Roads to Intelligent Transportation Systems: Assessment Technologies and Markets

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction 9

• 1.1 Goal 9
• 1.2 Scope 10
• 1.3 Research Methodology 10
• 1.4 Target Audience 11

2.0 Intelligent Transportation Systems 12

• 2.1 General 12
• 2.2 History: U.S. 13
• 2.3 ITS Architecture: U.S. 14
• 2.3.1 Global ITS Development 15
• 2.4 Technologies 16
• 2.5 ITS Applications 17
• 2.6 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) 19

3.0 5.9 GHz DSRC Basis 23

• 3.1 General 23
• 3.2 IEEE 802.11p 24
  • 3.2.1 General 24
  • 3.2.2 Objectives and Status 25
    • 3.2.2.1 ASTM Standard 25
  • 3.2.3 5.9 GHz Transmission Advantages 26
  • 3.2.4 Major Features 27
• 3.3 IEEE 1609 27
  • 3.3.1 General 27
  • 3.3.2 Overview 27
  • 3.3.3 IEEE 1609 in Use 29

4.0 5.9 GHz DSRC Development 30

• 4.1 History 30
• 4.2 Equipment 30
• 4.3 Details: Dedicated Short Range Communications 31
• 4.4 Channel Designation 32
• 4.5 Place 34
• 4.6 Applications 34
• 4.7 DSRC (5.9 GHz) Transmission Characteristics (U.S.) 36
• 4.8 DSRC at Work 37
  • 4.8.1 Service Categories 39
  • 4.8.2 Requirements: DSRC 39
• 4.9 Regulation 39
• 4.9.1 Licensing 41
• 4.10 Comparison 42

5.0 DSRC Worldwide Standard Activity 44

• 5.1 General 44
• 5.2 Process 44

6.0 5.9 GHz DSRC Benefits and Limitations 51

• 6.1 General 51
  • 6.1.2 Toll Industry Benefits 51
• 6.2 Limitations 52

7.0 RFID and DSRC: Similarities and Differences 54

8.0 Market 55

• 8.1 Market Drivers 55
• 8.2 Market Requirements 56
• 8.3 Data 56
• 8.4 Market Estimate 57

9.0 DSRC Vendors 60

• Arinc 60
• Kapsch 61
• Mark IV 63
• Oki 65
• Q-Free 66
• Raytheon 68
• Savari 69
• Sirit 71
• TransCore 72
• TechnoCom 73

10.0 CALM: Continuous Air-interface, Long and Medium Range 77

• 10.1 Goals 77
  • 10.1.1 Vehicle- Infrastructure 77
• 10.2 Specifics 78
• 10.3 ISO TC 204 WG 16 79
  • 10.3.1 IPv6 and NEMO 80
• 10.4 CALM: International Efforts 81
• 10.5 CALM: Applications 83
• 10.6 Issues 84

11.0 CEN 86

• 11.1 General 86
• 11.2 CEN and ITS 86

12.0 ETSI 88

13.0 IETF 89

14.0 Prevent 90

15.0 Activity-Major Wireless Communications-Related ITS Projects 92

16.0 Companies 98

• EFKON AG 98
• G.E.A 99
• IRD 100
• Inrix 101
• PhyChips 102
• Thales 103

17.0 CDPS-Collision Detection and Prevention Systems 105

• 17.1 General 105
• 17.2 Need for CDPS 105
• 17.3 Why CDPS 106
• 17.4 Classification 107
• 17.5 Current View 107
  • 17.5.1 History and Systems Examples 109
• 17.6 CDPS Classifications 111
  • 17.6.1 Functional Classification 112
    • 17.6.1.1 Advisory Collision Avoidance Systems 112
    • 17.6.1.2 Collision Warning Systems 112
    • 17.6.1.3 Automated Crash Avoidance Systems 112
  • 17.6.2 CDPS based on Crash Type 112
    • 17.6.2.1 Single Vehicle Road Departure 112
    • 17.6.2.2. Collisions at Intersections 113
• 17.7 Benefits 114
• 17.8 Issues 115
• 17.9 Technology 115
  • 17.9.1 General 115
  • 17.9.2 The CDPS Evolution Process 116
  • 17.9.3 Technological Structure 116
    • 17.9.3.1 General 116
  • 17.9.4 RCDPS 117
    • 17.9.4.1 Types 117
    • 17.9.4.2 Structures 119
    • 17.9.4.2.1 Standards 119
    • 17.9.4.3 Frequency Bands 120
    • 17.9.4.4 Radar: RF and Optical 120
    • 17.9.4.5 Properties 121
    • 17.9.4.6 Advances 122
    • 17.9.4.7 Future Evolution 125
  • 17.9.5 CCDPS 126
    • 17.9.5.1 General 126
    • 17.9.5.2 Structures 126
    • 17.9.5.3 Global Positioning Satellites 127
    • 17.9.5.4 CCDPS Informative 127
    • 17.9.5.5 Do not Disturb 128
    • 17.9.5.6 What CCDPS Can Do 129
    • 17.9.5.7 "Collective" Car 129
    • 17.9.5.8 Navigation 130
    • 17.9.5.9 Telematics 130
      • 17.9.5.9.1 General 130
      • 17.9.5.9.2 Trends 131
• 17.10 Market 131
  • 17.10.1 Market Drivers 131
    • 17.10.1.1 OPEX and CAPEX Savings 132
    • 17.10.1.2 Technological Factor 132
  • 17.10.2 Market Specifics 132
  • 17.10.3 Market Barriers 132
  • 17.10.4 Market Forecast 133
    • 17.10.4.1 Model Assumptions 133
    • 17.10.4.2 CDPS Market Size Estimate 134
    • 17.10.4.3 Market Segmentation 134
• 17.11 CDPS Technical-Economical Characteristics: Summary 136
  • 17.11.1 RCDPS 136
  • 17.11.2 CCDPS 137
  • 17.11.3 Pricing 137
• 17.12 Market Players 137

• Advantech 138
• Arinc 138
• Autoliv 139
• Cambridge Consultants, Ltd 140
• Cambridge Systematics 141
• DENSO 142
• Chrysler (Bankrupt as of April 2009) 143
• Continental 145
• Delphi Corporation 146
• Eaton Corp. 149
• Georgia Institute of Technology 150
• Hitachi 151
• Honda 152
• Intergraph 153
• Iteris 154
• M/A Com - TYCO Electronics (The Division was acquired by Autoliv in 2008) 156
• Microsoft 157
• Mitsubishi 157
• Motorola 160
• NEC 162
• Satellite Security Systems 163
• Siemens 164
• Tenet (Envitia) 167
• Toyota 168
• TRW (Northrop Grumman) 169
• Valeo Raytheon 170
• Volkswagen 171
• Visteon 173

18.0 Conclusions 176

APPENDIX I: ISO ITS Standards 179

APPENDIX II: ITS-related National and International Standards 182

APPENDIX III: ITS - Comparison of Wireless Communications Standards 186

• Figure 1: Wireless Communications: ITS Environment 13
• Figure 2: ITS Architecture 14
• Figure 3: NTCIP Structure 20
• Figure 4: Communications Model: WAVE 23
• Figure 5: 5.9 GHz DSRC: Spectrum Allocation Details 32
• Figure 6: Channel Assignment 33
• Figure 7: Major Categories-5.9 GHz DSRC Services 33
• Figure 8: Collision Detection/Avoidance System 34
• Figure 9: Work Zone Warning 35
• Figure 10: "Smart" Car 35
• Figure 11: 5.9 GHz DSRC Rate vs. Distance 37
• Figure 12: Logical Flow 38
• Figure 13: DSRC Frequencies Planning 40
• Figure 14: 5.9 GHz DSRC Program Schedule 45
• Figure 15: N.A. 5.9 GHz DSRC Program 48
• Figure 16: Addressable Market NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Tag Sale ($M) 55
• Figure 17: Addressable Market NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Tags Sale (Unit 000) 56
• Figure 18: Addressable Market NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Readers Sale (Unit 000) 56
• Figure 19: Addressable Market NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Readers Sale ($M) 57
• Figure 20: CALM: Infrastructure-Vehicle 76
• Figure 21: CALM Architecture 83
• Figure 22: Modern Car Collision Avoidance 123
• Figure 23: CDPS Addressable Market ($B) 139
• Figure 24: Proportion: RCDPS and CCDPS (%) 2008 View 140
• Figure 25: Proportion: RCDPS and CCDPS (%) 2013 View 140
• Figure 26: CDPS Market Geographic (2009) as % of Manufactured Cars 141

• Table 1: 5.9 GHz DSRC U.S. Characteristics 36
• Table 2: Events Priorities 39
• Table 3: Requirements 39
• Table 4: Service-related Characteristics 42
• Table 5: 915 MHz and 5.9 GHz DSRC Differences 42
• Table 6: Summary Standards; 5.9 GHz DSRC 44
• Table 7: 5.9 GHz DSRC Advantages 50
• Table 8: DSRC Benefits 50
• Table 9: CALM-WG16 81
• Table 10: ETSI ITS-related Standards 86
• Table 11: Statistics 112
• Table 12: CDPS Use 114