2008 Technology - Internet - Volume 3 - IP Techniques

1. TCP, UDP & SCTP

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 TCP/IP packets
  • 1.2.1 IPv4 header
  • 1.2.2 Routing
  • 1.2.3 UDP packet
  • 1.2.4 TCP
• 1.3 IP addresses
  • 1.3.1 Overview
  • 1.3.2 TCP and UDP port numbers
  • 1.3.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
  • 1.3.4 Network and broadcast address
• 1.4 Transition to IPv6
  • 1.4.1 IPv6 islands in an IPv4 sea
  • 1.4.2 Dual stack networks
  • 1.4.3 Avoiding NAT - Network Address Translation
  • 1.4.4 IPv6 benefits

2. IPv4 & Packet Classification

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 IPv4 - the current TCP/IP version
  • 2.2.1 Address space
  • 2.2.2 Merging networks with private addresses
  • 2.2.3 IPv4 address utilisation
• 2.3 Packet classification
  • 2.3.1 The workload of high end routers
  • 2.3.2 Classification tasks for IP packets
  • 2.3.3 ASIC-based packet classification
  • 2.3.4 TCAM-based packet classification

3. Network Address Translation (NAT)

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Implementation and lack of standards
  • 3.2.1 Deployment in ADSL and HFC cable modems
  • 3.2.2 BEHAVE
  • 3.2.3 NAT discouraged for IPv6
  • 3.2.4 NAT for security
  • 3.2.5 Multiple hosts behind one IP address
• 3.3 Operation with TCP
  • 3.3.1 Example of NAT handling a TCP session
  • 3.3.2 NAT typically precludes running local servers
  • 3.3.3 TCP is easily handled by NAT
• 3.4 UDP packets and NAT
  • 3.4.1 Multicast streaming media and NAT
  • 3.4.2 Deep packet inspection
• 3.5 NAT breaks fundamental requirements for Internet communications
  • 3.5.1 Difficulties with Application Level Gateways
  • 3.5.2 The pressure for NAT adoption
• 3.6 NAT Traversal Techniques
  • 3.6.1 Universal Plug and Play
  • 3.6.2 Middlebox Communications (MIDCOM)
  • 3.6.3 Simple Traversal of UDP over NAT (STUN)
  • 3.6.4 Traversal Using Relay NAT (TURN)
  • 3.6.5 Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)

4. OPSF, IS-IS & BGP Routing Protocols

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Interior Routing Protocols
  • 4.2.1 Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
  • 4.2.2 Routing Information Base (RIB)
  • 4.2.3 Link-state and distance-vector protocols
  • 4.2.4 IS-IS
  • 4.2.5 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• 4.3 The global BGP routing system
  • 4.3.1 Edge networks
  • 4.3.2 Autonomous systems
  • 4.3.3 Transit routers
  • 4.3.4 Border routers
  • 4.3.5 Internal and external BGP messages
  • 4.3.6 Multihoming
  • 4.3.7 The Default Free Zone (DFZ)
  • 4.3.8 The global BGP routing table
  • 4.3.9 Efficient allocation of IP addresses versus routability
• 4.4 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
  • 4.4.1 Path vector protocol
  • 4.4.2 Simplicity and strengths
  • 4.4.3 Difficulty scaling to large networks
  • 4.4.4 Problems with frequent updates
  • 4.4.5 Barrier to increased address utilisation

5. IPsec Security

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 IPsec and other standards
  • 5.2.1 Contrast with SSL/TLS
  • 5.2.2 Contrast with PGP or GPG
  • 5.2.3 IPsec in Layer 3
  • 5.2.4 3rd generation RFC standards
• 5.3 Symmetrical cryptography
  • 5.3.1 64 and 128 bit keys
• 5.4 Public key cryptography
  • 5.4.1 Generating the key pair
  • 5.4.2 Generating and sending the symmetrical key
• 5.5 Hash algorithms and integrity checking
  • 5.5.1 Checksums and Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)
  • 5.5.2 Cryptographic hashing
• 5.6 IPsec' s modes of operation
  • 5.6.1 VPN tunnel applications
  • 5.6.2 SSL/TLS and NAT firewall compatibility
  • 5.6.3 AH and ESP
  • 5.6.4 Transport Mode
  • 5.6.5 Tunnel Mode
• 5.7 Weaknesses of IPsec
  • 5.7.1 Schneier' s and Ferguson' s critique
  • 5.7.2 IKEv1' s Aggressive Mode compromised

6. MPLS Architecture

• 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.1.1 More efficient handling of IP packets
  • 6.1.2 Generalised MPLS - GMPLS
• 6.2 Carrying MPLS labelled packets
  • 6.2.1 Types of packets which may be labelled
  • 6.2.2 Connection oriented Label Switched Paths (LSPs)
  • 6.2.3 Stacked MPLS labels
  • 6.2.4 Label Switched Path as an alternative to IP routing
• 6.3 MPLS terminology
• 6.4 MPLS header structure
• 6.5 Label Switched Path in operation
  • 6.5.1 Classification and labelling at the ingress router
  • 6.5.2 Simple progressing at transit routers
  • 6.5.3 Egress processing
  • 6.5.4 Penultimate hop popping
  • 6.5.5 Adding another MPLS label
  • 6.5.6 QoS bits in the MPLS header
  • 6.5.7 Key benefits of MPLS forwarding
• 6.6 Forwarding Equivalent Class (FEC)
  • 6.6.1 QoS and CoS attributes built into the LSP
  • 6.6.2 Traffic engineering

7. MPLS RSVP-TE, Pseudowires, VPNs & NGNs

• 7.1 RSVP-TE - establishing the Label Switched Path (LSP)
  • 7.1.1 RSVP-TE standards
  • 7.1.2 The PATH message
  • 7.1.3 The RESV message
  • 7.1.4 Rerouting and upgrading and LSP
• 7.2 MPLS Fast Rerouting - RFC 4090
  • 7.2.1 One-to-one backup - detour
  • 7.2.2 Facility backup - bypass tunnel
• 7.3 MPLS Pseudo-Wires
• 7.4 MPLS Layer 2 VPNs
  • 7.4.1 Label stacking
• 7.5 Next Generation Networks (NGNs)
  • 7.5.1 IPv4, IPv6 and practicality
  • 7.5.2 Cisco' s NGN and IPTV
  • 7.5.3 Difficulty with non-Internet services
  • 7.5.4 The ITU' s NGN definition
  • 7.5.5 ECMA' s Public NGN
  • 7.5.6 ETSI-TISPAN' s NGN standards
  • 7.5.7 IETF NGN activity

8. Quality of Service

• 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.1.1 Reservation and guaranteed QoS - IntServ
  • 8.1.2 Prioritisation without guarantees - DiffServ and Class of Service
  • 8.1.3 IP not designed for QoS
  • 8.1.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
• 8.2 Methods of applying QoS to IP
  • 8.2.1 QoS attributes
  • 8.2.2 IntServ - guaranteed QoS
  • 8.2.3 DiffServ and Class of Service (CoS)
• 8.3 MPLS with DiffServ
  • 8.3.1 MPLS' s EXP bits
  • 8.3.2 EXP-Inferred-PSC (E-LSP)
  • 8.3.3 Label-Only-Inferred-PSC (L-LSP)
  • 8.3.4 Mapping IP DiffServ to EXP bits
• 8.4 Ethernet VLAN QoS
• 8.5 WiFi 802.11e QoS
• 8.6 Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)

9. VoIP Applications, ENUM & Addressing

• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Business and technical models
  • 9.2.1 Residential and SoHo
  • 9.2.2 Wireless and mobile VoIP
  • 9.2.3 PABX and Centrex replacement
  • 9.2.4 Telecommunications carrier VoIP
• 9.3 Numbering and addressing
  • 9.3.1 E.164
  • 9.3.2 ENUM
  • 9.3.3 IPTEL and TRIP
  • 9.3.4 E164.org
  • 9.3.5 SIP Broker
  • 9.3.6 Distributed Universal Number Discovery (DUNDi)
• 9.4 VoIP telephony application platforms
  • 9.4.1 Asterisk
  • 9.4.2 SIP Express Router (SER)
  • 9.4.3 SipX
  • 9.4.4 YATE

10. VoIP Protocols

• 10.1 Real Time Protocol (RTP)
• 10.2 Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)
  • 10.2.1 RTCP XR
• 10.3 RTP profiles
• 10.4 H.323
  • 10.4.1 Gatekeepers
  • 10.4.2 NAT Traversal
• 10.5 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
  • 10.5.1 HTTP-like protocol
  • 10.5.2 Session Description Protocol (SDP)
  • 10.5.3 SIP-T
  • 10.5.4 SIP User Agent entities
  • 10.5.5 SIP servers
  • 10.5.6 Back-to-back User Agent (B2BUA)
  • 10.5.7 RTP proxy
  • 10.5.8 SIP spam
• 10.6 NAT traversal for SIP and RTP
• 10.7 Inter-Exchange Protocol 2 (IAX2)
  • 10.7.1 Trunking
• 10.8 XMPP, Jabber and Jingle
• 10.9 Skype
  • 10.9.1 Distributed architecture
  • 10.9.2 Criticism

11. Glossary of Abbreviations

• Exhibit 1 - An 8 address TCP/IP subnet
• Exhibit 2 - The five regional Internet registries