The Definitive Guide to Mobile Positioning and Location Management with GPS, Terrestrial Positioning, Non-cellular (RFID and WiFi) Positioning, and Managing Location Information.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

• 1.1. Overall Purpose
• 1.2 Why Is Mobile Positioning and Location Management Important?

2. Mobile Positioning Technologies

• 2.1 Position versus Location
• 2.2 Introduction to Positioning
• 2.3 Location Determination Methods (Non-Telephony)
  • 2.3.1 Landmarks
  • 2.3.2 Dead Reckoning.
  • 2.3.3 Celestial Navigation
  • 2.3.4 Magnetic Tracking
• 2.4 Location Determination Methods for Mobile Applications
  • 2.4.1 Location Positioning Determination Technologies
  • 2.4.1.1 Satellite-Types Overview
    • 2.4.1.1.1 Geostationary Satellites
    • 2.4.1.1.2 Medium Earth Orbits
    • 2.4.1.1.3 Low Earth Orbit Satellites
    • 2.4.1.1.4 Elliptical Orbit Satellites
  • 2.4.1.2 The Global Positioning System
    • 2.4.1.2.1 Overview
    • 2.4.1.2.2 GPS Coverage
    • 2.4.1.2.3 GPS Calculations
    • 2.4.1.2.3.1 Satellite Position Determination
    • 2.4.1.2.3.2 GPS Device Distance From A Satellite Calculation.
    • 2.4.1.2.3.3 GPS Device Location Calculation
    • 2.4.1.2.3.4 GPS Error Sources.
      • Selective Availability
      • Tropospheric Delays
      • Ionosphere Delays
      • Multi-Path Delays
      • GDOP/Visibility Delay
    • 2.4.1.2.3.5 GPS Calculation Refinement
      • Pseudo-Ranges
      • Differential Correction
      • WAAS
    • 2.4.1.2.3.6 Other Considerations
      • Alternatives to GPS
      • Time To First Fix
      • Cold Start
      • Autonomous Start
      • Warm Start
      • Hot Start
      • Obscuration
    • 2.4.1.2.3.7 GPS Technical Data
    • 2.4.1.2.4 Assisted GPS
      • 2.4.1.2.4.1 A-GPS Historical Background
      • 2.4.1.2.4.2 How A-GPS Works
    • 2.4.1.2.5 GPS-Based Mobile Applications
      • 2.4.1.2.5.1 Overview
      • 2.4.1.2.5.2 Critical Success Factors
      • 2.4.1.2.5.3 Business Case Development
  • 2.4.1.3 Terrestrial Network-Based Location Technologies
    • 2.4.1.3.1 Overview
    • 2.4.1.3.2 GSM
    • 2.4.1.3.2.1 History of GSM
    • 2.4.1.3.2.2 GSM Architecture
      • Mobile Station
      • Base Station Subsystem
      • BTS
      • BSC
      • LMU
      • Network and Switching Subsystem
      • MSC
      • HLR
      • VLR
      • EIR
      • SMLC
      • GMLC
      • Operations and Support Subsystem
    • 2.4.1.3.2.3 GSM Location Management (Cell Handover for LBS)
    • 2.4.1.3.2.4 GSM Basic Location Management
      • Cell ID
      • Cell and Sector
      • Timing Advance
    • 2.4.1.3.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)
    • 2.4.1.3.4 What Happened to Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
    • 2.4.1.3.5 E-OTD versus TDOA
    • 2.4.1.3.6 Comparing Handset-Based and Network-Based Location Strategies
  • 2.4.1.4 RFID
    • 2.4.1.4.1 RFID Overview
    • 2.4.1.4.2 RFID Applications
    • 2.4.1.4.3 RFID Dimensions
    • 2.4.1.4.4 The Strategic Implications of Wal-Marts RFID Mandate
  • 2.4.1.5 Wi-Fi
    • 2.4.1.5.1 Wi-Fi/802.11 Overview
      • 2.4.1.5.1.1 FHSS
      • 2.4.1.5.1.2 DSSS
    • 2.4.1.5.2 Specifications Overview
      • 2.4.1.5.2.1 801.11
      • 2.4.1.5.2.2 802.11a
      • 2.4.1.5.2.3 802.11b
      • 2.4.1.5.2.4 802.11g
    • 2.4.1.5.3 Wi-Fi Location Technology
      • 2.4.1.5.3.1 Received Signal Strength (RSSI)
      • 2.4.1.5.3.2 Pattern Matching.
      • 2.4.1.5.3.3 Wireless Grid
    • 2.4.1.5.4 Wi-Fi Location-Enabled Applications

3. Geographical Information systems

• 3.1 What is a Geographical Information System?
• 3.2 GIS Components
  • 3.2.1 Attribute Data
  • 3.2.2 Feature Representation
  • 3.2.3 Spatial Relationships and Analysis
  • 3.2.4 Coordinate Systems and Map Projection
  • 3.2.5 Spatial Data Encoding.
    • 3.2.5.1 Vector Data
    • 3.2.5.2 Raster Data
    • 3.2.5.2.1 Quadtrees
  • 3.2.6 GIS Data Manipulation
  • 3.2.7 Management and Processing of GIS Data for MLS
  • 3.2.8 GIS Data Management.
  • 3.2.9 GIS Data Processing.
  • 3.2.10 GIS in the MLS Architecture
  • 3.2.11 MLS Application Management Issues
    • 3.2.11.1 GIS Data Provisioning
    • 3.2.11.2 Application Provisioning.
    • 3.2.11.3 Application Administration.
    • 3.2.11.4 Subscriber Provisioning.
  • 3.2.12 MLS Application GIS Data Processing
  • 3.2.13 MLS Applications
    • 3.2.13.1 Special Features Supported by GIS Data Processing
    • 3.2.13.2 GIS Post-Processing Event Analysis
    • 3.2.13.3 Event Logging
    • 3.2.13.4 Event Reporting and Analysis

4. Location Management 163

• 4.1 The Location Management Function.
  • 4.1.1 LM in MLS Architecture
  • 4.1.2 Detailing with Simultaneous IDE and MLS Applications
• 4.2 Positioning Sub-Systems.
  • 4.2.1 Obtaining Positioning Data
  • 4.2.2 Position Calculation Function
  • 4.2.3 Conversion of Position Data Into Useful Location information
  • 4.2.4 Intelligent PDE Selection
  • 4.2.5 Caching Location Information
  • 4.2.6 Best Selection Process
  • 4.2.7 Determination Of Available PDE.
• 4.3 MLS Client Control Subsystem
  • 4.3.1 Clients vs. Subscribers
  • 4.3.2 Different Types of MLS Client
  • 4.3.3 MLS Applications, Services, and Content
  • 4.3.4 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting.
    • 4.3.4.1 Authentication and Authorization
    • 4.3.4.2 Accounting
  • 4.3.5 Personalization
    • 4.3.5.1 Privacy
    • 4.3.5.1.1 Identity Privacy
    • 4.3.5.1.2 Location Privacy
  • 4.3.6 Quality of Service
  • 4.3.7 QoS Management Based on Priority
  • 4.3.8 LM Response Information to a MLS Client
    • 4.3.8.1 Successful Location Request
    • 4.3.8.2 Unsuccessful Location Request
• 4.4 On-Demand and Periodic Location Request
• 4.5 Location Request Use Cases
  • 4.5.1 Mobile Originated Location Request (MO-LR)
  • 4.5.2 Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR)
  • 4.5.3 Network Initiated Location Request (NI-LR)
• 4.6 Hierarchical Approach to Positioning.
• 4.7 Standard Location Management Infrastructure
  • 4.7.1 ANSI Standard Location Management Infrastructure
  • 4.7.2 GSM Standard Location Management Infrastructure

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