The Future of Clean Thermal Technologies: Technology developments, key costs and the future outlook

Table of Contents

Executive summary

• Introduction
• Conventional coal-burning technologies
• Advanced and zero-emission coal burning technologies
• Gas burning power generation technologies
• Carbon sequestration
• Environmental and legislative issues
• The economics of clean thermal technologies
• The future of clean thermal technologies

Chapter 1 - Introduction

• Summary
• The power sector and global warming
• The report

Chapter 2 - Conventional coal burning technologies

• Introduction
• Coal-fired power generation
• Pulverized coal power plants
• Fluidized bed power plants
• Emission control
• Dust and particulate material
• Sulfur dioxide
• Mercury
• Nitrogen oxides
• CO2
• Emission limits

Chapter 3 - Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies

• Introduction
• Pre-combustion capture
• Integrated gasification combined cycle
• Oxyfuel combustion
• Retrofitting and capture ready plants
• Effects of carbon capture on plant performance

Chapter 4 - Gas burning power generation technologies

• Introduction

• Generating power from natural gas
• Gas-fired boilers
• Gas reciprocating engines
• Gas turbines
• Combined cycle power plants
• Advanced gas turbine cycles
• Micro turbines
• Fuel cells

• Gas turbine emission control
• Carbon monoxide
• Unburned hydrocarbons
• Particulate material
• Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Carbon capture

Chapter 5 - Carbon sequestration

• Introduction
• The size of the problem
• CO2 transportation
• Carbon sequestration
• Geological sequestration
• Ocean sequestration
• Risks
• Monitoring and legislative issues

Chapter 6 - Environmental and legislative issues

• Introduction
• Emissions and emission limits
• Carbon emissions
• Cap-and-trade systems
• Monitoring
• Legislative issues associated with carbon sequestration

Chapter 7 - Future outlook

• Introduction
• Capital costs of thermal power plants
• The levelized cost of electricity
• The cost of carbon

Chapter 8 - The prospects for clean thermal technologies

• Introduction
• The growth in fossil fuel for power generation
• The competitiveness of thermal power generation
• Market opportunities
• Index

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
• Figure 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh), 2006-2030
• Figure 3.3: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
• Figure 4.4: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
• Figure 4.5: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
• Figure 4.6: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
• Figure 5.7: National power plant CO2 intensity (kgCO2/MWh)
• Figure 5.8: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
• Figure 5.9: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
• Figure 6.10: World Bank guidelines for emissions from power plants
• Figure 6.11: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million tonnes), 1990-2030
• Figure 7.12: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US (2007 $/kW)
• Figure 7.13: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating capacity ($/kW)
• Figure 7.14: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired power plants ($/kW)
• Figure 7.15: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage demonstration project in China (€ m)
• Figure 7.16: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
• Figure 7.17: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
• Figure 7.18: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
• Figure 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in the UK (£/MWh)
• Figure 8.20: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power plants (%), 2006-2030
• Figure 8.21: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
• Figure 8.22: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
• Figure 8.23: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
• Figure 8.24: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450 scenario (GW)
• Figure 8.25: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
• Figure 8.26: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in California ($/MWh)
• Figure 8.27: Key thermal power plant and emission control market drivers and resistors

List of Tables

• Table 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
• Table 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh), 2006-2030
• Table 2.3: Typical pulverized coal fired power plant operating conditions and efficiency
• Table 2.4: Comparison of wet and dry FGD
• Table 3.5: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
• Table 4.6: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
• Table 4.7: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
• Table 4.8: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
• Table 5.9: National power plant CO2 emissions from ten largest emitters
• Table 5.10: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
• Table 5.11: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
• Table 6.12: Typical daily production from a 500MW coal-fired power plant
• Table 6.13: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million tonnes), 1990-2030
• Table 6.14: EU guidelines for power plant emissions
• Table 7.15: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US (2007 $/kW)
• Table 7.16: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating capacity ($/kW)
• Table 7.17: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired power plants ($/kW)
• Table 7.18: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage demonstration project in China (€ m)
• Table 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
• Table 7.20: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
• Table 7.21: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
• Table 7.22: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in the UK (£/MWh)
• Table 8.23: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power plants (%), 2006-2030
• Table 8.24: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
• Table 8.25: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
• Table 8.26: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
• Table 8.27: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450 scenario (GW)
• Table 8.28: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
• Table 8.29: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in California ($/MWh)