Abstract
Over the last five years, France has seen widespread deployment of alternative
broadband networks in less densely populated areas. Strong promotion of
digital development, primarily at a regional and local level but facilitated
by national legislative and regulatory measures, has led to the emergence of a
viable alternative to the incumbent-owned network and the creation of a
competitive wholesale market. These public initiative networks (PINs), funded
by a combination of public and private investment, have brought tangible
benefits to France by extending broadband availability, stimulating
competition and investment, and connecting businesses and the public sector.
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