The Future of Carbon Sequestration: Key drivers and resistors, costs and technologies

Table of Contents

• Executive summary
  • Introduction
  • Capturing carbon dioxide
  • Transporting and sequestering carbon dioxide
  • Alternative technologies
  • Political and legislative issues
  • The cost of sequestration
• Chapter 1 Introduction to carbon sequestration 16
  • Emission control targets
  • Hydrogen economy
  • Status of the technology
  • The structure of this report
• Chapter 2 Power generation technologies with carbon dioxide capture
  • Introduction
  • Post-combustion capture
  • Absorption process
  • Energy requirements
  • Post-combustion developments
  • Fuel cells
  • Pre-combustion capture
  • Steam reforming and partial oxidation
  • Integrated gasification combined cycle
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxyfuel combustion
  • The cost of carbon dioxide capture
  • Demonstration projects
• Chapter 3 Transporting and sequestering carbon dioxide
  • How much carbon dioxide needs to be sequestered?
  • Transporting carbon dioxide
  • Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • Geological sequestration
    • Oil and gas fields
    • Coal beds
    • Geological formations
    • Geological storage capacities
    • Ocean sequestration
      • Reducing seawater acidity
      • Storage capacity
  • Sequestration monitoring
  • Risks
    • Risks associated with ocean storage
    • Risks associated with geological storage
  • Legislative issues
  • Costs
• Chapter 4 Alternative technologies for carbon sequestration
  • Introduction
  • Hydropower
    • Environmental issues
    • Financing hydropower
    • The cost of hydroelectricity
  • Wind power
    • Environmental issues
    • The cost of wind power
  • Marine generation technologies
    • Environmental issues
    • Cost of marine power
  • Hydrogen
  • Biomass energy conversion
    • Environmental considerations
    • The cost of electricity from biomass
  • Solar power
    • Solar thermal technology
    • Solar photovoltaic technology
    • Environmental issues
    • The cost of solar power
  • Forest sequestration
  • Nuclear power
    • The cost of nuclear electricity
  • Cost comparison
• Chapter 5 Political and legislative issues
  • Introduction
  • Legislative issues
    • The sea
    • On land
  • The public perception of carbon sequestration
  • Political issues
• Chapter 6 The cost of sequestration
  • Introduction
  • Fossil fuel power generation
    • Capital cost
    • Cost of electricity
    • Cost of carbon dioxide capture
    • Cost comparisons
  • Alternative forms of power generation
    • The cost of carbon-free electricity
  • Conclusions

  List of Figures

  • Figure 1.1: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
  • Figure 2.2: Cost of Electricity Comparison using IECM model
  • Figure 2.3: Cost of electricity based on IPCC study ($/kWh)
  • Figure 3.4: CO2 transportation costs (($/t CO2)
  • Figure 3.5: Relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and change in seawater acidity
  • Figure 4.6: Global hydropower capacity and potential, by region
  • Figure 4.7: Global wind capacity (MW), 1997-2005
  • Figure 4.8: Installed wind energy capacity by country, 2005
  • Figure 4.9: Costs of alternative technologies ($/Kwh)
  • Figure 6.10: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture (EC)
  • Figure 6.11: The cost of carbon-free electricity (€/kWh)
  • Figure 6.12: The final cost of electricity (€/kWh)

  List of Tables

  • Table 1.1: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
  • Table 2.2: Carbon dioxide quantities in flue gas from power plants
  • Table 2.3: Pre-combustion fuel conversion efficiencies
  • Table 2.4: Cost of Electricity Comparison using IECM model
  • Table 2.5: Cost of carbon dioxide avoided using IECM model ($/t CO2)
  • Table 2.6: Cost of electricity based on IPCC study ($/kWh)
  • Table 2.7: Cost of carbon dioxide avoided based on IPCC study ($/t CO2)
  • Table 2.8: Cost of electricity in EU to 2020 with, without capture (€/kWh)
  • Table 3.9: CO2 transportation costs (($/t CO2)
  • Table 3.10: Underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
  • Table 3.11: Relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and change in seawater acidity
  • Table 3.12: Storage costs in geological formations as a function of storage depth (€/t CO2)
  • Table 3.13: Storage and monitoring costs ($/t CO2)
  • Table 4.14: Global hydropower capacity and potential, by region
  • Table 4.15: Global wind capacity (MW), 1997-2005
  • Table 4.16: Installed wind energy capacity by country, 2005
  • Table 4.17: Predicted European biomass generating capacity to 2020
  • Table 4.18: Annual solar cell production and cumulative capacity
  • Table 4.19: Costs of alternative technologies
  • Table 5.20: Kyoto treaty emissions limits between 2008 and 2012 by country
  • Table 6.21: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture (EC)
  • Table 6.22: Capital cost of fossil fuel plants with and without capture (IPCC)
  • Table 6.23: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and without capture (Ecofys/TNO)
  • Table 6.24: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and without capture (IPCC)
  • Table 6.25: The cost of electricity from fossil fuel plants with and without capture (BI)
  • Table 6.26: The cost of carbon dioxide capture from fossil fuel plants (Ecofys/TNO)
  • Table 6.27: The cost of carbon dioxide capture from fossil fuel plants (IPCC)
  • Table 6.28: Costs of alternative technologies
  • Table 6.29: The cost of carbon-free electricity (€/kWh)
  • Table 6.30: The final cost of electricity (€/kWh)