Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
MARKET DRIVERS
Health concerns
- Carbon monoxide
- Hydrocarbons
- Nitrogen oxides
- Particulate mass
- Formaldehyde
- Sulphur dioxide
- Lead
Regulations
- US
- Japan
- European Union
- South Korea
- Other countries
- Progress to date
Incentives
- North America
- Europe
- Japan
Reduction of greenhouse gases
MARKET BARRIERS
Fuel Quality
- Sulphur
- Aromatics and benzene
- Olefins
- Oxygenates
- Vapour Pressure
Cost
- Fuel quality
- Precious metals
- Urea for SCR
MARKET DYNAMICS AND FORECASTS
CURRENT AND PENDING EMISSIONS STANDARDS
European Union
- Emissions limits
- Durability requirements
- Test cycles
- On-board diagnostics
Japan
- Emissions limits
- Durability requirements
- Test cycles
- Evaporative Emissions
- On-board diagnostics
US
- Emissions limits
- Durability requirements
- Test cycles
- Onboard diagnostics
California
- Emissions limits
- Durability requirements
- Test cycles
- Onboard diagnostics
Other countries
Harmonisation of global standards
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
Exhaust after-treatment
- Catalytic converters
- Selective catalytic reduction
- NOx adsorber catalyst
- Diesel particulate filters
- Integrated systems
- Exhaust gas recirculation
Combustion cycle technology
- Miller/Atkinson cycles
- Stratified charge combustion
- Homogeneous charge compression ignition
- Radical engine designs
Reducing internal combustion engine use
- Electric hybrids
- Plug-in electric hybrids
- Pneumatic hybrids
- Hydraulic hybrids
- Kinetic hybrids
- Idle-stop
- Cylinder deactivation
Fuel efficiency
- Supercharging
- Variable valve operation
- Direct fuel injection
- Spark plugs
- Efficient ancillaries
- Transmissions
- Tyres
Alternative fuels
- Ethanol
- Butanol
- Biodiesel
- Gas-to-liquids diesel
- Dimethyl ether
SUPPLIER PROFILES
- Bosch
- Corning
- Delphi
- Dow Automotive
- EMCON Technologies
- Emitec
- Johnson Matthey
- NGK
- Tenneco
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