages of AFM
• Force sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip
• Cantilever technology
• CytoVivaR Microscope System
• Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
• Magnetic resonance force microscopy and nanoscale MRI
• Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy
• Near-field scanning optical microscopy
• Nano-sized light source for single cell endoscopy
• Nanoparticle characterization by Halo™ LM10 technology
• Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy
• Use of SEM to reconstruct 3D tissue nanostructure
• Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens
• Photoactivated localization microscopy
• Scanning probe microscopy
• Partial wave spectroscopy
• Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond
• Visualizing atoms with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
• Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology
• Surface plasmon resonance
• Nanoparticles
• Types of nanoparticles
• Fluorescent nanoparticles
• Gold nanoparticles
• Lipoparticles
• Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Quantum dots
• Silica nanoparticles
• Assembly of nanoparticles into micelles
• Biomedical applications of self-assembly of nanoparticles
• Production techniques for nanoparticles
• Nanostructures
• Bacterial structures relevant to nanobiotechnology
• Bacterial spores
• Nanostructures based on bacterial cell surface layers
• Bacterial magnetic particles
• Cubosomes
• Dendrimers
• Properties
• Applications
• DNA-nanoparticle conjugates
• DNA octahedron
• Potential applications
• Fullerenes
• Nanoshells
• Nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes and DNA
• Applications of nanotubes
• NanoBuds
• Nanowires
• Nanostamping
• Nanoneedles
• Nanopores
• Nanoporous silica aerogel
• Nanostructured silicon
• Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage
• Polymer nanofibers
• Protein-nanoparticle combination
• Nanomaterials for biolabeling
• DNA Nanotags
• Fluorescent lanthanide nanorods
• Magnetic nanotags
• Molecular computational identification
• Nanophosphor labels
• Organic nanoparticles as biolabels
• Quantum dots as labels
• SERS nanotags
• Silica nanoparticles for labeling antibodies
• Silver nanoparticle labels
• Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology

3. Applications in Life Sciences

• Introduction
• Nanotechnology and biology
• NanoSystems Biology
• Nanobiology and the cell
• Biosensing of cellular responses
• Control of T cell signaling activity
• Measuring mass of single cells
• Nanostructures involved in endocytosis
• Nanotechnology-based live-cell single molecule assays
• Quantum dots for cell labeling
• Quantum dots for study of apoptosis
• Single cell injection by nanolasers
• Study of complex biological systems
• Molecular motors
• Nanomotor made of nucleic acids
• phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor
• Light-activated ion channel molecular machines
• Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging
• Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM
• 4Pi microscopy to study DNA double-strand breaks
• Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry
• Applications of biomolecular computing in life sciences
• Molecular electronics
• Microbial nanomaterials
• Use of bacteria to construct nanomachines
• Bacteriophage nanoshells
• Natural nanocomposites
• Nanotechnology in biological research
• Nanoparticles for biological research
• Disguising quantum dots as proteins for cell entry
• Molecular biology and nanotechnology
• Structural DNA nanotechnology
• Reversibly binding of gold nanospheres to DNA strands
• RNA nanotechnology
• Genetically engineered proteins for nanobiotechnology
• Single molecule studies
• Optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence
• 3D single-molecular imaging by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
• Studying the molecular mechanisms of enzymes
• Nanochemistry
• Nanoscale pH Meter
• Application of nanolasers in life sciences
• Nanomanipulation
• Nanomanipulation by combination of AFM and other devices
• Surgery on living cells using AFM with nanoneedles
• Optoelectronic tweezers
• Optical manipulation of nanoparticles
• Manipulation of DNA sequence by use of nanoparticles as laser light antennas
• Nanomanipulation of single molecule
• Fluorescence-force spectroscopy
• Nanomanipulation for study of mechanism of anticancer drugs
• Nanotechnology in genomic research
• Use of nanotechnology for separation of DNA fragments
• Nanotechnology-based DNA sequencing
• Single-molecule detection of DNA hybridization
• Role of nanobiotechnology in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms
• Nanobiotechnology for study of mitochondria
• Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
• Study of mitochondria with nanolaser spectroscopy
• Role of nanotechnology in proteomics research
• Study of proteins by atomic force microscopy
• Single cell nanoprobe for studying gene expression of individual cells
• Nanoproteomics
• Multi Photon Detection
• Nanoflow liquid chromatography
• High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry
• Protein nanocrystallography
• QD-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly
• Nanoproteomics for study of misfolded proteins
• Dynamic reassembly of peptides
• Use of nanotube electronic biosensor in proteomics
• Nanometer photomasks from bacterial protein
• Proteomics at single molecule level
• Study of protein synthesis and single-molecule processes
• Protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level
• Single-molecule mass spectrometry using nanotechnology
• Biochips for nanoscale proteomics
• Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology
• Nanofilter array chip
• Role of nanotechnology in study of membrane proteins
• Nanoparticles for study of membrane proteins
• Study of single protein interaction with cell membrane
• Quantum dots to label cell surface proteins
• Study of single membrane proteins at subnanometer resolution
• Nanoparticle-protein interactions
• Protein engineering on nanoscale
• Nanowires for protein engineering
• A nanoscale mechanism for protein engineering
• Role of nanoparticles in self-assembly of proteins
• Role of nanotechnology in peptide engineering
• Manipulating redox systems for nanotechnology
• Self-assembling peptide scaffold technology for 3-D cell culture
• Nanobiotechnology and ion channels
• Aquaporin water channels
• Role of nanobiotechnology in engineering ion channels
• Application of nanobiotechnology in molecular electronics
• Nanotechnology and bioinformatics
• 3D nano-map of synapse
• Companies providing nanotechnology for life sciences research

4. Nanomolecular Diagnostics

• Introduction
• Nanodiagnostics
• Rationale of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics
• Nanoarrays for molecular diagnostics
• NanoPro"! System
• Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA
• Self-assembling protein nanoarrays
• Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic chip
• Nanofountain AFM probe
• Protein microarray for detection of molecules with nanoparticles
• Protein nanobiochip
• Nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics
• Gold nanoparticles
• Quantum dots for molecular diagnostics
• Quantum dots for detection of pathogenic microorganisms
• Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers
• Imaging of living tissue with quantum dots
• Magnetic nanoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticles for bioscreening
• Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking
• Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for calcium sensing
• Magnetic nanoparticles for labeling molecules
• Ferrofluids
• Super conducting quantum interference device
• Study of living cells by superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Use of nanocrystals in immunohistochemistry
• Imaging applications of nanoparticles
• Dendritic nanoprobes for imaging of angiogenesis
• Gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific MRI
• Gadonanotubes for MRI
• Gold nanorods and nanoparticles as imaging agents
• In vivo imaging using nanoparticles
• Manganese oxide nanoparticles as contrast agent for brain MRI
• Nanoparticles vs microparticles for cellular imaging
• Nanoparticles as contrast agent for MRI
• Quantum dots for biological imaging
• Superparamagnetic nanoparticles combined with MRI
• Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanoparticles for imaging
• Study of chromosomes by atomic force microscopy
• Applications of nanopore technology for molecular diagnostics
• Nanopore technology for detection of single DNA molecules
• Nanocytometry
• Simultaneous detection of DNA and proteins
• DNA-protein and -nanoparticle conjugates
• Resonance Light Scattering technology
• DNA nanomachines for molecular diagnostics
• Nanobarcodes technology
• Nanobarcode particle technology for SNP genotyping
• Qdot nanobarcode for multiplexed gene expression profiling
• Biobarcode assay for proteins
• Single-molecule barcoding system for DNA analysis
• Nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA detection method
• SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle probes
• Nanoparticle-based Up-converting Phosphor Technology
• Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy
• Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes
• Nanobiotechnology for detection of proteins
• Captamers with proximity extension assay for proteins
• Nanobiosensors
• Cantilevers as biosensors for molecular diagnostics
• Advantages of cantilever technology for molecular recognition
• Antibody-coated nanocantilevers for detection of microorganisms
• Cantilevers for direct detection of active genes
• Portable nanocantilever system for diagnosis
• Carbon nanotube biosensors
• Carbon nanotube sensors coated with ssDNA and electronic readout
• Carbon nanotubes sensors wrapped with DNA and optical detection
• FRET-based DNA nanosensor
• Ion Channel Switch biosensor technology
• Electronic nanobiosensors
• Electrochemical nanobiosensor
• Metallic nanobiosensors
• Quartz nanobalance biosensor
• Viral nanosensor
• PEBBLE nanosensors
• Nanosensors for glucose monitoring
• Microneedle-mounted biosensor
• Optical biosensors
• Laser nanosensors
• Nanoshell biosensors
• Plasmonics and SERS nanoprobes
• Novel optical mRNA biosensor
• Optonanogen biosensor
• Surface plasmon resonance technology
• Surface Enhanced Micro-optical Fluidic Systems
• Nanoparticle-enhanced sensitivity of fluorescence-based biosensors
• Nanowire biosensors
• Nanowire biosensors for detection of single viruses
• Nanowires for detection of genetic disorders
• Nanowires biosensor for detecting biowarfare agents
• Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanowire biosensors
• Nanoscale erasable biodetectors
• Future issues in the development of nanobiosensors
• Applications of nanodiagnostics
• Nanotechnology for detection of biomarkers
• Nanotechnology for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
• Nanoparticles for detecting SNPs
• Nanopores for detecting SNPs
• Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
• Protease-activated quantum dot probes
• Labeling of MSCs with QDs
• Nanotechnology for detection of cancer
• Dendrimers for sensing cancer cell apoptosis
• Differentiation between normal and cancer cells by nanosensors
• Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis
• Gold nanorods for detection of metastatic tumor cells
• Implanted magnetic sensing for cancer
• Nanoparticles designed for dual-mode imaging of cancer
• Nanoatomic tubes for detection of cancer proteins
• Nanodots for tracking apoptosis in cancer
• Nanoparticles for the optical imaging of tumors
• Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of cancer in single cells
• Nanotechnology-based single molecule assays for cancer
• QDs for detection of tumors
• QD-based test for DNA methylation
• Nanotechnology for point-of-care diagnostics
• Nanotechnology-based biochips for POC diagnosis
• Nanoprobes for POC diagnosis
• Carbon nanotube transistors for genetic screening
• POC monitoring of vital signs with nanobiosensors
• Detection of viruses
• Cantilever beams for detection of single virus particles
• Carbon nanotubes as biosensors for viruses
• Electric fields for accelerating detection of viruses
• QD fluorescent probes for detection of respiratory viral infections
• Verigene SP Respiratory Virus Assay
• Surface enhanced Raman scattering for detection of viruses
• Detection of bacteria
• QDs for detection of bacterial infections
• SEnsing of Phage-Triggered Ion Cascade for detection of bacteria
• Nanodiagnostics for the battle field and biodefense
• An integrated nanobiosensor
• Nanodiagnostics for integrating diagnostics with therapeutics
• Companies involved in nanomolecular diagnostics
• Concluding remarks about nanodiagnostics
• Future prospects of nanodiagnostics

5. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery & Development

• Introduction
• Nanobiotechnology for drug discovery
• Nanofluidic devices for drug discovery
• Gold nanoparticles for drug discovery
• Tracking drug molecules in cells
• SPR with colloidal gold particles
• Use of quantum dots for drug discovery
• Advantages of the use of QDs for drug discovery
• Drawbacks of the use of QDs for drug discovery
• Quantum dot for imaging drug receptors in the brain
• Ligand-conjugated nanocrystals
• Lipoparticles for drug discovery
• Biosensor for drug discovery with Lipoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticles assays
• Micelles for drug discovery
• Nanolasers for drug discovery
• Analysis of small molecule-protein interactions by nanowire biosensors
• Cells targeting by nanoparticles with attached small molecules
• Role of AFM for study of biomolecular interactions for drug discovery
• Nanoscale devices for drug discovery
• Nanotechnology enables drug design at cellular level
• Nanobiotechnology-based drug development
• Dendrimers as drugs
• Fullerenes as drug candidates
• Nanobodies
• Role of nanobiotechnology in the future of drug discovery
• Companies using nanobiotechnology for drug discovery

6. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Delivery

• Introduction
• Micronization versus nanonization for drug delivery
• Nanoscale delivery of therapeutics
• Nanobiotechnology solutions to the problems of drug delivery
• Nanosuspension formulations
• Nanotechnology for solubilization of water-insoluble drugs
• Improved absorption of drugs in nanoparticulate form
• Interaction of nanoparticles with human blood
• Ideal properties of material for drug delivery
• Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies used for drug delivery
• Viruses as nanomaterials for drug delivery
• Bacteria-mediated delivery of nanoparticles and drugs into cells
• Nanoparticle-based drug delivery
• Calcium phosphate nanoparticles
• Cationic nanoparticles
• Ceramic nanoparticles
• Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Dendrimers for drug delivery
• DNA-assembled dendrimers for drug delivery
• Fulleres for drug delivery
• Amphiphilic fullerene derivatives
• Fullerene conjugate for intracellular delivery of peptides
• Gold nanoparticles as drug carriers
• Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles
• Nanocomposite membranes for magnetically triggered drug delivery
• Nanocrystals
• Nanocrystalline silver
• Elan' s NanoCrystal technology
• Eurand' s Biorise system
• Nanodiamonds
• Polymer nanoparticles
• PLGA-based nanodelivery technologies
• Polymeric micelles
• Chitosan nanoparticles
• QDs for drug delivery
• Special procedures in nanoparticle-based drug delivery
• Coated nanoparticles for penetrating cell membranes without damage
• Drug delivery using “Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates”
• Encapsulating water-insoluble drugs in nanoparticles
• Filomicelles vs spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Flash NanoPrecipitation
• Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Nanoparticles bound together in spherical shapes
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug-delivery
• Prolonging circulation of nanoparticles by attachment to RBCs
• Self-assembling nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery
• Trojan nanoparticles
• Therapeutic protein delivery from nanoparticle-protein complexes
• Liposomes
• Basics of liposomes
• Stabilization of phospholipid liposomes using nanoparticles
• Lipid nanoparticles
• Polymerized Liposomal Nanoparticle
• Applications of lipid nanoparticles
• Limitations of liposomes for drug delivery
• Lipid nanocapsules
• Lipid emulsions with nanoparticles
• Nanostructured organogels
• Liposomes incorporating fullerenes
• Arsonoliposomes
• Liposome-nanoparticle hybrids
• Nanogels
• Nanogel-liposome combination
• Nanospheres
• Nanosphere protein cages
• Nanovesicle technology for delivery of peptides
• Nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes for drug delivery
• Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery
• Halloysite nanotubes for drug delivery
• Nanocochleates
• Nanobiotechnology and drug delivery devices
• Coating of implants by ultrafine layers of polymers
• Nano-encapsulation
• Polymer nanocontainers
• Nanotechnology-based device for insulin delivery
• Mirocontainer delivery systems for cell therapy
• Nanopore membrane in implantable titanium drug delivery device
• Measuring the permeability of membranes
• Nano-valves for drug delivery
• Nanochips for drug delivery
• Nanobiotechnology for vaccine delivery
• Bacterial spores for delivery of vaccines
• Nanoparticles for DNA vaccines
• Proteosomes™ as vaccine delivery vehicles
• “Smart” nanoparticles for delivery of vaccines
• Nanospheres for controlled release of viral antigens
• Nanobiotechnology for antisense drug delivery
• Antisense nanoparticles
• Dendrimers for antisense drug delivery
• Polymer nanoparticles for antisense delivery system
• Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery
• Chitosan-coated nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex to dopaminergic neurons
• Polymer-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Polyethylenimine nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• siRNA-PEG nanoparticle-based delivery
• Polycation-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Calando' s technology for targeted delivery of anticancer siRNA
• Quantum dots to monitor RNAi delivery
• Nanobiotechnology for gene therapy
• Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy
• Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as nonviral vectors
• Carbonate apatite nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Gelatin nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Immunolipoplex for delivery of p53 gene
• Intravenous nanoparticle formulation for delivery of FUS1 gene
• Lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of nucleic acids
• Nanoparticles for imaging and intracellular delivery of nucleic acids
• Nanoparticles as nonviral vectors for CNS gene therapy
• Nanoparticles linked to viral vectors for photothermal therapy
• Nanoparticles for p53 gene therapy of cancer
• Nanoparticles with virus-like function as gene therapy vectors
• Silica nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Targeted nanoparticle-DNA delivery to the cardiovascular system
• Dendrimers for gene transfer
• DNA-PEG complexes as nanoparticles
• Compacted DNA nanoparticles
• Cochleate-mediated DNA delivery
• Nanorod gene therapy
• Nanodel™ gene vector
• Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
• NanoNeedles for delivery of genetic material into cells
• Nanomachines for gene delivery
• Application of pulsed magnetic field and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Nanocomposites for gene therapy
• Nonionic polymeric micelles for oral gene delivery
• Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of anticancer drugs and DNA
• Delivery of siRNA by nanosize liposomes
• Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery in cancer
• Nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery in cancer
• Anticancer drug particles incorporated in liposomes
• Cyclosert system for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
• Encapsulating drugs in hydrogel nanoparticles
• Exosomes
• Folate-linked nanoparticles
• Iron oxide nanoparticles
• Lipid based nanocarriers
• Micelles for drug delivery in cancer
• Minicells for targeted delivery of nanoscale anticancer therapeutics
• Nanomaterials for delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs
• Nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel
• Nanoparticles containing albumin and antisense oligonucleotides
• Non-aggregating nanoparticles
• Pegylated nanoliposomal formulation
• Protosphere nanoparticle technology
• Multifunctional nanoparticles for treating brain tumors
• Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
• Antiangiogenic therapy using nanoparticles
• Canine parvovirus as a nanocontainer for targeted drug delivery
• Carbon magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells
• Fullerenes for enhancing tumor targeting by antibodies
• Gold nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Lipoprotein nanoparticles targeted to cancer-associated receptors
• Magnetic nanoparticles for remote-controlled drug delivery to tumors
• Nanobees for targeted delivery of cytolytic peptide melittin
• Nanocell for targeted drug delivery to tumor
• Nanoimmunoliposome-based system for targeted delivery of siRNA
• Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate drugs into lymphatic system
• Nanoparticles for targeted antisense therapy of cancer
• Nanoparticles for delivery of suicide DNA to prostate tumors
• Polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Polymersomes for targeted cancer drug delivery
• Quantum dots and quantum rods for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates
• Dendrimers for anticancer drug delivery
• Application of dendrimers in boron neutron capture therapy
• Application of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy
• Dendrimer-based synthetic vector for targeted cancer gene therapy
• Devices for nanotechnology-based cancer therapy
• Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11
• Nanocomposite devices
• Nanoengineered silicon for brachytherapy
• Nanoparticles combined with physical agents for tumor ablation
• Boron neutron capture therapy using nanoparticles
• Laser-induced cancer destruction using nanoparticles
• Photodynamic therapy of cancer using nanoparticles
• Thermal ablation using nanoparticles
• Thermosensitive affibody-conjugated liposomes
• Ultrasound radiation of tumors combined with nanoparticles
• RNA nanotechnology for delivery of cancer therapeutics
• Delivery of siRNAs for cancer
• Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer agents
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to the CNS
• Nanoencapsulation for delivery of vitamin E for CNS disorders
• Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across BBB
• Delivery across BBB using NanoDel™ technology
• NanoMed technology to mask BBB-limiting characteristics of drugs
• Nanovesicles for transport across BBB
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to brain tumors
• Nanoparticles for delivery of drugs to brain tumors across BBB
• Nanoparticle delivery across the BBB for imaging and therapy of brain tumors
• Intravenous gene delivery with nanoparticles into brain tumors
• PLA nanoparticles for controlled delivery of BCNU to brain tumors
• Nanotechnology-based devices and implants for CNS
• Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to the inner ear
• Nanobiotechnology in cardiovascular drug delivery
• Liposomal nanodevices for targeted cardiovascular drug delivery
• Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles
• Nanotechnology-based drug-eluting stents
• Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticle-coated DES
• Nanopores to enhance compatibility of drug-eluting stents
• Low molecular weight heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles
• Injectable peptide nanofibers for myocardial ischemia
• Nanotechnology approach to the vulnerable plaque as cause of cardiac arrest
• Nanobiotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery
• Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches
• Ethosomes for transdermal drug delivery
• NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system
• Nanoparticles for targeted therapeutic delivery to the liver
• Nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery
• Systemic drug delivery via pulmonary route
• Nanoparticle drug delivery for effects on the respiratory system
• Fate and toxicology of nanoparticles delivered to the lungs
• Nanoparticle drug formulations for spray inhalation
• Inhalation of glucose-sensitive nanoparticle for regulated release of insulin
• Pulmonary drug delivery by surface acoustic wave technology
• In vivo lung gene transfer using compacted DNA nanoparticles
• Nasal drug delivery using nanoparticles
• Mucosal drug delivery with nanoparticles
• Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery
• Future prospects of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
• Nanomolecular valves for controlled drug release
• Nanosponge for drug delivery
• Nanomotors for drug delivery

7. Clinical Applications of Nanobiotechnology

• Introduction
• Nanomedicine
• Clinical nanodiagnostics
• Nano-endoscopy
• Application of nanotechnology in radiology
• High-resolution ultrasound imaging using nanoparticles
• Nanobiotechnology combined with stem cell-based therapies
• Nanobiotechnology in tissue engineering
• 3D nanofilament-based scaffolds
• Electrospinning technology for bionanofabrication
• Nanomaterials for tissue engineering of muscles
• Carbon nanotubes for artificial muscles
• Nanofibers for tissue engineering of skeletal muscle
• Nanomaterials for combining tissue engineering and drug delivery
• Nanobiotechnology for organ replacement and assisted function
• Exosomes for drug-free organ transplants
• Nanobiotechnology and organ-assisting devices
• Nanotechnology-based human nephron filter for renal failure
• Blood-compatible membranes for renal dialysis
• Nanosurgery
• Miniaturization in surgery
• Nanotechnology for hemostasis during surgery
• Minimally invasive surgery using catheters
• Nanorobotics
• Nanoscale laser surgery
• Nanooncology
• Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment
• Impact of nanotechnology-based imaging in management of cancer
• Nanoparticle-MRI for tracking dendritic cells in cancer therapy
• Nanoparticle-CT scan
• QDs aid lymph node mapping in cancer
• Nanosensor device as an aid to cancer surgery
• Role of nanoparticle-based imaging in oncology clinical trials
• Nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery to overcome MDR
• Nanoparticle-based management of cancer metastases
• Nanoshells for thermal ablation in cancer
• Nanobody-based cancer therapy
• Nanoparticles for targeting tumors
• Nanocarriers with TGF-β inhibitors for targeting cancer
• Nanoshell-based cancer therapy
• Nanobomb for cancer
• Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer
• Biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to tumors
• Dendrimer nanoparticles for targeting and imaging tumors
• Gold nanorods for diagnosis plus photothermal therapy of cancer
• Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging as well as therapy of cancer
• Nanobialys for combining MRI with delivery of anticancer agents
• Nanoparticles, MRI and thermal ablation of tumors
• pHLIP nanotechnology for detection and targeted therapy of cancer
• QD conjugates combine cancer imaging, therapy and sensing
• Radiolabeled carbon nanotubes for tumor imaging and targeting
• Self-assembling nanoparticles for imaging and therapy of cancer
• Targeted therapy with magnetic nanomaterials guided by antibodies
• Ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy by nanobubbles
• A cancer killing device based on nanotechnology
• Nanoparticles for protection against adverse effects of radiation therapy
• Fullerenes for protection against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity
• Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
• Concluding remarks on nanooncology
• Nanoneurology
• Nanobiotechnology for study of the nervous system
• Nanowires for monitoring brain activity
• Nanoparticles and MRI for macrophage tracking in the CNS
• Nanoparticles for tracking stem cells for therapy of CNS disorders
• Nanobiotechnology for neurotherapeutics
• Nanowire neuroprosthetics with functional membrane proteins
• Nanoparticles for neuroprotection
• Nanotube-neuron electronic interface
• Nanofibers as an aid to CNS regeneration by neural progenitor cells
• Nanobiotechnology-based devices for restoration of neural function
• Nanobiotechnology-based artificial retina
• Nanoneurosurgery
• Femtolaser neurosurgery
• Nanofiber brain implants
• Nanoparticles as an aid to neurosurgery
• Nanoparticles for repair of spinal cord injury
• Nanoscaffold for CNS repair
• Electrospun nanofiber tubes for regeneration of peripheral nerves
• PEBBLEs for brain tumor therapy
• Bucky balls for brain cancer
• Application of nanotechnology to pain therapeutics
• Nanotechnology-based management of diabetes
• Nanocardiology
• Nanotechnology-based diagnosis and treatment
• Use of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in cardiovascular disorders
• Cardiac monitoring in sleep apnea
• Detection and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries
• Nanolipoblockers for atherosclerotic arterial plaques
• IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for myocardial infarction
• Tissue engineering and regeneration of the cardiovascular system
• Restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty
• Nanotechnology-based personalized medicine for cardiovascular disorders
• Monitoring for disorders of blood coagulation
• Nanoorthopedics
• Application of nanotechnology for bone research
• Reducing reaction to orthopedic implants
• Enhancing the activity of bone cells on the surface of orthopedic implants
• Nanobone implants
• Synthetic nanomaterials as bone implants
• Carbon nanotubes as scaffolds for bone growth
• Aligning nanotubes to improve artificial joints
• Cartilage disorders of knee joint
• Role of nanotechnology in engineering of a replacement for cartilage
• Nanotechnology as an aid to arthroscopy
• Scanning force arthroscope
• Nanodentistry
• Bonding materials
• Dental caries
• Nanospheres for dental hypersensitivity
• Nanomaterials for dental filling
• Nanomaterials for dental implants
• Nanoophthalmology
• Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery
• Nanoparticle-based topical drug application to the eye
• Chitosan nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
• Polylactide nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
• Ophthalmic drug delivery through nanoparticles in contact lenses
• Nanoparticles for intraocular drug delivery
• DNA nanoparticles for nonviral gene transfer to the eye
• Nanotechnology for treatment for age-related macular degeneration
• Nanotechnology-based therapeutics for eye disorders
• Nano-engineered cornea
• Use of dendrimers in ophthalmology
• Nanotechnology for prevention of neovascularization
• Regeneration of the optic nerve
• DNA nanoparticles for gene therapy of retinal degenerative disorders
• Nanobiotechnology for treatment of glaucoma
• Nanomicrobiology
• Nanobiotechnology and virology
• Study of interaction of nanoparticles with viruses
• Study of pathomechanism of viral diseases
• Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV
• Nanofiltration to remove viruses from plasma transfusion products
• Role of nanobacteria in human diseases
• Nature of nanobacteria
• Nanobacteria and kidney stone formation
• Nanobacteria in cardiovascular disease
• Nanotechnology-based microbicidal agents
• Nanoscale bactericidal powders
• Nanotubes for detection and destruction of bacteria
• Carbon nanotubes as antimicrobial agents
• Nanoemulsions as microbicidal agents
• Silver nanoparticle coating as prophylaxis against infection
• Nanotechnology-based antiviral agents
• Nanocoating for antiviral effect
• Fullerenes as antiviral agents
• Nanoviricides
• Nanotechnology-based vaccines
• Nanofiltration of blood in viral diseases
• Nanoparticles to combat biological warfare agents
• Companies developing antiinfective agents
• Nanoimmunology
• Nanomedical aspects of oxidative stress
• Nanoparticle antioxidants
• Fullerene-based antioxidants
• Ceria nanoparticles as neuroprotective antioxidants
• Antioxidant nanoparticles for treating diseases due to oxidative stress
• Nanotechnology for wound healing
• Nanotechnology-based products for skin disorders
• Nanoparticles for improving targeted topical therapy of skin
• Topical nanocreams for inflammatory disorders of the skin
• Nanoparticle-based sun screens
• Cubosomes for treating skin disorders of premature infants
• Nanobiotechnology for disorders of aging
• Personal care products based on nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology for hair care
• Nanoparticles for chemo-radioprotection
• Role of nanobiotechnology in biodefense
• Nanosuspension formulations for treating bioweapon-mediated diseases
• Use of antidotes as nanoparticulate formulations
• Removal of toxins from blood
• Blood substitutes
• Artificial red cells
• Companies using nanotechnology for healthcare
• Nanobiotechnology for public health
• Nanobiotechnology and nutrition
• Nanobiotechnology and food industry
• Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized nutrition
• Nanobiotechnology research in the academic centers
• Future potential of nanomedicine
• US Federal funding for nanobiotechnology
• Nanomedicine initiative of NIH
• NIH Nanomedicine Center for Nucleoprotein Machines
• NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
• Research in cancer nanotechnology sponsored by the NCI
• Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and Molecular Medicine

8. Ethical, Safety and Regulatory issues

• Introduction
• Ethical and social implications of nanobiotechnology
• Nanoethics
• Nanotechnology patents
• Quantum dot patents relevant to healthcare applications
• Challenges and future prospects of nanobiotechnology patents
• Legal aspects of nanobiotechnology
• Nanotechnology standards
• Preclinical testing of nanometerials for biological applications
• Safety concerns about nanobiotechnology
• Environmental safety of aerosols released from nanoparticle manufacture
• Toxicity of nanoparticles
• Testing for toxicity of nanoparticles
• In vitro testing of nanoparticle toxicity
• Variations in safety issues of different nanoparticles
• Carbon nanotube safety
• Fullerene toxicity
• Gold nanoparticle toxicity
• Quantum dot safety issues
• Fate of nanoparticles in the human body
• Pulmonary effects of nanoparticles
• Blood compatibility of nanoparticles
• Carbon nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation
• Compatibility of lipid-based nanoparticles with blood and blood cells
• Transfer of nanoparticles from mother to fetus
• Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles
• Neuronanotoxicology
• Nanoparticle deposits in the brain
• Nanoparticles and neurodegeneration
• Measures to reduce toxicity of nanoparticles
• A screening strategy for the hazard identification of nanomaterials
• Concluding remarks on safety issues of nanoparticles
• Research into environmental effects of nanoparticles
• Role of US government agencies in research on safety of nanoparticles
• Work at NanoSafety Laboratories Inc UCLA
• Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology
• European NEST project for risk assessment of exposure to nanoparticles
• Efforts by nanotechnology companies to establish safety of nanoparticles
• Public perceptions of the safety of nanotechnology
• Evaluation of consumer exposure to nanoscale materials
• Safety of nanoparticle-based cosmetics
• Regulations in the European Union
• Nanotechnology-based sunscreens
• Cosmetic industry' s white paper on nanoparticles in personal care
• Skin penetration of nanoparticles used in sunscreens
• EPA safety requirements for silver nanoparticles
• FDA regulation of nanobiotechnology products
• FDA and nanotechnology-based medical devices
• FDA' s Nanotechnology Task Force
• FDA collaboration with agencies/organizations relevant to nanotechnology
• Regulation of nanotechnology in the European Union
• UK government policy on safety of nanoparticles
• Safety recommendations of the Royal Society of UK
• European Commission and safety of nanocosmetics

9. Nanobiotechnology Markets

• Introduction
• Markets according to areas of applications
• Markets for nanomedicine
• Markets for nanodiagnostics
• Imaging agents
• Pharmaceuticals
• Role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery market
• Nanobiotechnology in life sciences research market
• Markets according to technologies
• Markets for nanomaterials
• Markets for biomedical nanodevices
• Markets for nanosensors
• Markets for nanotools
• Geographical distribution of markets
• Nanobiotechnology in the US
• Nanobiotechnology in the European Union
• Nano2Life
• European Technology Platform on NanoMedicine
• Nanobiotechnology in Australia
• Nanobiotechnology in Asia
• Japan
• South Korea
• China
• Taiwan
• India
• Nanobiotechnology in Russia
• Nanobiotechnology in the developing world
• Venture capital investment in nanotechnology
• Big pharma and nanotechnology
• Impact of nanobiotechnology on markets for current pharmaceuticals
• Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology
• Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
• Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
• Collaborations of industry with academic research centers
• Collaborations of pharmaceutical and nanotechnology companies
• Collaboration of chemical industry and the government
• Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
• Education of healthcare professionals
• Education of the public

10. References

Tables

• Table 1 1: Dimensions of various objects in nanoscale
• Table 1 2: Classification of basic nanobiotechnologies
• Table 1 3: Historical landmarks in the evolution of nanotechnology
• Table 2 1: Companies with nanoarray and nanofluidic technologies
• Table 2 2: Applications of cantilever technology
• Table 2 3: Applications of optical nanoscopy
• Table 2 4: Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology
• Table 2 5: Nanobiotechnological applications of S-layers
• Table 2 6: Potential applications of dendrimers in nanobiotechnology
• Table 2 7: Nanomaterials for biolabeling
• Table 2 8: Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology industry
• Table 3 1: Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
• Table 3 2: Companies that provide nanotechnologies for life sciences research
• Table 4 1: Nanotechnologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics
• Table 4 2: Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
• Table 4 3: Companies developing nanomolecular diagnostics
• Table 5 1: Basic nanobiotechnologies relevant to drug discovery
• Table 5 2: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug discovery and development
• Table 6 1: Comparison of features of drug delivery by micronization vs nanonization
• Table 6 2: Nanomaterials used for drug delivery
• Table 6 3: Liposome-nanoparticle hybrid systems
• Table 6 4: Examples of application of nanoparticles for gene therapy
• Table 6 5: Classification of nanobiotechnology approaches to drug delivery in cancer
• Table 6 6: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery
• Table 7 1: Nanomedicine in the 21st century
• Table 7 2: Applications of nanobiotechnology for neurological disorders
• Table 7 3: Nanoparticles used for drug delivery in ophthalmology
• Table 7 4: Companies using nanotechnology-based antiinfective agents
• Table 7 5: Companies using nanotechnology for healthcare and therapeutics
• Table 7 6: Applications of nanotechnologies in food and nutrition sciences
• Table 7 7: Non-commercial institutes/laboratories involved in nanobiotechnology
• Table 8 1: FDA-approved nanotechnology based drugs
• Table 9 1: Nanobiotechnology markets according to areas of application 2008-2018
• Table 9 2: Markets for nanobiotechnology according to technologies 2008-2018
• Table 9 3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets 2008-2018
• Table 9 4: Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
• Table 9 5: Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
• Table 9 6: Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery

Figures

• Figure 1 1: Top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Figure 1 2: Relationship of nanobiotechnology to healthcare and related technologies
• Figure 2 1: Schematic representation of Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN)
• Figure 2 2: The core, branching and surface molecules of dendrimers
• Figure 4 1: Scheme of bio-barcode assay
• Figure 4 2: Scheme of a novel optical mRNA biosensor
• Figure 4 3: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology
• Figure 4 4: Concept of nanopore-based sequencing
• Figure 5 1: Application of nanobiotechnology at various stages of drug discovery
• Figure 6 1: Bacteria plus nanoparticles for drug delivery into cells
• Figure 6 2: A lipid nanoparticle
• Figure 6 3: Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery
• Figure 6 4: Nanocochleate-mediated drug delivery
• Figure 6 5: Nanodel™ gene vector
• Figure 6 6: Use of micelles for drug delivery
• Figure 7 1: Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
• Figure 9 1: Components of the $1 trillion market for nanotechnologies in the year 2015
• Figure 9 2: Nanobiotechnology markets according to applications 2008-2018
• Figure 9 3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets 2008-2018
• Figure 9 4: Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology applications