Asian Medical Device Markets

Table of Contents

Chapter One: Executive Summary

• 1.1 Healthcare Industry
• 1.2 Healthcare In Asia
• 1.3 Definition And Scope
• 1.4 Medical Devices
• 1.5 Market Overview
  • 1.5.1 Japan
  • 1.5.2 China
  • 1.5.3 Australia
  • 1.5.4 South Korea
  • 1.5.5 India
• 1.6 Demand Side Analysis
  • 1.6.1 Japan
  • 1.6.2 China
  • 1.6.3 Australia
  • 1.6.4 South Korea
  • 1.6.5 India2
• 1.7 Key Regulations And Certifications
  • 1.7.1 Japan
  • 1.7.2 China
  • 1.7.3 Australia
  • 1.7.4 South Korea
  • 1.7.5 India
• 1.8 Conclusions

Chapter Two: Introduction

• 2.1 Healthcare Industry
  • 2.1.1 Worldwide Healthcare Market
• 2.2 Healthcare in Asia
  • 2.2.1 Asia - Healthcare Statistics
    • 2.2.1.1 Healthcare Spending as a Percentage of GDP
    • 2.2.1.2 Per Capita Healthcare Spending
  • 2.2.2 Trends in Asian Healthcare Markets
• 2.3 Definition and Scope
  • 2.3.1 Definition
  • 2.3.2 Geographical Scope of the Study

Chapter three: Classification of Medical Devices

• 3.1 Definition
• 3.2 Classification of Medical Devices
• 3.3 Categorization of Medical Devices

Chapter four: Market Data & Analysis

• 4.1 Australia
  • 4.1.1 Market Size
  • 4.1.2 Market Size Projections
  • 4.1.3 Industry Structure
  • 4.1.4 Trends
    • 4.1.4.1 Import-Export Trends
    • 4.1.4.2 Australian Medical Devices - Worldwide Acceptance
    • 4.1.4.3 Medical Devices vs Pharmaceutical Products - Development Cycle
  • 4.1.5 Factors Affecting the Market
    • 4.1.5.1 Growth Drivers
    • 4.1.5.2 Growth Inhibitors
• 4.2 China
  • 4.2.1 Market Size
  • Taiwan Market
  • 4.2.2 Market Size Projections
  • 4.2.3 Trends
  • 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the Market
    • 4.2.4.1 Growth Drivers
    • 4.2.4.2 Growth Inhibitors
• 4.3 India
  • 4.3.1 Market Size
  • 4.3.2 Market Size Projections
  • 4.3.3 Trends
    • 4.3.3.1 Import-Export Trends
    • 4.3.3.2 Medical Tourism
  • 4.3.4 Factors Affecting the Market
  • 4.3.4.1 Growth Drivers
• 4.4 Japan
  • 4.4.1 Market Size
  • 4.4.2 Market Size Projections
  • 4.4.3 Industry Structure
    • 4.4.3.1 Business through General Dealers
    • 4.4.3.2 Business through Specialist Dealers
    • 4.4.3.3 Direct Sales
  • 4.4.4 Trends
    • 4.4.4.1 Import-Export Trends
    • 4.4.4.2 Eldercare Market
  • 4.4.5 Factors Affecting the Market
    • 4.4.5.1 Growth Drivers
    • 4.4.5.2 Growth Inhibitors
• 4.5 South Korea
  • 4.5.1 Market Size
  • 4.5.2 Market Size Projections
  • 4.5.3 Trends
    • 4.5.3.1 Import-Export Trends
  • 4.5.4 Factors Affecting the Market
    • 4.5.4.1 Growth Drivers
    • 4.5.4.2 Growth Inhibitors

Chapter Five: Demand Side Analysis

• 5.1 Australia
  • 5.1.1 Demand Side Statistics
    • 5.1.1.1 Increase in the Number of Hospitals and Related Expenditure
    • 5.1.1.2 Statistics Related to Medical Procedures
  • 5.1.2 Demographics
    • 5.1.2.1 Increase in the Number of People Aged 65 Years and Above
• 5.2 China
  • 5.2.1 Potential Market for Replacement Sales
  • 5.2.2 Higher Demand for Medical Devices from ' Retirement Homes'
  • 5.2.3 Demand for High-Quality Medical Devices and More Efficient Healthcare Services
  • 5.2.4 Increased Acceptance of Diagnostic Devices in Taiwan
• 5.3 India
  • 5.3.1 Public Sector vs Private Sector
  • 5.3.2 Healthcare Infrastructure
    • 5.3.2.1 Government Healthcare Infrastructure
    • 5.3.2.2 Private Healthcare Infrastructure
  • 5.3.3 Demographics
    • 5.3.3.1 Increase in the Number of People Aged 65 Years and Above
• 5.4 Japan
  • 5.4.1 Demographics
    • 5.4.1.1 Increase in the Number of People Aged 65 Years and Above
  • 5.4.2 Medical Devices Preferences
• 5.5 South Korea
  • 5.5.1 Modernization of Hospitals
  • 5.5.2 Increasing Demand for Homecare Medical Devices

Chapter Six: Key Regulations and Certifications

• 6.1 Global Regulatory Bodies
  • 6.1.1 Global Harmonization Task Force (GHTF)
  • 6.1.2 US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)
• 6.2 Australia
  • 6.2.1 Regulatory Bodies and Committees
    • 6.2.1.1 Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
    • 6.2.1.2 The Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)
• 6.3 China
  • 6.3.1 Key Regulations
    • 6.3.2 Regulations and Registrations in Taiwan
    • 6.3.3 Recent Regulatory Changes
      • 6.3.3.1 Medical Devices Testing
      • 6.3.3.2 New Pricing Policy for Medical Devices
      • 6.3.3.3 New Regulation - Medical Devices Quality System Management
      • 6.3.3.4 Registration
      • 6.3.3.5 Supervising Medical Devices Manufacturers
• 6.4 India
  • 6.4.1 Regulatory Bodies and Committees
    • 6.4.1.1 Indian Medical Devices Regulatory Authority
    • 6.4.1.2 Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
• 6.5 Japan
  • 6.5.1 Regulations
    • 6.5.1.1 Revision of Medical Devices Approval Applications Classifications
  • 6.5.2 Certifications
    • 6.5.2.1 MHLW Ministerial Ordinance No. 169, 2004
    • 6.5.2.2 MHLW Ministerial Ordinance No. 2, 1961, revised by MHLW Ministerial Ordinance No. 73, 2005
    • 6.5.2.3 MHLW Ministerial Ordinance No. 136, 2004
• 6.6 South Korea
  • 6.6.1 Key Regulations
  • 6.6.2 Registrations for Medical Devices Approval
    • 6.6.2.1 Classification of Medical Devices
    • 6.6.2.2 Manufacturing/Importing Approval/Announcement Application
    • 6.6.2.3 Examination of Technical Documents
    • 6.6.2.4 Testing
    • 6.6.2.5 Medical Devices Manufacture/Import and Quality Control Rules

Chapter Seven: Conclusions

• 7.1 First Conclusion
• 7.2 Second Conclusion
• 7.3 Third Conclusion
• 7.4 Fourth Conclusion
• 7.5 Fifth Conclusion
• 7.6 Sixth Conclusion
• 7.7 Seventh Conclusion

Chapter Eight: Company Profiles

• 8.1 3M Company
  • 8.1.1 Key Facts
  • 8.1.2 Company Overview
  • 8.1.3 Geographical Presence and Subsidiaries
  • 8.1.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.1.5 Key Executives
  • 8.1.6 Performance Review
    • 8.1.6.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.1.6.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.1.6.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
    • 8.1.6.4 Performance of the Healthcare Segment
  • 8.1.7 Company Strategy
• 8.2 B Braun Melsungen Ag (B. Braun)
  • 8.2.1 Key Facts
  • 8.2.2 Company Overview
  • 8.2.3 Product Portfolio
  • 8.2.4 Key Executives
  • 8.2.5 Key Competitors
  • 8.2.6 Performance Review
    • 8.2.6.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.2.6.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.2.6.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
• 8.3 Beijing Wandong Medical Equipment Co., Ltd
  • 8.3.1 Key Facts
  • 8.3.2 Company Overview
  • 8.3.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.3.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.3.5 Key Executives
  • 8.3.6 Key Competitors
  • 8.3.7 Performance Review
    • 8.3.7.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.3.7.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.3.7.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
  • 8.3.8 Company Strategy
• 8.4 Cochlear Limited
  • 8.4.1 Key Facts
  • 8.4.2 Company Overview
  • 8.4.3 Geographical Presence and Subsidiaries
  • 8.4.4 Product Portfolio
    • 8.4.4.1 Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System
    • 8.4.4.2 Baha System
  • 8.4.5 Key Executives
  • 8.4.6 Performance Review
    • 8.4.6.1 Revenue Performance
  • 8.4.7 Company Strategy
• 8.5 GE Healthcare Company
  • 8.5.1 Key Facts
  • 8.5.2 Company Overview
  • 8.5.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.5.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.5.5 Staff Organization
  • 8.5.7 Key Competitors
  • 8.5.8 Performance Review
    • 8.5.8.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.5.8.2 Performance of Business Segments
  • 8.5.9 Company Strategy
• 8.6 Hitachi Medical Corporation
  • 8.6.1 Key Facts
  • 8.6.2 Company Overview
  • 8.6.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.6.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.6.5 Organization of Business
  • 8.6.6 Key Executives
  • 8.6.7 Key Competitors
  • 8.6.8 Performance Review
    • 8.6.8.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.6.8.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.6.8.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
• 8.7 Johnson & Johnson Co., Ltd
  • 8.7.1 Key Facts
  • 8.7.2 Company Overview
  • 8.7.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.7.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.7.5 Staff Organization
  • 8.7.6 Key Executives
  • 8.7.7 Key Competitors
  • 8.7.8 Performance Review
    • 8.7.8.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.7.8.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.7.8.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
  • 8.7.9 Company Strategy
• 8.8 Medison Co., Ltd
  • 8.8.1 Key Facts
  • 8.8.2 Company Overview
  • 8.8.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.8.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.8.5 Staff Organization
    • 8.8.5.1 Marketing Services
    • 8.8.5.2 Research and Development Services
    • 8.8.5.3 Production Services
    • 8.8.5.4 Administration Services
  • 8.8.6 Key Executives
  • 8.8.7 Key Competitors
  • 8.8.8 Performance Review
    • 8.8.8.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.8.8.2 Performance of Business Segments
  • 8.8.9 Company Strategy
• 8.9 Philips Medical Systems Technologies Ltd
  • 8.9.1 Key Facts
  • 8.9.2 Company Overview
  • 8.9.3 Geographic Presence
  • 8.9.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.9.6 Key Competitors
  • 8.9.7 Performance Review
    • 8.9.7.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.9.7.2 Performance of Geographic Segments
  • 8.9.8 Company Strategy
• 8.10 ResMed, Inc.
  • 8.10.1 Key Facts
  • 8.10.2 Company Overview
  • 8.10.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.10.5 Key Executives
  • 8.10.6 Performance Review
    • 8.10.6.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.10.6.2 Performance of Geographic Segments
  • 8.10.7 Company Strategy
    • 8.10.7.1 Core Growth Strategies
    • 8.10.7.2 Strategic Acquisitions
    • 8.10.7.3 Global Sales and Marketing
    • 8.10.9.4 Collaboration with Associations
• 8.11 Siemens Medical Solutions
  • 8.11.1 Key Facts
  • 8.11.2 Company Overview
  • 8.11.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.11.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.11.5 Key Executives
  • 8.11.6 Key Competitors
  • 8.11.7 Performance Review
    • 8.11.7.1 Revenue Performance
• 8.12 Terumo Corporation
  • 8.12.1 Key Facts
  • 8.12.2 Company Overview
  • 8.12.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.12.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.12.5 Key Executives
  • 8.12.6 Key Competitors
  • 8.12.7 Performance Review
    • 8.12.7.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.12.7.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.12.7.3 Performance of Geographic Segments
  • 8.12.8 Company Strategy
• 8.13 Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation
  • 8.13.1 Key Facts
  • 8.13.2 Company Overview
  • 8.13.3 Geographical Presence and Business Lines
  • 8.13.4 Product Portfolio
  • 8.13.5 Organization of Business
  • 8.13.6 Key Executives
  • 8.13.7 Key Competitors
  • 8.13.8 Performance Review
    • 8.13.8.1 Revenue Performance
    • 8.13.8.2 Performance of Business Segments
    • 8.13.8.3 Performance of Geographic Segments

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Chapter One: Executive Summary

• Figure 1-1: Expenditure on Healthcare as a Percentage of GDP - Asia (2005-2006)
• Figure 1-2: Medical Device Categories
• Figure 1-3: Asian Medical Device Markets (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea), 2006-2010

Chapter two: Introduction

• Figure 2-1: Value Chain of the Healthcare Industry
• Table 2-1: World Population Predictions 2005 and 2050
• Figure 2-2: Healthcare Spending as a Percentage of GDP - Asia (2005-2010)
• Figure 2-3: Per Capita Healthcare Spending - Asia (2005-2010)
• Figure 2-4: Total Healthcare Expenditure Break-up for Asia Pacific (2005)
• Figure 2-5: Expenditure on Healthcare as a Percentage of GDP - Asia (2005-2006)
• Figure 2-6: Per Capita Healthcare Spending - Asia (2005-2006)

Chapter three: Classification of Medical Devices

• Figure 3-1: Medical Device Classification
• Figure 3-2: Medical Device Categories
• Figure 3-3: Classification of Surgical Equipment

Chapter four: Market Data & Analysis

• Table 4-1: Asian Medical Device Market, 5 Key Countries (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea) 2007-2010
• Figure 4-1: Australian Medical Device market Size (2003-2005)
• Figure 4-2: Australian Medical Device Market Size - Projection (2007-2010)
• Figure 4-3: Australian Medical Device market - Segmentation (Diagnostic/Imaging Equipment, Ophthalmic Equipment, Others), 2006
• Figure 4-4: Australian Medical Device Industry Structure
• Figure 4-5: Australia - Domestic Production (2004)
• Figure 4-6: Australia - Domestic Consumption (2004)
• Figure 4-7: Medical Devices vs Pharmaceutical Products - Development Cycle
• Figure 4-8: Aging Population - Australia (Age Group 65 Years and above)
• Figure 4-9: Public Sector vs Private Sector Purchase of Medical Devices - Australia (2005)
• Figure 4-10: Chinese Medical Device market Size (2000-2006)
• Figure 4-11: Production Value of Medical Devices in Taiwan (2002-2006)
• Figure 4-12: Chinese Medical Device market Size - Projection (2005-2010)
• Figure 4-13: Chinese Medical Device market - Segmentation (IV Diagnostics Equipment, Disposable Equipment, Ophthalmic Equipment, Others) , 2006 (in USD million) Figure 4-14: Indian Medical Device market Size (1993, 2005-2006)
• Figure 4-15: Indian Medical Device market Size - Projection (2007-2010)
• Figure 4-16: Indian Medical Device market - Segmentation (Diagnostic Equipment, Imaging Equipment, Others) 
• Figure 4-17: India - Domestic Consumption (2004)
• Figure 4-18: Medical Tourism Industry in India (2006-2012)
• Figure 4-19: Japanese Medical Device market Size (2000-2006)
• Figure 4-20: Japanese Medical Device market Size - Projection (2006-2010)
• Figure 4-21: Japanese Medical Device market - Segmentation (IV Diagnostic Equipment, Disposable Equipment, Ophthalmic Equipment, Others), 2006
• Figure 4-22: Distribution Patterns for Medical Devices in Japan
• Figure 4-23: Import and Export of Japanese Medical Devices as a Percent of Market Output (1997-2007)
• Table 4-2: Population Needing Home Treatment - Forecast (1993-2025)
• Table 4-3: Average Age of Japan' s Population (1990-2005)
• Figure 4-24: South Korean Medical Device market Size (2000-2006)
• Figure 4-25: Medical Devices Manufacturing Market (2000-2006)
• Figure 4-26: Medical Devices Manufacturing Companies' Market Share (2004)
• Figure 4-27: South Korea Medical Device market Size - Projection (2007-2010)
• Figure 4-28: South Korean Medical Device market - Segmentation (Disposable and Non-Disposable Equipment, 2006
• Figure 4-29: South Korea Medical Devices Imports (2000-2010)

Chapter Five: Demand Side Analysis

• Figure 5-1: Public Sector vs Private Sector - Purchase of Medical Devices (2006)
• Table 5-1: Number of Hospitals (2000-2001 to 2004-2005)
• Figure 5-2: Number of Public Hospitals vs Private Hospitals - Australia (2005)
• Table 5-2: Total Recurrent Expenditure from 2000-2001 to 2004-2005
• Table 5-3: Statistics for Public Hospitals - by Procedure (2004-2005)
• Table 5-4: Procedure Statistics for Private Hospitals - by Procedure (2004-2005)
• Figure 5-3: Aging Population - Australia (Age Group of 65 Years and Above)
• Figure 5-4: Supply-Demand Gap in China' s Medical Device market (2003-2008)
• Figure 5-5: Healthcare Industry - Public Sector vs Private Sector (2006)
• Table 5-5: Healthcare Infrastructure in India (2004)
• Table 5-6: Size of Private Hospitals - Healthcare Units (2004)
• Table 5-7: Demographics Forecast (2010-2050).
• Table 5-8: Aging Demographics Forecast (2000-2050)

Chapter Six: Key Regulations and Certifications

• Figure 6-1: Australian Medical Devices Legislation - Features
• Figure 6-2: Australian Medical Devices - Route to Market
• Figure 6-3: Drug and Cosmetics Act - Implementation Framework - Central and State Drug Administrations (CDA)
• Figure 6-4: Structure of Central Drug Standard Control Organization
• Table 6-1: Approval, Licensing, and Notification System - Pharmaceutical Affairs Law

Chapter Seven: Conclusions

• Figure 7-1: Asian Medical Device Markets - Market Attractiveness Chart

Chapter Eight: Company Profiles

• Table 8-1: Corporate Details of 3M
• Table 8-2: Geographical Presence and Subsidiaries of 3M
• Table 8-3: Key Executives of 3M
• Figure 8-1: 3M Revenue Performance (2001-2006)
• Figure 8-2: 3M Revenues (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Figure 8-3: 3M Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Figure 8-4: 3M Revenues (Healthcare Segment) (2004-2006)
• Table 8-4: Corporate Details of B. Braun
• Table 8-5: Product Portfolio of B. Braun
• Table 8-6: Key Executives of B. Braun
• Figure 8-5: B. Braun Revenue Performance (2004-2005)
• Figure 8-6: B. Braun Revenues (by Business Segment) (2005)
• Figure 8-7: B. Braun Revenues (by Geography) (2005)
• Table 8-7: Corporate Details of Beijing Wandong Medical Equipment
• Table 8-8: Major Branches and Business Lines of Wandong Medical
• Table 8-9: Key Executives of Wandong Medical
• Figure 8-8: Wandong Medical Revenue Performance (2001-2005)
• Figure 8-9: Wandong Medical Revenues (by Business Segment) (2005)
• Figure 8-10: Wandong Medical Revenues (by Geography) (2005)
• Table 8-10: Corporate Details of Cochlear Limited
• Table 8-11: Geographical Presence and Subsidiaries of Cochlear
• Table 8-12: Key Executives of Cochlear
• Figure 8-11: Cochlear Revenue Performance (2001-2006)
• Figure 8-12: Cochlear Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Figure 8-13: Cochlear Revenue Performance (by Geography) (2004-2006)
• Table 8-13: Corporate Details of GE Healthcare
• Table 8-14: Major (Asia Pacific) Operating Locations and Business Lines of GE Healthcare
• Table 8-15: Key Executives of GE Healthcare
• Figure 8-14: GE Healthcare Revenue Performance (2002-2006)
• Figure 8-15: GE Revenues (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Figure 8-16: GE Income (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Table 8-16: Corporate Details of Hitachi Medical Corporation
• Table 8-17: Geographical Presence and Business Lines of Hitachi Medical Corporation
• Table 8-18: Key Executives of Hitachi Medical Corporation
• Figure 8-17: Hitachi Medical Corporation Revenue Performance (2004-2006)
• Figure 8-18: Hitachi Medical Revenue Performance (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Figure 8-19: Hitachi Medical Revenue Performance (by Geography) (20006)
• Table 8-19: Corporate Details of Johnson & Johnson
• Table 8-20: Major Locations and Business Lines of Johnson & Johnson in Asia Pacific
• Table 8-21: Key Executives of Johnson & Johnson
• Figure 8-20: Johnson & Johnson Revenue Performance (2002-2006)
• Figure 8-21: Johnson & Johnson Revenues (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Figure 8-22: Johnson & Johnson Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Figure 8-23: Medical Devices and Diagnostics Segment Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Table 8-22: Corporate Details of Medison
• Table 8-23: Geographical Presence and Business Lines of Medison
• Table 8-24: Key Executives of Medison
• Figure 8-24: Medison Revenue Performance (2002-2005)
• Figure 8-25: Medison Revenues (by Geography) (2005)
• Table 8-25: Corporate Details of Philips Medical Systems Technologies Ltd
• Table 8-26: Presence of Philips Medical Systems in Asia Pacific
• Table 8-27: Key Executives of Philips Medical Systems
• Figure 8-26: Philips Medical Systems Revenue Performance (2002-2006)
• Figure 8-27: Philips Medical Systems Revenues (by Geography) (2002-2006)
• Table 8-28: Corporate Details of ResMed, Inc.
• Table 8-29: Geographical Presence of ResMed
• Table 8-30: Product Portfolio of ResMed
• Table 8-31: Key Executives of ResMed
• Figure 8-28: ResMed Revenue Performance (2002-2006)
• Figure 8-29: ResMed Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Table 8-32: Acquisitions of ResMed (1996-2005)
• Table 8-33: Corporate Details of Siemens Medical Solutions
• Table 8-34: Geographical Presence and Business Lines of Siemens Medical Solutions
• Table 8-35: Key Executives of Siemens Medical Solutions
• Figure 8-30: Siemens Medical Solutions Revenue Performance (2002-2006)
• Table 8-36: Corporate Details of Terumo Corporation
• Table 8-37: Geographical Presence and Business Lines of Terumo Corporation
• Table 8-38: Key Executives of Terumo
• Figure 8-31: Terumo Corporation Revenue Performance (2004-2006)
• Figure 8-32: Terumo Corporation Revenues (by Business Segment) (2006)
• Figure 8-33: Terumo Corporation Revenues (by Geography) (2006)
• Table 8-39: Corporate Details of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation
• Table 8-40: Geographical Presence and Business Lines of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation
• Figure 8-34: Business Divisions of Toshiba Corporation
• Table 8-41: Key Executives of Toshiba Corporation
• Figure 8-35: Toshiba Revenue Performance (by Business Segment) (2005)
• Figure 8-36: Toshiba Revenue Performance (by Geography) (2005)