Table of Contents
Glossary
Executive Summary
- Introduction
- What This Report Covers
- Three Scenarios: Incremental, Progressive, Transformational
- Scenario Comparison
- Base Station CO2 Emissions
- Figure ES1: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split
by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table ES1: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split by
Scenario, 2008-2014
- Figure ES2: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber
Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table ES2: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber
Split by Scenario, 2008- 2014
- Base Station Electricity Costs
- Figure ES3: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario,
2008-2014
- Table ES3: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario,
2008-2014
- Figure ES4: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile
Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table ES4: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile
Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Strategic Recommendations
1. The Need for Change
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Global Drive for Climate Change
- 1.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
- 1.2.2 Regional and National Legislation
- i. European Union
- a. RoHS & WEEE
- RoHS Direct Impact on the Mobile Industry: The Treo 650
- b. Carbon Trading: Obligations and Opportunities
- 1.3 Key Drivers for Environmentally Sustainable Business Practices
- 1.3.1 Regulatory: Existing CO2 Levels Must be Reduced to Protect the
Environment
- 1.3.2 Consumer-Driven: Environmental Considerations are Influencing
Choice of Product
- 1.3.3 Economic: The Need for Energy Efficiency
- 1.3.4 Economic: The Rising Costs of Fossil Fuels
- 1.4 The Industry Response: Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Pilot
Project
- Figure 1.1: ICT Impacts and Opportunities
- Table 1.1: IPP Pilot Project Stages
- 1.5 The Growth of the Mobile Market and Its Environmental Impact
- 1.5.1 Mobile User Base
- Figure 1.2: Mobile Subscriber Base (m) Split by 8 Key Regions,
2007-2014
- Table 1.2: Mobile Subscriber Base (m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014
- 1.5.2 The Growing Demand for Base Stations
- Figure1.3: Average Number of Subscribers Per Active Base Station Split
by 8 Key Regions, 2014
- Table 1.3: Average Number of Subscribers Per Active Base Station Split
by 8 Key Regions, 2007-2014
- Figure 1.4: Total Number of Active Base Stations (m) Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2007-2014
- Table 1.4: Total Number of Active Base Stations (m) Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2007-2014
- 1.5.3 CO2 Emissions Across the Mobile Industry
- Figure 1.5: Mobile Use Phase, CO2 Emissions, 2008
- i. Consumers
- ii. Radio Base Station
- iii. Network Control, Core & Data Servers
- 1.5.4 Reducing the Footprint
- Figure 1.6: Maintaining a Stable CO2 Footprint - Growth in Mobile
Subscriber Base vs. CO2 Emissions Per User, 2008-2014
- 1.6 Three Scenarios: Incremental, Progressive, Transformational
- Table 1.5: Top-line Scenario-Based Forecast Assumptions
- 1.6.1 Methodology
- Figure 1.7 Forecast Methodology
2. Powering the Network
- 2.1 Key Forms of Renewable Energy
- 2.1.1 Solar Energy
- 2.1.2 Wind
- Figure 2.1: Wind Turbine Designs
- 2.1.3 Other Forms of Renewable Energy
- i. Pico-Hydro Power
- ii. Biodiesel
- iii. Fuel Cells
- 2.2 Renewable Energy in Developed Markets
- Figure 2.2: Selected Operators and Vendors, Percentage Green Electricity
Utilisation, 2008
- Table 2.1: Selected Operators and Vendors, Green Electricity Utilisation
(2008) and Future Targets
- 2.3 Renewable Energy in Developing Markets
- Table 2.2: Energy Efficiency Comparison: Vodafone India versus Other
Vodafone Companies, 2008/9
- 2.3.1 GSMA Green Power Initiative
- 2.3.2 Renewable Energy Deployments in Developing Markets
- i. Case Study: Vodafone/Vodacom
- ii. Case Study: Nokia Siemens Networks/ETC Ethiopia
- Figure 2.3: NSN Solar Panel Array at Ethiopia Base Station
- iii. Case Study: Safaricom
- Figure 2.4: Huawei Wind-solar-diesel Powered BTS, Kenya
- 2.4 Constraints on Renewable Energy
- 2.4.1 Wind Energy
- i. Geographic Location
- ii. Cost
- iii. Turbine Design Must be Optimised to Reflect Localised Conditions
- 2.4.2 Solar Energy
- i. Geographic Location
- ii. Cost
- Figure 2.5: RPI of Solar Modules, US and Europe
- Figure 2.6: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Potential in European Countries
- 2.4.3 Other Renewable Resources
- 2.4 Which Renewable Energy Resource?
- 2.4.1 Developing Markets
- Figure 2.7: Motorola Assessment Model for Network Energy Resource
- i. Capex and Opex
- ii. Location
- iii. Load Requirements
3. Base Station Forecasts
- 3.1 Base Station Deployments
- 3.1.1 Incremental Scenario
- Table 3.1: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum
Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.2: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Deployed Base
Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.1: Incremental Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations
Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.3: Incremental Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations
Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.1.2 Progressive Scenario
- Table 3.4: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per Annum
Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.5: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Annual Deployments of
Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Figure 3.2: Progressive Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations
Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.6: Progressive Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base Stations
Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.1.3 Transformational Scenario
- Table 3.7: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Deployments Per
Annum Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.8: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Annual
Deployments of Base Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.3: Transformational Scenario- Annual Deployments of Base
Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.9: Transformational Scenario - Annual Deployments of Base
Stations Which Utilise Renewable Energy Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.2 Green Electricity
- 3.2.1 Incremental Scenario
- Table 3.10: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station
Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.4: Incremental Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GHz) from
Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.11: Incremental Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from
Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.2.2 Progressive Scenario
- Table 3.12: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Total Base Station
Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.5: Progressive Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GHz) from
Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split By 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.13: Progressive Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh) from
Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.2.3 Transformational Scenario
- Table 3.14: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Total Base
Station Electricity Generated by Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8
Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.6: Transformational Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh)
from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.15: Transformational Scenario - Annual Power Generation (GWh)
from Off-Grid Renewable Resources Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.3 CO2 Emissions
- 3.3.1 Emissions from Grid Electricity
- i. Incremental Scenario
- Figure 3.7: Incremental Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base
Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.16: Incremental Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base
Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.8: Incremental Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.17: Incremental Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- ii. Progressive Scenario
- Figure 3.9: Progressive Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base
Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.18: Progressive Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of Base
Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.10: Progressive Scenario - On-grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.19: Progressive Scenario - On-grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- iii. Transformational Scenario
- Figure 3.11: Transformational Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of
Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.20: Transformational Scenario - CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) of
Base Station Grid Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.12: Transformational Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.21: Transformational Scenario - On-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.3.2 Emissions from Off-Grid Electricity
- i. Incremental Scenario
- Table 3.22: Incremental Scenario - Percentage of Base Station
Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8
Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.13: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh)
Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Table 3.23: Incremental Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh)
Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Figure 3.14: Incremental Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.24: Incremental Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- ii. Progressive Scenario
- Table 3.25: Progressive Scenario - Percentage of Base Station
Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.15: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh)
Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Table 3.26: Progressive Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh)
Derived from Diesel- Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Figure 3.16: Progressive Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.27: Progressive Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- iii. Transformational Scenario
- Table 3.28: Transformational Scenario - Percentage of Base Station
Electricity Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 3.17: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Electricity
(GWh) Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key
Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.29: Transformational Scenario - Base Station Electricity (GWh)
Derived from Diesel-Powered Off-Grid Generators Split by 8 Key Regions,
2008-2014
- Figure 3.18: Transformational Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.30: Transformational Scenario - Off-Grid Base Stations, CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 3.3.3 Total Base Station CO2 Emissions 71
- i. Incremental Scenario
- Figure 3.19: Incremental Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions
(Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.31: Incremental Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions
(Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- ii. Progressive Scenario
- Figure 3.20: Progressive Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions
(Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.32: Progressive Scenario - Total Base Station CO2 Emissions
(Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- iii. Transformational Scenario
- Figure 3.22: Transformational Scenario - Total Base Station CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 3.33: Transformational Scenario - Total Base Station CO2
Emissions (Mt) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- iv. Scenario Comparison
- Figure 3.23: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split
by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table 3.34: CO2 Emissions (Mt) from Base Station Electricity Split
by Scenario, 2008-2014
- 3.3.4 CO2 Emissions per Mobile Subscriber
- Figure 3.24: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber
Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table 3.35: Base Station CO2 Emissions (kg) Per Mobile Subscriber
Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
4. Enhancing the Network
- 4.1 Introduction
- Figure 4.1: Traditional Base Station Design
- 4.2 How Can Power Wastage be Reduced?
- 4.2.1 Network Planning
- 4.2.2 Increasing Base Station Coverage/Reduce Inefficiency in PA
- Figure 4.2: Heat Dissipation in Power Amplifier, Modulated Voltage vs.
Fixed Voltage
- 4.2.3 Reducing Air Conditioning
- 4.2.4 Using Feederless Sites and Remote Radio Heads
- Figure 4.3: Remote Station Configurations
- i. Case Study: Flexi Base Stations
- Figure 4.3: Nokia Flexi Base Stations
- 4.2.5 Improving Efficiency Within the Cable
- 4.2.6 Energy Saving/Standby
- 4.2.7 Remote Monitoring
- 4.2.8 Site Energy Efficiency
- 4.2.9 Network Sharing
5. Base Station Power Consumption & Electricity Costs
- 5.1 Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity
- Figure 5.1: Global Average Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity
Split by Source, 2008-2014
- Table 5.1: Global Average Implied Cost of Base Station Electricity Split
by Source, 2008-2014
- 5.2 Power Output
- 5.2.1 Incremental Scenario
- Table 5.2: Incremental Scenario. Average Power Output Per Base Station
(W) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.2: Incremental Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power
Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.3: Incremental Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power
Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 5.3.2 Progressive Scenario
- Table 5.4: Progressive Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base
Station (W) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.3: Progressive Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power
Consumption (GWh) Split 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.5: Progressive Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power
Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 5.3.3 Transformational Scenario
- Table 5.6: Transformational Scenario - Average Power Output Per Base
Station (W) Split By Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.4: Transformational Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station
Power Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.7: Transformational Scenario - Total Mobile Base Station Power
Consumption (GWh) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 5.3 Cost of Electricity
- 5.3.1 Incremental Scenario
- Figure 5.5: Incremental Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base
Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.8: Incremental Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base
Station Electricity Split 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.6: Incremental Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.9: Incremental Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.10: Incremental Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation
to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) by 8 Key Regions 2008-2014
- 5.3.2 Progressive Scenario
- Figure 5.7: Progressive Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base
Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.11: Progressive Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of Base
Station Electricity Split 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.8: Progressive Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.12: Progressive Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.13: Progressive Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in Relation
to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 5.3.3 Transformational Scenario
- Figure 5.9: Transformational Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of
Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.14: Transformational Scenario - Implied Cost per kWh ($) of
Base Station Electricity Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Figure 5.10: Transformational Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.15: Transformational Scenario - Total Operator Base Station
Electricity Costs ($m) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- Table 5.16: Transformational Scenario - Total Electricity Costs in
Relation to Operator-Billed Revenues (%) Split by 8 Key Regions, 2008-2014
- 5.3.4 Scenario Comparison
- Figure 5.11: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario,
2008-2014
- Table 5.17: Base Station Electricity Costs ($m) Split by Scenario,
2008-2014
- 5.3.5 Base Station Electricity Usage by Mobile Subscriber
- Figure 5.12: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile
Subscriber Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
- Table 5.18: Base Station Electricity Usage (kWh) Per Mobile Subscriber
Per Annum Split by Scenario, 2008-2014
6. Environmentally Sustainable Business Practice
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Environmental Management
- 6.2.1 Waste Management
- i. Network-related Waste
- ii. Tertiary Waste
- 6.3 Teleconferencing and Teleworking
- 6.3.1 Case Study: TelePresence
- Figure 6.1: Tandberg TelePresence T3 Videoconferencing Suite
- 6.4 Greener Transport
- 6.4.1 Greener Cars
- 6.4.2 Offset Fleet Emissions
- 6.4.3 Car Pooling
- 6.4.4 Alternative Means of Travel
- 6.5 Efficiencies in Online Data Storage
- 6.6 Smart Networks
- 6.7 Paperless Billing
- Figure 6.2: Orange (France Telecom), Consumer Uptake of Paperless
Billing, Fixed and Mobile Customers 2008
- Table 6.1: Hypothetical Reduction in Paper Wastage & CO2 Emissions Based
on 50% Adoption of Paperless Billing, Selected Markets
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