Electric Vehicles on the Grid: Residential, Public, Private, and Workplace Charging Stations, EV Charging Business Models, and Vehicle to Grid Technology

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

• 2.1 EV Market
  • 2.1.1 Government EV Incentives
• 2.2 Vehicle Charging
  • 2.2.1 Residential Charging
    • 2.2.1.1 Residential Upgrade Requirements
    • 2.2.1.2 Cost
    • 2.2.1.3 Permits and Utility Rates
    • 2.2.1.4 Connection Equipment
  • 2.2.2 Standalone Charging Stations
    • 2.2.2.1 Cost
    • 2.2.2.2 Public/Municipal Charging
    • 2.2.2.2.1 Public Funding of Charging Stations
    • 2.2.2.3 Private Charging Stations
    • 2.2.2.4 Workplace Charging
• 2.3 Battery Swapping Stations
• 2.4 Industry Growth Drivers
  • 2.4.1 Energy Cost Savings
  • 2.4.2 Carbon Reduction
  • 2.4.3 Cities' Desire to be Green
    • 2.4.3.1 Top 20 U.S. Metro Areas for PHEV Charging Stations in 2015
  • 2.4.4 Energy Security
  • 2.4.5 Smart Grid
• 2.5 Marketability and Commercialization
  • 2.5.1 Home Charging Equipment
  • 2.5.2 Charging Station Equipment
  • 2.5.3 Charging Station Energy Sales
    • 2.5.3.1 Fast Charging
  • 2.5.4 Customer Billing
• 2.6 Implementation Issues
  • 2.6.1 Equipment Connection Standards
    • 2.6.1.1 Standard Connector
    • 2.6.1.2 Plug Standard
  • 2.6.2 Vehicle-Grid Communications
    • 2.6.2.1 Energy Transfer Standard J2847
    • 2.6.2.2 Messaging Standard J2836
  • 2.6.3 Regulatory Restrictions

3. Technology Issues

• 3.1 Vehicle Power Consumption
• 3.2 Charging Time Required
• 3.3 Grid Impact
  • 3.3.1 Impact on Capacity
  • 3.3.2 Utility Revenue
  • 3.3.3 Charging Times
  • 3.3.4 Regional Impact
    • 3.3.4.1 Impact on Equipment
  • 3.3.5 Neighborhood Power Demand
    • 3.3.5.1 Impact on Transformers
• 3.4 National Grid Standards
  • 3.4.1 Vehicle-Grid Power Transfer Standards
  • 3.4.2 Smart Grid Device Standards
    • 3.4.2.1 Federal Government Standards

4. Selling Electricity to Vehicles

• 4.1 Marketing and Commercialization
  • 4.1.1 Utility Revenue
  • 4.1.2 Pricing Models
    • 4.1.2.1 Time of Use Pricing
    • 4.1.2.2 Flat Pricing
• 4.2 Energy Aggregators
• 4.3 Information and Communication Services
  • 4.4 Industry Drivers
  • 4.4.1 Carbon Pricing
  • 4.4.2 Battery Services
  • 4.4.3 Renewable Energy
    • 4.4.3.1 Residential Solar
    • 4.4.3.2 Wind
  • 4.4.4 Vehicle to Grid
    • 4.4.4.1 Marketability and Commercialization
    • 4.4.4.2 Implementation Issues
      • 4.4.4.2.1 Cost
      • 4.4.4.2.2 Scalability
      • 4.4.4.2.3 Standards
      • 4.4.4.2.4 Control of Energy
      • 4.4.4.2.5 Battery Storage

5. Market Forecasts

• 5.1 Global EV Charging
  • 5.1.1 North America
    • 5.1.1.1 Metropolitan Areas
    • 5.1.1.2 Residential Charging
    • 5.1.1.3 Public Charging
    • 5.1.1.4 Private Charging
    • 5.1.1.5 Workplace Charging
• 5.2 Europe
  • 5.2.1 Denmark
• 5.3 Asia Pacific
  • 5.3.1 China
  • 5.3.2 Japan
• 5.4 Middle East/Africa
  • 5.4.1 Israel
• 5.5 Rest of the World

6. Key Industry Players

• 6.1 Charging Infrastructure
  • 6.1.1 AeroVironment
  • 6.1.2 Better Place
  • 6.1.3 Coulomb Technologies
  • 6.1.4 ECOtality
• 6.2 Utilities Preparing EV Charging Infrastructure
  • 6.2.1 Austin Energy
  • 6.2.2 Duke Energy
  • 6.2.3 Pacific Gas and Electric
  • 6.2.4 Portland General Electric
  • 6.2.5 Progress Energy
  • 6.2.6 Southern California Edison
  • 6.2.7 Xcel Energy
• 6.3 EV Automakers Participating in EV Charging
  • 6.3.1 Ford Motor Company
  • 6.3.2 General Motors
  • 6.3.3 Mitsubishi Motors
  • 6.3.4 Nissan/Renault
• 6.4 Smart Grid Service Providers Participating in EV Charging
  • 6.4.1 GridPoint
  • 6.4.2 IBM
  • 6.4.3 SmartSynch

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Electric Vehicle Sales, United States: 2010-2015
• Charging Equipment Market Segmentation, United States: 2015
• Residential Access to Charge Spots
• Typical U.S. Commute Distances
• PHEV Energy Consumption, United States: 2010-2015
• Utility Revenue from PHEV Charging, United States: 2010-2015
• Vehicle Charging Without Off-Peak Incentive
• Example of Combined Evening Charging
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Charging Equipment Sales by Segment, United States: 2015
• Electric Vehicle Product Plans, North America: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Asia: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Vehicle Charging Levels
• Estimated Costs for Installing Charging Equipment
• State Incentives for EV Infrastructure Investment
• Average Daily Charging Time for PHEVs

List of Tables

• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Electric Vehicle Sales, United States: 2010-2015
• Charging Equipment Market Segmentation, United States: 2015
• Residential Access to Charge Spots
• Typical U.S. Commute Distances
• PHEV Energy Consumption, United States: 2010-2015
• Utility Revenue from PHEV Charging, United States: 2010-2015
• Vehicle Charging Without Off-Peak Incentive
• Example of Combined Evening Charging
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Charging Equipment Sales by Segment, United States: 2015
• Electric Vehicle Product Plans, North America: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Asia: 2010-2012 and Beyond
• Vehicle Charging Levels
• Estimated Costs for Installing Charging Equipment
• State Incentives for EV Infrastructure Investment
• Average Daily Charging Time for PHEVs