Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Executive Summary
- Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems
- Coal Cleaning
- Particulate Removal Systems
- Desulfurization Systems
- Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems
- Combustion Technologies
- Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Supercritical Boilers and Ultra-supercritical Boilers
- IGCC
- Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration)
- Capacity Additions
- Capital Expenditures
- Factors to Monitor
- CCS Implementation
- The Carbon Markets
- Alternate Energy Sources
Chapter 2 - Clean Coal Technology
- Types of Coal
- Coal Plant Emissions
- Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems
- Coal Cleaning
- Particulate Removal Systems
- Desulfurization Systems
- Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems
- Summary
- Improving Efficiencies
- Basic Technologies and Processes
- Pulverized Coal Combustion
- Supercritical
- Ultra-Supercritical
- Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
- Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (PCFBC)
- Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
- IGCC and Fuel Cells
- Hybrid Combustion/Gasification Systems
- Advanced Combustion/Gasification Hybrid Technology
- Combustion/Gasification Chemical Looping
- Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) Overview
- Carbon Capture
- Post Combustion Capture
- Pre-combustion Capture
- Oxyfuel Combustion
- Chemical Looping Combustion
- Carbon Transportation
- Carbon Storage
- Deep Saline Formations
- Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
- Deep Coal Seams
- Other Geological Storage
- Terrestrial Sequestration
- Chemical Conversion
- Other Sequestration
Chapter 3 - Market Size and Segmentation
- World Energy Production
- International Energy Outlook 2008 (IEO2008)
- World Electricity Generation by Region
- World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type
- Coal Use in Electricity Generation
- OECD Countries - Coal Consumption
- North America - Electricity
- United States Electricity Mix
- United States Coal Consumption
- Canada - Electricity Mix
- Canada - Coal Consumption
- Mexico - Electricity Mix and Coal Consumption
- OECD Europe - Electricity
- OECD Europe Coal Consumption
- OECD Asia Electricity Mix
- OECD Asia Coal Consumption
- Non-OECD Asia Electricity Mix
- Non-OECD Asia Coal Consumption
- Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Electricity Mix
- Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Coal Consumption
- Africa - Electricity Mix
- Africa Coal Consumption
- Central and South America - Energy Mix
- Central and South America Coal Consumption
- Middle East - Electricity Mix
- Middle East - Coal Consumption
- Clean Coal Technologies
- Improving Efficiency
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Clean Coal Technology Projects
- Barriers to Deploying CCS Commercially
- Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical
- Fluidized Bed Combustion
- IGCC
- U.S. Leadership
- Announced vs. Actual
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Market Size Determination
- Market Projections - Capital Expenditure
Chapter 4 - Winning Technologies
- The Road to Commercialization
- Innovative Environments
- The Vattenfall Experience
- Business Risks
- Financing Concerns
- Permitting in the U.S.
- Factors to Monitor
- Carbon Capture and Storage - Most Promising Technology
- Mixed Strategy
- Technology Cost Comparisons
- CCS Component Costs
- 2006 Cost and Performance of Coal Fired - Power Plants
- New Plant Construction Costs
- CCS Implementation
- Legal Framework
- Public Understanding
- Research Funding
- Financial Incentives
- Additional Revenue Stream Support - EOR and CMM
- Additional Ops in Transport Fuel and Chemical Production
- Cap and Trade Systems
- A Future for Fossil Fuel
- Price Supports and Tariffs
- Emerging Economies
- Emission Markets
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- The Kyoto Protocol
- International Emissions Trading
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
- Joint Implementation (JI)
- Emissions Trading Schemes
- Voluntary Markets
- Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- Western Climate Initiative
- Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP)
- Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF)
- COAL21 Fund
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)
- EPRI 66 CoalFleet for Tomorrow
- European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants
- IEA G8 Gleneagles Programme
- Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI)
- Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)
- Legal & Regulatory Environment
- U.S. Government Status on CCS
- U.S. Government Status on IGCC
- U.S. Federal Agencies
- Union of Concerned Scientists
- Alternate Energy Sources
- Wind
- Solar
- Biomass
- Geothermal
- Opponents to Coal Fired Energy
- The Sierra Club
- Greenpeace International
Chapter 5 - Company Profiles
- Company Background
- Product Portfolio
- Financial Performance
- Recent News
- M&A Activity
- Technology Development / R&D
- Strategic Direction
- Key Personnel Changes
- Alstom
- American Electric Power
- BP
- Citigroup
- ConocoPhillips
- Duke Energy
- Foster Wheeler Inc.
- General Electric
- Merrill Lynch
- Morgan Stanley
- Praxair, Inc.
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Siemens
- Tampa Electric Company
Appendix I: OECD Structure
Appendix II: Clean Coal Activity
- Selected Clean Coal Technology Plants
- Clean Coal Technology Developments
- United States
- Canada
- Australia
- Japan
- China
- South Korea
- India
- South Africa
- Brazil
- Europe (Overall)
- France
- Germany
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Turkey
- Russia
- Capital Investment Decision Making - Subcritical vs. Supercritical and
Ultra-Supercritical
List of Figures
- Figure 1-1: New Technology Deployment Curve for Coal
- Figure 1-2: Global Clean Coal Capacity Installations by Type, 2009-2014
- Figure 1-3: Clean Coal Technology Capital Expenditures through 2014
- Figure 1-4: Estimated Capital Costs of New Plants by Type
- Figure 2-1: Coal Washing
- Figure 2-2: Side view of ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) Schematic Diagram
- Figure 2-3: Major NOx Reduction Techniques
- Figure 2-4: CO2 Emissions per MW Produced from Coal by Efficiency Level
- Figure 2-5: Pulverized Coal Combustion (PCC) Illustration
- Figure 2-6: Ultra-Supercritical Unit Schematic
- Figure 2-7: Fluidized Bed Firing Schematic
- Figure 2-8: Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Schematic
- Figure 2-9: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Schematic
- Figure 2-10: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Schematic
- Figure 2-11: IGCC Products and By Product Schematic
- Figure 2-12: Fuel Cell Schematic.
- Figure 2-13: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Schematic
- Figure 2-14: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
- Figure 2-15: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
- Figure 2-16: Advanced Combustion/Gasification Hybrid Technology Schematic
- Figure 2-17: Advanced Chemical Looping Process Schematic
- Figure 2-18: Principles Governing the Capture of CO2
- Figure 2-19: Carbon Sequestration Schematic
- Figure 3-1: Total World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2008
- Figure 3-2: Regional Share of Electricity Generation, 2006
- Figure 3-3: World Net Electric Power Generation, 1990-2030
- Figure 3-4: World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2005-2030
- Figure 3-5: OECD Coal Consumption by Region, 1980, 2005, 2015 and 2030
- Figure 3-6: Net Electricity Generation in North America by Fuel, 2005 and
2030
- Figure 3-7: Canada' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1985- 2005
- Figure 3-8: Consumption of Hydrocarbons for Generation in Mexico, 1986-2006
- Figure 3-9: Net Electricity Generation in OECD Europe by Fuel, 2005-2030
- Figure 3-10: South Korea' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1984-2004
- Figure 3-11: Australia' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1984-2004
- Figure 3-12: Japan' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1986-2006
- Figure 3-13: Net Electricity Generation in OECD Asia, 2005- 2030
- Figure 3-14: Net Electricity Generation in Non-OECD Asia by Fuel Type,
2005-2030
- Figure 3-15: Coal Consumption in China by Sector, 2005, 2015 and 2030
- Figure 3-16: Net Electricity Generation in Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia,
2005-2030
- Figure 3-17: Net Electricity Generation in Africa, 2005-2030
- Figure 3-18: Net Electricity Generation in Brazil by Fuel, 2005-2030
- Figure 3-19: Net Electricity Generation in the Middle East by Fuel Type,
2005-2030
- Figure 3-20: Reductions in CO2 Emissions through Clean Coal Innovations
- Figure 3-21: Global Clean Coal Capacity Installations by Type, 2009-2014
- Figure 3-22: Global Clean Coal Capital Expenditure, 2009-2014
- Figure 4-1: The Innovation Process for Clean Coal Technologies
- Figure 4-2: New Technology Deployment Curve for Coal
- Figure 4-3: 2006 Cost and Performance of Coal Fired - Power Plants
- Figure 4-4: Estimated Capital Costs of New Plants by Type
- Figure 4-5: Total Capital Requirement (TCR) per kW with and without CCS
- Figure 4-6: Map of Annex B and Non-Annex B Nations
- Figure A-1: Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants, 2004-2008, 2009-2014,
Post 2014
- Figure A-2: Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants, 2004-2008,
2009-2014, Post 2014
- Figure A-3: Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Plants, 2004-2008,
2009-2014, Post 2014
- Figure A-4: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants, 2004-2008,
2009- 2014, Po 2014
- Figure A-5: Carbon Capture and Sequestration Projects, 2009-2014, Post 2014
- Figure A-6: Commercial Demonstration Projects in Canada, May 2007
List of Tables
- Table 1-1: Average Efficiency Level of Various Plant Types
- Table 2-1: Proved Recoverable Coal Reserves, End of 2006, MM metric tons
- Table 2-2: Typical Properties of Characteristic Coal Types
- Table 2-3: Comparative Status of Coal Preparation in Various Countries
- Table 2-4: Impact from Coal Use and Technological Response
- Table 2-5: Comparison for Sub-, Super- and Ultra-Supercritical Steam Units
- Table 2-6: Fuel Cell Technology Comparison
- Table 3-1: Percentage of Electricity Generated by Coal in Selected
Countries, 2006
- Table 3-2: Electricity Production by Fossil Fuels, 2006
- Table 3-3: United States Power Generation by Fuel Type, 2006, 2007 and 2008
- Table 3-4: United States Coal-Fired Generating Plants by Age, 1921-2008
- Table 3-5: Coal-Fired Capacity as % of Canada' s Energy Mix, 2006
- Table 3-6: Average Efficiency Level of Various Plant Types
- Table 3-7: Ultra Supercritical Plants in Operation or Under Development in
China
- Table 3-8: Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical Plants in Progress in the
U.S.
- Table 3-9: Fluidized Bed Plants in Progress in the U.S.
- Table 3-10: Commercial Scale Coal-Based IGCC Demonstration Plants in
Operation
- Table 3-11: Active IGCC Plants Proposals and Construction
- Table 3-12: Commercial Scale IGCC - CCS Proposed Projects
- Table 3-13: Projected Increase in the Cost of Generating Power Due to
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
- Table 4-1: Cost Ranges for Components of a CCS System
- Table 4-2: IEA Estimates of CCS Costs - Current & Potential Technologies
- Table 4-3: Cost per kWh of Alternative Fuels - Traditional
- Table 4-4: Cost per kWh of Alternative Fuels - Renewable
- Table 5-1: Profiled Company Description
- Table A-1: Ultra Mega Power Plant Announcements in India, February 2009
- Table A-2: Electricity Generation Plants in Turkey, Fluidized Bed
Combustion Technology, May 2008
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