Report: Veterinary Drug Residues and MRLs TOC

CHAPTER 1 MAJOR CAUSES

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Withdrawal periods
1.3 Hygiene
1.4 Misuse
1.5 Veterinarian
1.6 Risky residues
- 1.6.1 Hormonal growth promoters
- 1.6.2 Beta-agonists
- 1.6.3 Bovine somatotrophin
- 1.6.4 Penicillins
- 1.6.5 Cephalosporins
1.7 Selected macrolide antibiotics
- 1.7.1 Spiramycin
- 1.7.2 Tilmicosin
1.8 Aminoglycosides
- 1.8.1 Adverse effects
1.9 Fluoroquinolones
1.10 Sulfadimidine (sulfamethazine)
1.11 Nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles
1.12 Chloramphenicol
1.13 Ivermectin
1.14 Tranquilisers
- 1.14.1 Xylazine
- 1.14.2 Azaperone
1.15 Carazolol

CHAPTER 2 DETECTION AND TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ante- and post-mortem inspection
2.3 Screening methods
- 2.3.1 Rapid tests
- 2.3.2 Microbiological inhibition tests
- 2.3.3 Electrophoretic systems
- 2.3.4 Investigating further with ELISA and RIA
- 2.3.5 Receptor tests
- 2.3.6 Confirming results
- 2.3.7 Chromatography and spectrometry
- 2.3.8 Validation
- 2.3.9 Identification points
- 2.3.10 Analytical methods in the EU
2.4 Emerging technologies
- 2.4.1 Introduction
- 2.4.2 Variations on a theme
  - 2.4.2.1 Old with the new
- 2.4.3 Biosensors
  - 2.4.3.1 Surface plasmon resonance
  - 2.4.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors
  - 2.4.3.3 BioCop

CHAPTER 3 CONTROLS AND PREVENTION

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Registration and distribution
3.3 Veterinarian responsibilities
3.4 Farmer/producer responsibilities
- 3.4.1 Hygiene
- 3.4.2 Feed
- 3.4.3 Monitoring
- 3.4.4 Record keeping
3.5 Scrutiny

CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL FOOD SAFETY AND THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Setting standards
4.3 Establishing ADIs
- 4.3.1 Veterinary hypothetical diet
4.4 Disadvantages

CHAPTER 5 THE EUROPEAN UNION

5.1 Legislation and Regulation
5.2 Setting MRLs
5.3 National monitoring
- 5.3.1 Sampling
- 5.3.2 Infringements
- 5.3.3 Residue categories
5.4 Third countries
- 5.4.1 Monitoring
- 5.4.2 Inspections
5.5 Residue incidence rates
- 5.5.1 Latest results
- 5.5.2 Non-compliant results
  - 5.5.2.1 Hormones
  - 5.5.2.2 Corticosteroids
  - 5.5.2.3 Beta-agonists
  - 5.5.2.4 Prohibited substances
  - 5.5.2.5 Antibacterials
  - 5.5.2.6 Anthelmintics
5.6 Incidence rate tables
- 5.6.1 Country codes
- 5.6.2 Bovines: non-compliant results
- 5.6.3 Pigs: non-compliant results
- 5.6.4 Poultry: non-compliant results
- 5.6.5 Sheep and goats: non-compliant results

CHAPTER 6 UNITED KINGDOM

6.1 Legislation and Regulation
6.2 Statutory surveillance
6.3 Non-statutory surveillance
6.4 Surveillance results 2005
- 6.4.1 Statutory results
  - 6.4.1.1 Emamectin and malachite green in fish
  - 6.4.1.2 Coccidiostats
  - 6.4.1.3 Phenylbutazone in cattle and horse
  - 6.4.1.4 Nitrofuran and Nortestosterone
- 6.4.2 Non-statutory results
  - 6.4.2.1 Farmed fish and crustaceans
  - 6.4.2.2 Retailer results

CHAPTER 7 IRELAND

7.1 Legislation and Regulation
7.2 Results 2005
- 7.2.1 Banned substances
- 7.2.2 Antibiotics
- 7.2.3 Anticoccidials
- 7.2.4 Aquaculture
- 7.2.5 Follow-up actions

CHAPTER 8 GERMANY

8.1 Legislation and Regulation
8.2 Non-compliant results
8.3 Results 2004
8.4 Results by substance group
- 8.4.1 Anabolic and unauthorised substances
- 8.4.2 Antibacterials

CHAPTER 9 SWITZERLAND

9.1 Legislation and regulation
- 9.1.1 Testing
  - 9.1.1.1 Sample collection
9.2 Results
9.3 Infringement

CHAPTER 10 AUSTRIA

10.1 Legislation and regulation
10.2 Results 2005

CHAPTER 11 AUSTRALIA

11.1 Legislation and Regulation
11.2 Sampling
11.3 Tracing back
11.4 Results
- 11.4.1 Anthelmintics
- 11.4.2 Antibacterials
- 11.4.3 Hormones
- 11.4.4 Steroids
11.5 Incidence rates

CHAPTER 12 NEW ZEALAND

12.1 Legislation and regulation
- 12.1.1 Risk management
12.2 Results

CHAPTER 13 JAPAN

13.1 Legislation and regulation
- 13.1.1 Establishing MRLs
- 13.1.2 Imports
13.2 Incidence rates
- 13.2.1 Imported food results 2003-4
- 13.2.2 Imported food results 2004-5
- 13.2.3 Latest imported food data
- 13.2.4 Domestic food results 2003-4
- 13.2.5 Domestic food results 2004-5

CHAPTER 14 CHINA

14.1 Legislation and regulation
- 14.1.1 Non-compliant results
14.2 MRLs
14.3 EU relations
- 14.3.1 Chinese exports to EU
- 14.3.2 On-site inspections
  - 14.3.2.1 Background
  - 14.3.2.2 NRMP 2006

CHAPTER 15 HONG KONG

15.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 15.1.1 Inspections
15.2 Non-compliance consequences
15.3 Results

CHAPTER 16 THAILAND

16.1 Legislation and Regulation
16.2 Setting MRLs
16.3 Results

CHAPTER 17 INDIA

17.1 Legislation and Regulation
17.2 Exports and MRLs
17.3 EU certification

CHAPTER 18 ARGENTINA

18.1 Legislation and Regulation
18.2 Results

CHAPTER 19 MEXICO

19.1 Legislation and Regulation
19.2 MRLs
19.3 Results
19.4 EU relations

CHAPTER 20 BRAZIL

20.1 Legislation and Regulation
- 20.1.1 Banned substances
20.2 Results
- 20.2.1 Milk results
  - 20.2.1.1 Antimicrobials
  - 20.2.1.2 Avermectins
20.3 EU relations

CHAPTER 21 CANADA

21.1 Legislation and Regulation

CHAPTER 22 UNITED STATES

22.1 Legislation and Regulation
22.2 National residue monitoring
- 22.2.1 Domestic sampling
- 22.2.2 Testing results
  - 22.2.2.1 Monitoring sampling results
  - 22.2.2.2 Enforcement results
- 22.2.3 Import sampling
- 22.2.4 Non-compliance

CHAPTER 23 HORIZON ISSUES

23.1 Geographical and knowledge divide
- 23.1.1 Capacity building in developing countries
23.2 Technical considerations
- 23.2.1 Injection site residues
- 23.2.2 Residue depletion
- 23.2.3 Genotoxic and carcinogenic substances
- 23.2.4 Development of new techniques

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Benzylpenicillin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.2 Ceftiofur MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.3 Spiramycin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.4 Tilmicosin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.5 Neomycin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.6 Gentamicin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.7 Dihydrostreptomycin/Streptomycin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.8 Danofloxacin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.9 Flumequine MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.10 Ivermectin MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.11 Azaperone MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 1.12 Carazolol MRLs as set in Codex Alimentarius
Table 2.1 Typical signs indicating probable residues of growth-promoting substances identified during ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections of animals at the slaughterhouse
Table 2.2 Analyte testing profile for some banned substances (with no MRL or established tolerance limit) in the EU
Table 3.1 Principal factors to be considered when improving the monitoring and policing of unauthorised substances in animals or products of animal origin
Table 4.1 Codex MRLs for cattle
Table 4.2 Codex MRLs for pigs
Table 4.3 Codex MRLs for chicken
Table 4.4 Codex MRLs for poultry
Table 4.5 Codex MRLs for turkey
Table 4.6 Codex MRLs for duck
Table 4.7 Codex MRLs for sheep
Table 4.8 Codex MRLs for goat
Table 4.9 Codex MRLs for horses
Table 4.10 Codex MRLs for fish and aquaculture products
Table 5.1 EU MRPLs for banned substances
Table 5.2 EU sampling levels
Table 5.3 Residue groups in EU Directive 96/23/EC
Table 5.4 Bovines, pigs, sheep and goats slaughtered and target samples taken in EU, 2004
Table 5.5 Poultry production and targeted samples taken in EU, 2004
Table 5.6 Steroid residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.7 Resorcylic acid lactone residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.8 Corticosteroid residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.9 Beta-agonist residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.10 Prohibited substances in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.11 Antibacterial residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.12 Other veterinary drugs residues in bovines, EU, 2004
Table 5.13 Steroid residues in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.14 Resorcylic acid lactone residues in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.15 Beta-agonist residues in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.16 Prohibited substances in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.17 Antibacterial residues in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.18 Other veterinary drug residues in pigs, EU, 2004
Table 5.19 Steroid residues in poultry, EU, 2004
Table 5.20 Beta-agonist residues in poultry, EU, 2004
Table 5.21 Prohibited substances in poultry, EU, 2004
Table 5.22 Antibacterial residues in poultry, EU, 2004
Table 5.23 Other veterinary drug residues in poultry, EU, 2004
Table 5.24 Steroid residues in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 5.25 Resorcylic acid lactone residues in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 5.26 Beta-agonist residues in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 5.27 Prohibited substances in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 5.28 Antibacterial residues in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 5.29 Other veterinary drug residues in sheep and goats, EU, 2004
Table 6.1 Fish results, UK, 2005
Table 6.2 Poultry - broiler results, UK, 2005
Table 6.3 Eggs' results, UK, 2005
Table 6.4 Cattle results, UK, 2005
Table 6.5 Calf results, UK, 2005
Table 6.6 Horse results, UK, 2005
Table 6.7 Pig results, UK, 2005
Table 6.8 Sheep results, UK, 2005
Table 6.9 Imported food results, UK, 2005
Table 6.10 British Retailer 1 results 2005
Table 6.11 British Retailer 2 results 2005
Table 7.1 Positive results Ireland 2005
Table 7.2 Overall results by substance group 2005 - bovines, pigs and sheep/goats, Ireland
Table 7.3 Overall results by substance group 2005 - poultry, eggs, milk, Ireland
Table 8.1 Number of samples by species, Germany, 2004
Table 8.2 Cattle results for antimicrobial residues, Germany 2004
Table 8.3 Pig, sheep and honey results for antimicrobial residues, Germany 2004
Table 8.4 Positive samples by substance group, Germany 2004
Table 8.5 Comparison of positive residue results for antibacterials in 2004 to 2002 and 2003, Germany
Table 9.1 Results for all commodities, tested off-farm, 2005
Table 9.2 Results for selected commodities, tested on-farm, 2005
Table 9.3 Selected MRLs in Switzerland
Table 10.1 Selection of results of Group A testing in Austria
Table 10.2 Selection of results of Group B testing in Austria
Table 11.1 Total testing results 2004-5
Table 11.2 Beef results
Table 11.3 Pig results by substance class
Table 12.1 Domestic results, 2002-2003
Table 12.2 Imported results, 2004-2005
Table 12.3 Selected MRLs from New Zealand
Table 13.1 Results for imported foods 2003-4
Table 13.2 Results for imported food 2004-5
Table 13.3 Results for domestic food 2003-4
Table 13.4 Results for domestic food 2004-5
Table 14.1 MRLs in force in China
Table 14.2 Chinese food exports to the EU (tonnes) in 2005
Table 15.1 Live Food Animals Inspection and Testing
Table 15.2 No. of local and imported food animals inspected in 2005
Table 16.1 MRLs set by Department of Livestock Development
Table 16.2 Comparison of percentage of food and agricultural commodities detained before export, 2002 and 2004.
Table 17.1 Tolerance limits for antibiotics in seafood and fish
Table 17.2 MRLs for exports
Table 18.1 Testing results for bovines
Table 18.2 Testing results for pigs
Table 18.3 Testing results for sheep
Table 18.4 Testing results for poultry
Table 18.5 Testing results for eggs
Table 18.6 Testing results for eggs
Table 18.7 Testing results for aquaculture
Table 19.1 MRLs (mg/kg) for bovines and equidae
Table 19.2 MRLs (mg/kg) for pigs and sheep
Table 19.3 Testing results for bovines, 2005
Table 19.4 Testing results for pigs, 2005
Table 19.5 Testing results for poultry, 2005
Table 19.6 Testing results for eggs, 2005
Table 19.7 Exports to the EU in 2004
Table 20.1 Number of milk samples analysed, 2004-5
Table 20.2 Antimicrobial residues in milk samples, 2004-5
Table 20.3 Avermectin residues in milk samples, 2004-5
Table 20.4 Exports to the EU in 2004 and 2005
Table 21.1 Domestic results for beef
Table 21.2 Domestic results for cow
Table 21.3 Domestic results for veal
Table 21.4 Domestic results for mutton
Table 21.5 Domestic results for pork
Table 21.6 Domestic results for chicken
Table 21.7 Domestic results for turkey
Table 21.8 Domestic results for eggs and egg products
Table 21.9 Domestic results for raw milk
Table 22.1 Antibiotics testing results - domestic monitoring
Table 22.2 Sulfonamides testing results - domestic monitoring
Table 22.3 Avermectins and milbemycin testing results - domestic monitoring
Table 22.4 STOP testing results - domestic enforcement
Table 22.5 FAST testing results - domestic enforcement

Veterinary Drug Residues and MRLs

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 MAJOR CAUSES

CHAPTER 2 DETECTION AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 CONTROLS AND PREVENTION

CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL FOOD SAFETY AND THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS

CHAPTER 5 THE EUROPEAN UNION

CHAPTER 6 UNITED KINGDOM

CHAPTER 7 IRELAND

CHAPTER 8 GERMANY

CHAPTER 9 SWITZERLAND

CHAPTER 10 AUSTRIA

CHAPTER 11 AUSTRALIA

CHAPTER 12 NEW ZEALAND

CHAPTER 13 JAPAN

CHAPTER 14 CHINA

CHAPTER 15 HONG KONG

CHAPTER 16 THAILAND

CHAPTER 17 INDIA

CHAPTER 18 ARGENTINA

CHAPTER 19 MEXICO

CHAPTER 20 BRAZIL

CHAPTER 21 CANADA

CHAPTER 22 UNITED STATES

CHAPTER 23 HORIZON ISSUES

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES