Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introducing the World Market for Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Chart 1.1 Total Revenues for Neurodegenerative Diseases ($m), 2007-2012
- Table 1.1 Overall Forecast for Neurodegenerative Diseases ($m), 2007-2012
- Chart 1.2 Market Share (%) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2006
- Chart 1.3 Market Share (%) of Neurodegenerative Diseases,2007
Chapter 2. Neurodegenerative Disorders
- 2.1 Introduction to Neurodegenerative Disorders
- 2.2 What the Global Market for Neurodegenerative Disorders tells us
- 2.3 Focus of the report
Chapter 3. Parkinson' s Disease
- 3.1 Parkinson' s Disease Overview
- 3.2 Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis
- 3.2.1 Tremors
- 3.2.2 Bradykinesia
- 3.2.3 Diagnosis
- 3.3 What are the Risk Factors?
- 3.3.1 Age
- 3.3.2 A possible genetic basis to PD
- 3.3.3 Men are more likely to develop PD
- 3.3.4 Pesticides and Herbicides influence PD Development
- 3.3.5 Reduced Oestrogen Levels increase the risk of PD
- 3.3.6 Reduced Folate Levels Associated with PD
- 3.3.7 Anti-oxidants
- 3.4 Demographics of PD
- Chart 3.1 Projected Global Parkinson' s Disease growth 2005- 2030 (m)
- Chart 3.2 Projected Parkinson' s Disease Growth In 2030, by Region (%)
- Chart 3.3 Parkinson' s Disease Global Market Share in 2005
- 3.5 Financial Burden of PD
- 3.6 Pathophysiology of PD
- 3.7 The Market Profile of PD
- 3.8 Current Pharmaceutical Therapies of PD
- Table 3.1 Current pharmaceutical therapies available for Parkinson' s
Disease
- Table 3.2 Other Medications available for Parkinson' s Disease
- 3.9 Dopamine Precursors as the Standard Treatments for PD
- 3.9.1 Sinemet (Co-Careldopa)
- Chart 3.4 Sinemet Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.3 Sinemet Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.9.2 Madopar (Co-benelopa)
- Chart 3.5 Madopar Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.4 Madopar Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.9.3 Carbidopa and Benserazide
- 3.10 Dopamine Agonists as Treatments for PD
- 3.10.1 Ergot-Alkaloid-Based Agents
- 3.10.2 Parlodel (Bromocriptine)
- Chart 3.6 Parlodel Revenue 2001-2006
- 3.10.3 Dopergine (Lisuride) is Superior to Parlodel
- 3.10.4 Permax (Pergolide)
- Chart 3.7 Permax Revenue before withdrawal
- 3.11 Apomorphine as Additional Relief for PD Sufferers
- 3.11.1 Requip (Ropinirole)
- Chart 3.8 Requip Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.5 Sinemet Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.11.2 Sifrol/Mirapexin (Pramipexole) is the Most Successful Drug in PD
- Chart 3.9 Sifrol Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.6 Sifrol Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.12 N-Methyl-D-Asparate Receptor Antagonists (NMDA)
- 3.13 Symmetrel (Amantadine)
- 3.14 AMPA alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
Receptor Antagonist
- 3.15 COMT (Catechol-O-methyl transferase) Inhibitors
- 3.15.1 Tasmar (Tolcapone) as an Adjunct Therapy
- 3.15.2 Comtess (Entacapone) to Aid PD Treatment
- Chart 3.10 Comtan Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.7 Comtan Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- Chart 3.11 Comtess Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.8 Comtess Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.16 Dopamine and COMT combined
- 3.16.1 Stalevo - the combination therapy
- Chart 3.12 Stalevo Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.9 Stalevo Revenue Forecast for 2007-2012
- 3.17 Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinic drugs)
- 3.17.1 Congentin (benzatropine mesilate)
- 3.17.2 Artane (Trihexyphenidyl) to Control Common Symptoms
- 3.18 Antihistamines and Antidepressants Can aid PD Symptoms?
- 3.19 Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors
- 3.19.1 Deprenyl (Selegeline)
- 3.20 The World Market for PD Drugs in will show significant growth to 2012
- Table 3.10 Revenue forecasts for selected PD drugs 2007-2012
- Chart 3.13 Total Global Parkinson' s Disease market forecast 2007-2012
- Table 3.11 Total Global Parkinson' s Disease market forecast 2007-2012
- 3.21 Surgical Therapy is not a Popular Treatment of PD
- 3.21.1 Thalamotomy only used to Reduce Tremors
- 3.21.2 Pallidotomy is becoming more popular as a Treatment for PD
- 3.21.3 Deep Brain Stimulation aids in Tremor Reduction
- 3.22 Emerging therapies for Parkinson' s Disease
- 3.22.1 ALS Drug, Rilutek (Riluzole), to Help PD Patients
- 3.22.2 HD Treatment, Remacemide(Remacemide hydrochloride), for PD
- 3.22.3 Rasagiline
- 3.22.4 Azilect (Rasagiline)
- 3.23 Other New Drugs in Development
- 3.23.1 The process of Apoptosis in Parkinson' s Disease
- 3.23.2 Pig Neuron Implantations as new Treatments for PD
- 3.23.3 A Nerve Growth Promoter may have a Role in PD Treatment
- 3.23.4 The Implantation of Dopamine Producing Cells as a Novel Therapy
in PD
- 3.23.5 GDNF Gene Therapy as a new Treatment Therapy
- 3.23.6 Biogen Idec and Vernalis Phase II BIIB014 oral compound
- 3.23.7 Subcutaneous drug delivery system underway for treatment of PD
- 3.23.8 Neuroprotective agent PD 02 slows PD progression in phase II
trials
- 3.23.9 Newron' s safinamide effective in early and late-stage
Parkinson' s disease
- 3.23.10 Signalling Ret-receptors protect the live of nerve cells in the
aging brain
- 3.24.1 Parkinson' s patch approved in Europe for all stages of
Parkinson' s disease
- 3.24.2 Neurologix completes Phase I GAD gene therapy trial for
Parkinson' s disease.
- 3.24.3 Ceregene in a Phase I Neurturin gene therapy study
- 3.24.4 Arundic acid an astrocyte modulating agent for PD
- 3.24.5 Antioxidative properties of Vitamin E, C and health food
- 3.24.6 Coenzyme Q10 potential antioxidant
Chapter 4. Alzheimer' s Disease
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis
- 4.2.1 Using brain scans to detect Alzheimer' s
- 4.3 The Risk Factors for AD
- 4.4 The Demographics for AD
- Chart 4.1 Prevalence of Alzheimer' s Diseases
- Chart 4.2 Prevalence of Alzheimer' s Diseases After Every Five Years
- 4.5 Financial Burden of AD
- Chart 4.3 Projected Growth of Alzheimer' s Diseases in the USA by 2050
(m)
- 4.4 Global Sufferers of Alzheimer' s Diseases in 2005, 29.3 Million
- Chart 4.5 Global Cost of Alzheimer' s Diseases, 2003-2005 ($m)
- 4.6 Type of Protein as a Cause for AD?
- 4.6.1 Neuronal and Synaptic Loss of AD
- 4.6.2 Chromosomal Mutations of AD
- 4.6.3 Inflammation of AD
- 4.7 Current AD Pharmaceutical Drug Therapies
- 4.8 Acetylcholinesterase Drugs - How do you Treat Mild to Moderate AD?
- 4.8.1 Cognex (Tacrine)
- 4.8.2 Aricept (Donepezil hyrdochloride) - The leading drug choice for AD
- 4.8.3 Excelon (Rivastigamine) - Popular Drug Therapy for AD
- Table 4.1 Aricept Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Chart 4.7 Aricept Revenue forecast 2007-2012
- 4.8.4 Reminyl (Galantamine) is a Minor Treatment for AD
- 4.9 Ebixa (Namenda) The Drug Treatments for Moderate to Severe AD
- Chart 4.8 Reminyl revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 4.2 Reminyl revenue forecast 2007-2012
- 4.10 Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
- 4.11 The AD drug Market
- Chart 4.10 Overall Market Forecast for Alzheimer' s Disease, 2007-2012
- Table 4.4 Overall Market Forecast for Alzheimer' s Disease, 2007-2012
- Chart 4.11 Market share for leading AD drugs, 2006
- 4.11.1 Will the Major AD drugs continue to dominate the Market?
- 4.11.4 Leading Cholinesterase inhibitors in the AD market
- 4.11.5 US Dominates the World AD Market
- 4.12 Emerging Therapies for Alzheimer' s Disease
- 4.12.1 Vitamin E (Antioxidants) for AD
- 4.12.2 Research has revealed that Vitamin E, Vitamin C and other health
foods do possess their oxidative properties.
- 4.12.3 OTC Ginko Biloba May Slow AD Symptoms
- 4.12.4 Oestrogen HRT May Protect Against AD
- 4.12.5 Nicotine Replacement Therapy as a Potential Treatment for AD
- 4.13 Future Therapies for Alzheimer' s Disease will not overrule
conventional drug therapies
- 4.14 The Future Market for Alzheimer' s Disease
- 4.15 Pipeline Drugs for AD
- 4.15.1 PBT-1 (Coloquinol)
- 4.15.2 Alzhemed
- 4.15.3 Phenserine
- 4.15.4 Allon Therapeutics' AL-108 and AL-208 to inhibit neuronal death
- 4.15.5 Martek' s DHA reduces brain lesions in AD animal models
- 4.16 The Future of the AD Drug Market
Chapter 5. Multiple Sclerosis
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 The different categories of MS
- 5.2.1 Benign MS
- 5.2.2 Relapse-remitting MS
- 5.2.3 Primary progressive MS
- 5.2.4 Secondary progressive
- 5.2.5 Progressive relapsing MS
- 5.3 Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis
- 5.3.1 Primary symptoms
- 5.3.2 Secondary symptoms
- 5.3.3 Tertiary symptoms
- Table 5.1 Summary of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
- 5.3.4 Diagnosis of MS
- 5.4 The Risk factors of MS
- 5.4.1 Immunologic Factors
- 5.4.2 Environmental Effects may influence MS Incidence
- 5.4.3 The Viral Induction of MS is possible
- 5.4.4 The Genetic Basis of MS Exists
- 5.4.5 Hormones Presidspose Women to MS
- 5.5 The Demographics of MS
- Chart 5.1 The Global Dermographics of MS,2007
- 5.6 Current Pharmaceutical Drug Therapies
- 5.7 Relapsing-Remitting MS
- 5.7.1 Avonex (Interferon beta 1a) to Reduce Severity of MS
- 5.7.2 Rebif (Interferon beta 1a)
- 5.7.3 Betaseron (Interferon beta 1b)
- 5.7.4 Copaxone (Glatiramer acetate)
- 5.8 Antineoplastic Drugs (Relapse-Remitting & Secondary progressive)
- 5.8.1 Cancer Drug, Novantrone (Mixonatrone) Benefits MS Sufferers
- Table 5.3 Novantrone revenue Forecast 2007-2012
- Chart 5.3 Novantrone Revenue Forecast 2007-2012
- 5.9 Taxanes
- 5.10 Immunosuppressants - Secondary Progressive and Worsening
Relapse-Remitting MS
- 5.10.1 Imuran (Azathioprine)
- 5.10.2 Sandimmune (Cyclosporine)
- 5.11 Corticosteroids
- 5.12 Muscle Relaxants
- 5.13 Market Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis
- 5.13.1 Avonex remains the leading MS drug
- Chart 5.4 Avonex revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 5.4 Avonex revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Chart 5.5 Copaxone revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 5.5 Copaxone revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Chart 5.6 Rebif Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- Table 5.6 Rebif Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- Chart 5.7 Betaferon revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Table 5.7 Betaferon revenue forecast 2007-2012
- Chart 5.8 Overall MS Market Forecast For 2007-2012
- Table 5.8 Overall MS Market Forecast for 2007-2012
- Table 5.9 Market Share of Major MS drugs 2005-2006
- Chart 5.9 Market Share of Major MS drugs 2005-2006
- 5.13.1 Current Drugs approved in the MS Market
- 5.13.1.1 Elan /Biogen Idec Tysabri (natalizumab) for remitting
relapse MS
- 5.13.1.2 Tysbri will dominate MS market share during 2007-2012
- Chart 5.10 Tysabri Revenue Forecast 2007-2012
- Table 5.10 Tysabri Revenue Forecast 2007-2012
- 5.13.1.3 GW Sativex Investigational Cannabis-Based Treatment for MS
- 5.14 Pipeline drugs
- 5.14.1 Oral drugs development for MS
- 5.14.1.1 Serono' s Mylinax (oral formulation)
- 5.14.1.2 Novartis' s Fingolimod (FTY720)
- 5.14.1.3 Sanofi-Aventis' s Teriflunomide
- 5.14.1.4 Pfizer' s Lipitor (atorvastin)
- 5.14.1.5 Active Biotech' s Laquinimod
- 5.14.2 Progressive forms of MS studies underway
- 5.14.2.1 Genetech Rituxan
- 5.14.2.2 Bayhill Therapeutics BHT-309
- 5.14.2.3 BioMS synthetic fragment
- 5.14.2.3 MS Society funded Oral against Inhaled cannabis study
- 5.14.3 Other studies underway include extending the indications of
therapies approved by the FDA to treat MS.
- 5.14. Leustat (Cladibrine)
- 5.15 Experimental Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis
- 5.15.1 Gene Therapy
- 5.15.2 Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange)
- 5.15.3 Intravenous Immunoglobin (IVIg)
- 5.15.4 Oligodendrocyte Implants
Chapter 6. Huntington' s Disease
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Aetiology of HD
- 6.3 Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis of HD
- 6.3.1 Early Symptoms
- 6.3.2 Advanced Symptoms
- 6.4 Demographics of HD
- 6.5 Pathophysiology of HD
- 6.6 Current Pharmacological Treatment for HD
- 6.7 Chorea Controlled by Benzodiazepines
- 6.8 Dopamine Antagonists can help HD patients
- Chart 6.1 Haldol Revenue 2003-2006
- 6.8.1 Cannabinoids to Ease Symptoms of HD
- 6.9 Monoamine-depleting agents
- Chart 6.2 Nitoman Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Table 6.1 Nitoman Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- 6.10 Prospects for Future Treatment
- 6.10.1 Cystamine to reduce symptoms
- 6.10.2 HDAC Inhibitors may serve as a potential cure for HD
- 6.10.3 Avicena HD-02 novel candidate for HD
- 6.10.4 Ubiquitin proteasome systems in HD
- 6.10.5 Other potential HD therapies
- 6.10.6 Riluzole (Rilutek)
- 6.10.7 Antioxidants contribute to future treatment of HD
- 6.11.0 The Case for Stem Cells
- 6.11.1 Working on Neurotrophic Factors for HD
- 6.11.2 Regeneron and Medtronic collaborate on Axokine
- 6.11.3 Evaluation of SIRT1 Inhibitors in Huntington' s disease
- 6.11.4 Antibiotic Minocycline may have a Role in HD Treatment
- 6.11.5 Amarin Miraxion in HD
- 6.11.6 Gene Therapy model in HD
- 6.12 Market opportunities in HD
Chapter 7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The Progression of ALS
- 7.3 Risk Factors of ALS
- 7.4 The Diagnosis of ALS
- 7.5 The Demographic Impact of ALS
- Chart 7.1 Global Dermographics of ALS
- 7.6 What are the Treatment Options for ALS?
- 7.6.1 Rilutek (riluzole)
- Chart 7.2 Riluzole Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Table 7.1 Riluzole Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- 7.6.2 The Pharmacological Treatment for Symptom Relief of ALS
- 7.6.3 Neurontin (Gabapentin)
- 7.6.4 Topamax (Topiramate)
- 7.7 Pipeline Drugs for ALS
- 7.7.1 Creatine Monohydrate
- 7.7.2 CEP 1347 (Cephalon' s mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor)
- 7.7.3 Xaliproden Hydrochloride to Regenerate NF
- 7.8 Can a Cure for ALS be Found?
- 7.8.1 Neurotrophic Factors
- 7.8.2 The Role of Apoptosis in ALS
- 7.8.3 Biological Markers for ALS
- 7.8.4 Gene Research in ALS
- 7.8.5 The Antibiotic Minocycline may have a Role in ALS Treatment
- 7.8.6 Cox-2 (Nimesulide)
Chapter 8. Neuropathies
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Causes of Neuropathy
- 8.3 The Symptoms of Neuropathy
- 8.4 Who is at Risk?
- 8.5 Diagnosis of Neuropathy
- 8.6 The Classifications of Neuropathy
- 8.6.1 Diabetic Neuropathy
- 8.6.2 Auto-immune Disease and its Relationship with Neuropathic Pain
- 8.6.3 Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy
- 8.6.4 Drug-Related Neuropathy
- 8.7 The Societal Impact of Neuropathy
- Chart 8.1 Global Demographics of Neuropathetic Pain
- 8.8 The Cost of Neuropathic Pain
- 8.9 The Current Treatment of Neuropathy
- 8.10 Non-pharmaceutical Treatments and Therapies for Neuropathic Pain
- 8.11.1 The Major Current Pharmaceutical Treatment for Neuropathy
- 8.11.2 Pfizer' s Lyrica an approved therapy for peripheral neuropathic
pain
- Table 8.1 Lyrica Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- Chart 8.2 Lyrica Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- 8.11.3 Lilly' s Cymbalta an approved therapy for peripheral diabetic
neuropathy (PDN)
- Table 8.2 Cymbalta Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Chart 8.3 Cymbalta Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Chart 8.4 Teva (Neurontin) Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- Chart 8.5 Pfizer (Neurontin) Revenue Forecast, 2007-2012
- Chart 8.6 Actavis (Neurontin) Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Chart 8.7 Apotex (Neurontin) Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Chart 8.8 Pharmascience (Neurontin) Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Table 8.3 Neuopathy Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- Chart 8.9 Neuropathy Revenue Forecast,2007-2012
- 8.12.1 Pain relievers
- 8.12.2 Antidepressants
- Table 8.4 Common Antidepressants Used In Treating Neuropathiese
- 8.12.3 Anticonvulsants
- 8.12.4 Antiarrhythmics
- 8.12.5 Analgesics
- 8.12.6 Opioids Maintaining Relief for Neuropathy
- 8.12.7 Morphine
- 8.12.8 Duragesic (Fentanyl)
- 8.12.9 Oxycontin (Oxycodone)
- 8.13 Other Drugs Used in Neuropathies
- 8.13.1 Mexitil (Mexiletine)
- 8.13.2 Methycobal (Mecobalamin)
- 8.13.3 Tramadol
- 8.14 Current Developments: New Anticonvulsants
- 8.14.1 Topamax (Topiramate) - An indication of Topamax in Neuropathic
Pain will see Revenues Rise
- 8.14.2 Lamictal (Lamotrigine) - Anti-Epileptic Lamictal may be
Indicated for Neuropathic Pain
- 8.14.3 Keppra (Levetiracetam)
- 8.15.1 Thioctic Acid
- 8.15.2 Topical QR-333 a potential compound for diabetic neuropathy
- 8.15.3 Allon Therapeutics AL-108 and AL-208 Molecules to inhibit
neuronal death
- 8.15.4 Biovitrum commence Phase II trials
- 8.15.5 Brane Potential Blockbuster drug
- 8.16 Growth Factors may have a Role in Neuropathic Pain
- 8.17 NMDA Antagonists
- Table 8.4 Other Current Developments in Neuropathic Drugs, 2007
Chapter 9. Prion Diseases
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 CJD
- 9.2.1 What is it?
- 9.2.2 The Aetiology of CJD
- 9.3 Varying Types of CJD
- 9.3.1 Sporadic or classical CJD
- 9.3.2 Hereditary or familial CJD
- 9.3.3 Acquired or iatrogenic aCJD
- 9.3.4 (Variant) vCJD
- Table 9.1 Number of suspect cases referred to CJD surveillance unit
in Edinburgh and other reported cases in the UK
- 9.4 Demographics of CJD
- 9.5 Symptoms of CJD
- 9.5.1 Initial symptoms
- 9.5.2 Progressive symptoms
- 9.5.3 End-stage symptoms
- 9.6 Diagnosis of CJD
- 9.7 Treatments of CJD
- 9.8 The Political issues attached to CJD
- 9.9 Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS)
- 9.9.1 What is it?
- 9.9.2 Aetiology of GSS
- 9.9.3 Symptoms of GSS
- 9.9.4 Demographics of GSS
- 9.10 FFI
- 9.10.1 What is it?
- 9.10.2 Aetiology of FFI
- 9.10.3 Symptoms of FFI
- 9.10.4 Diagnosis of FFI
- 9.10.5 Demographics of FFI
- 9.10.6 Stages of FFI
- 9.10.7 Treatment
- 9.11 Kuru
- 9.11.1 What is it?
- 9.11.2 Symptoms of Kuru
- 9.11.5 Demographics of Kuru
- 9.11.6 Treatment of Kuru
- 9.11.7 Future Research for Kuru
- 9.12 Alper' s Syndrome
- 9.12.1 What is it?
- 9.12.2 Aetiology of Alper' s
- 9.12.3 Symptoms of Alper' s
- 9.12.4 Primary symptoms of Alper' s
- 9.12.5 Secondary symptoms of Alper' s
- 9.12.6 Treatment for Alper' s Syndrome
- 9.12.7 Prognosis of Alper' s syndrome
- 9.12.8 What research is being done?
Chapter 10. Summary of the Neurodegenerative Market
Organisation Listed
- Abbott Laboratories
- Actavis
- Active Biotech
- Alliance
- Allon Therapeutics
- Alpharma
- Alza
- Amarin Corporation
- Amgen
- Apotex
- Astellas
- AstraZeneca
- Avicena
- Bayhill Therapeutics
- Berlex
- Biogen Idec
- BioMS Medical
- Biovitrium
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Brane Discovery
- Bristol-Myers Squib
- Britannia
- Buck Institute for Age Research
- Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories
- Cephalon
- Ceregene
- Chiesi
- Cognetix
- Core Pharma
- DepoMed
- Diacin
- Elan
- Eli Lilly
- Elixir Pharmaceuticals
- EMEA
- Endo Pharmaceuticals
- EpiCept
- Esai
- First Horizon
- Food and Drug Administration
- Forest
- Genentech
- Genzyme
- GSK
- Guilford
- GW Pharmaceuticals
- H Lundbeck
- Impax
- IVAX
- Janssen-Cilag
- Johnson & Johnson' s
- Journal of Alzheimer' s & Dementia
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Karoliska Institute
- Labopharm
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology
- Medtronic
- Merck & Co
- MHRA
- MS Society
- MSD
- Mutual Pharmaceutical
- Myelos Neuroscience
- Mylan
- National Academy of Sciences
- National Institute of Aging
- National Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stroke
- National Prion Clinic
- Neo Therapeutics
- Neurobitotic
- Neurochem
- NeurogesX
- Neurologix
- NeuroSearch
- Newron
- Novartis
- Orion
- Otsuka
- Pharmaceuticals
- PCC Naturals
- Pfizer Pharmacia (Pfizer)
- PharmaNova
- Pharmascience
- Polymun
- Prana Technology
- Prestwick
- Prometheus
- Purdue
- Pharma
- Quigley
- Pharma
- Regeneron
- Rhone
- Poulenc
- Rorer
- Rinat
- Roche
- Rorer Pharm
- Sanochemia
- Sanofi-Aventis
- SantoSolve
- Schering (Bayer Schering)
- Schwarz Pharma
- Serono
- Shire
- Siena Biotech
- Stanford University
- Takeda Chemical
- Teva
- The New England Journal of Medicine
- UCB Pharma
- UK medical research council
- University of Roches
- Valeant
- Vernalis
- Vertex
- VistaGen
- WHO
- Wyeth
- Xenoport
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