Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Developments
Chapter 2 - Fight for survival
- Soaring fuel costs
- Sliding US sales
- Chain reaction
- Improving productivity
- Profitability gap
- Bleak outlook in Europe
- Suppliers in jeopardy
- Japan faces stagnant demand
- Back in Washington
- Enormous pressures
- Thumbs-down
- Presidential solution
Chapter 3 - The Detroit Three - same problems, different approaches
- Chrysler
- Marriage and divorce
- Major launches
- Continued co-operation
- Ford
- Credit crisis
- Slashed headcount
- Powertrain upgrades
- Sustainability plan
- General Motors
- Joint ventures
- Capacity cuts
- Worldwide product development
- Assets for sale
Chapter 4 - Elements of a 4WD system
- Transfer case
- Power take-off unit
- Final drive unit
- Differential
- Torque management devices
- Active TMDs
- Passive TMDs
- Speed-sensing TMDs
- Torque sensing TMDs
- Side-shafts
- Constant velocity joints
- Propeller shafts
- Stability systems
- Finding more traction
- Steep descents
Chapter 5 - 4WD propositions
- Alfa Romeo Q4
- Audi quattro
- Bentley Continental GT Speed and GTC Speed
- BMW xDrive
- Fiat Panda 4x4
- Ford Control Trac
- Honda
- Real Time 4x4
- SH-AWD
- Jeep
- Command-Trac I
- Command-Trac II
- Freedom Drive I
- Freedom-Drive II
- Quadra-Drive II
- Quadra-Trac I
- Quadra-Trac II
- Rock-Trac
- Selec-Trac II
- Land Rover
- Defender
- Freelander 2
- Discovery 3
- Range Rover
- Range Rover Sport
- Mazda Active Torque-Split
- Mercedes-Benz 4Matic
- G-Class
- GL-Class
- GLK-Class
- M-Class
- R-Class
- Mitsubishi
- Super Select
- Active Skid & Traction Control
- Super Select II
- Super All Wheel Control
- ECU integration
- Mitsubishi Outlander
- Nissan
- All-Mode 4x4-i
- ATTESA E-TS
- e4WD
- Porsche - Porsche Traction Management
- Subaru E-4AT
- Suzuki SX4
- Toyota
- Adaptive Variable Suspension
- Active Height Control
- Crawl Control
- Hill-start Assist Control
- Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System
- Toyota Transfer Unit
- Volkswagen
- 4Motion
Chapter 6 - Key 4WD suppliers
- American Axle & Manufacturing
- Continued shift
- New business
- More electronics
- Differentials
- Torque transfer
- Challenging market
- BorgWarner
- Engine Group
- Drivetrain Group
- New business
- China
- Changing expectations
- Dana Holding Corporation
- Chapter 11
- Market challenges
- Business groups
- Collaboration with Getrag
- Research and development
- GKN Driveline
- Below expectations
- Worldwide testing
- Solutions
- 2008 highlights
- Drive shafts
- Geared power transmission
- Torque management devices
- Active TMDs
- Passive TMDs
- Motorsport
- Haldex
- Market leader
- How Haldex couplings work
- Generation 1
- Generation 2
- Generation 3
- Generation 4
- Generation 5
- Re-focusing the business
- Rapidly bleaker market
- Magna International
- Diversification
- Powertrain systems
- Engineering
- Mechatronics
- Vehicle engineering and assembly
- Uncertain outlook
- JTEKT
- Driveline components
- Torsen halo
- Achievement
- Today' s choices
- T-1/Type A
- T-2/Type B
- T-2R/Racemaster
- T-3/Type C
Chapter 7 - Where now for 4WD?
- Hybrids winning friends
- Electric Motor Assisted 4WD
- The Detroit Three
- PSA' s novel approach
- A vision of the future already on the road
- The future is greener
Chapter 8 - Glossary of terms
Chapter 9 - Who builds what and where, derivatives and relations
List of figures
- Figure 1: The question on everyone' s lips in Detroit: Would Barak Obama
come riding to their rescue in the new presidential limo?
- Figure 2: Even Jeeps are going electric as part of the ENVI plan
- Figure 3: Ford Flex crossover with seven seats and 3.5-litre twin turbo
V6, doing more of the same for less
- Figure 4: Chevrolet Equinox 5-seat crossover with 2.4-litre direct
injection 4-cylinder engine, aimed at Toyota' s RAV-4 and Honda' s CR-V
- Figure 5: Transmission essentials 1: Light truck/SUV
- Figure 6: Transmission essentials 2: SUV
- Figure 7: Transmission essentials 3: FWD/AWD crossover vehicle
- Figure 8: Transfer case
- Figure 9: 4Matic centre differential and transfer to front axle
- Figure 10: Touareg transfer case
- Figure 11: FWD-based AWD with hang-on PTU at the front and Haldex coupling
with ELSD at the rear
- Figure 12: Quattro torque vectoring sport differential
- Figure 13: Vectordrive collaboration with ZF for BMW X6
- Figure 14: DYC (Direct Yaw Control) torque vectoring rear axle on Acura
RDX crossover SUV
- Figure 15: Pajero underside shows the complexities of integrating AWD with
other vehicle systems
- Figure 16: Complete AWD powertrain
- Figure 17: How it works: quattro sport differential in action
- Figure 18: Mid-engined R8 quattro drivetrain
- Figure 19: X5 understeer: when DSC+ opens the centre clutch, feeding more
torque to the rear wheels to bring the front back into line
- Figure 20: X5 oversteer: DSC+ engages the centre clutch, directing more
torque to the front wheels to bring the rear back into line
- Figure 21: Acura RL saloon with upgraded SH-AWD and DYC (Direct Yaw
Control) rear axle
- Figure 22: Jeep Wrangler Rubicon, all-American icon
- Figure 23: Sand mode: Freelander 2 crossover
- Figure 24: Mud & ruts mode: Discovery 3 SUV
- Figure 25: When AWD makes sense: Range Rover in grass/gravel/snow mode
- Figure 26: Tightly packaged. 4Matic front axle passes through the sump
- Figure 27: 4Matic centre differential and transfer gearing
- Figure 28: AWD driveline. GLK compact crossover
- Figure 29: Super Select RWD-based on-demand 4WD on the Pajero has four
selectable modes
- Figure 30: GT-R coupe with upgraded Advanced Total Traction Engineering
System for All-Terrain
- Figure 31: PTM: now based on an electronically-controlled multi-plate
central clutch
- Figure 32: Torsen centre differential used on longitudinally-engined
4Motion cars
- Figure 33: Haldex rear coupling used on transverse-engined 4Motion vehicles
- Figure 34: Touareg SUV driveline
- Figure 35: RC HYmotion4 GT coupe concept combines performance, 4WD and
eco-efficiency
- Figure 36: Though at the rear, the ERAD (Electric Rear Axle Drive) -
already under evaluation on Freelander 2-based full-hybrid diesel prototypes -
can also drive the front wheels
- Figure 37: Though the ERAD module is at the rear, it can also drive the
front wheels
List of tables
- Table 1: Regional shares of 4WD installations, 2007-2014 (% of overall
build)
- Table 2: Global markets for 4WD systems by region, 2007 2009-2014 (m
vehicles)
- Table 3: Employment impact of Detroit Three collapse
- Table 4: Chrysler' s sales outlook, 2009-2012
- Table 5: Chrysler worldwide production, 2007 (units)
- Table 6: Changing emphasis: Ford rebalances its US product portfolio (%)
- Table 7: US total vehicle sales, 2007-2011, at ' slightly improved rates'
(m units)
- Table 8: US total vehicle sales, 2007-2011, at ' current rates' (m units)
- Table 9: US total vehicle sales, 20077-2011, at ' worst rates' (m units)
- Table 10: Ford worldwide production, 2007
- Table 11: GM fuel efficiency improvements, 2000-2012
- Table 12: GM manufacturing improvements, 2000-2012
- Table 13: General Motors worldwide production, 2007 (units)
- Table 14: American Axle & Manufacturing: Net sales by region 2005-2007
(US$m)
- Table 15: American Axle & Manufacturing: Net sales by customer 2005-2007
(US$m)
- Table 16: Shifting segments: North American sales by vehicle type, 2007
and 2013 (%)
- Table 17: BorgWarner projected revenues by customer 2008 (%)
- Table 18: BorgWarner diversity of vehicle types, 2008 (%)
- Table 19: BorgWarner Inc overall net sales 2005-2007 (US$m)
- Table 20: BorgWarner net sales by business segment, 2005-2007 (US$m)
- Table 21: Dana revenues by customer, 2008 (%)
- Table 22: Dana revenues by product line, 2008 (%)
- Table 23: Dana revenues by region, 2008 (%)
- Table 24: Dana net sales, 2006-2007 (US$m)
- Table 25: Dana first half-year sales, 2007 and 2008 (US$m)
- Table 26: GKN Driveline sales by region, first half 2008 (%)
- Table 27: GKN sales by division, 2007 (GBPm and %)
- Table 28: Haldex sales by division, 2008 (%)
- Table 29: Haldex sales by market, 2007 (%)
- Table 30: Haldex Traction Systems sales, 2003-2007 (SEKm)
- Table 31: Magna global automotive sales by customer, 2007 (%)
- Table 32: Magna sales by customer, 2005-2007 (US$m)
- Table 33: Magna automotive products and services sales by division,
2005-2007 (US$m)
- Table 34: Magna sales by region and content per vehicle, 2005-2007 (US$m)
- Table 35: Magna employees by region, September 2008
- Table 36: Supplier shares of global diversified driveline market,
2009-2014 (%)
- Table 37: Who builds what and where, derivatives and relations
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