Leading Fuel Cell Technologies: Applications, costs, economic competitiveness and future prospects

Table of Contents

Executive summary

• Introduction
• Fuel cell basics
• Phosphoric acid fuel cells
• Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
• Molten carbonate fuel cells
• Solid oxide fuel cells
• Alkaline fuel cells
• The direct methanol fuel cell
• The cost of fuel cells
• The future of fuel cells

Chapter 1 Introduction

• Introduction
• The history of fuel cells
• The structure of this report

Chapter 2 Fuel cell technology

• Introduction
• How a fuel cell works
• Catalysts
• Efficiency
• Types of fuel cell
• The alkaline fuel cell
• The phosphoric acid fuel cell
• The proton exchange membrane fuel cell
• The molten carbonate fuel cell
• The solid oxide fuel cell
• The direct methanol fuel cell
• Fuel and fuel processing
• The hydrogen economy
• Distributed generation
• Environmental benefits

Chapter 3 Phosphoric acid fuel cells

• Introduction
• PAFC cell technology
• Fuel processing
• Commercial PAFC units
• Applications for PAFC fuel cells
• Costs of PAFC fuel cells
• PAFC prospects

Chapter 4 Proton exchange membrane fuel

• cells
• Introduction
• PEM cell technology
• Fuel processing
• Commercial PEM fuel cells
• Applications
• Cost of PEM fuel cells
• Future prospects

Chapter 5 Molten carbonate fuel cells

• Introduction
• MCFC technology
• Fuel processing
• Commercial molten carbonate fuel cells
• Applications
• Cost of MCFC fuel cells
• Future prospects

Chapter 6 Solid oxide acid fuel cells

• Introduction
• SOFC technology
• Fuel processing
• Fuel cell-turbine hybrids
• Commercial SOFC developments
• Applications
• The cost of SOFC fuel cells
• Future prospects

Chapter 7 Alkaline fuel cells

• Introduction
• Alkaline fuel cell technology
• Fuel processing
• Commercial AFC units
• Applications
• Costs
• Future prospects

Chapter 8 The direct methanol fuel cell

• Introduction
• DMFC technology
• Commercial DMFC fuel cells
• Applications
• Costs
• Future prospects

Chapter 9 The cost of fuel cells

• Introduction
• Costs for stationary applications
• Cost comparisons and other data
• Fuel cell cost targets

Chapter 10 The future of fuel cells

• Introduction
• Stationary fuel cell market
• Other fuel cell markets
• Fuel cell prospects

List of Figures

• Figure 5.1: MCFC fuel cell costs and cost reductions ($/kW), 1996-2006
• Figure 9.2: The cost of fuel cells for stationary applications ($/kW)
• Figure 9.3: Cost comparison with other generation technologies, ($/kW)
• Figure 9.4: Comparison of generation costs for different technologies ($/MWh)
• Figure 10.5: Annual large stationary fuel cell installations (over 10kW)
• Figure 10.6: Forecast large stationary fuel cell sales (number of units, cumulative capacity in MW), 2008-2009
• Figure 10.7: Annual small stationary fuel cell shipments (under 10kW), (Number of units shipped), 2001-2007

List of Tables

• Table 2.1: Fuel cell characteristics
• Table 2.2: Typical Fuel Cell Power Plant Emissions (ppm)
• Table 3.3: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Characteristics
• Table 3.4: Operating parameters for PC25C fuel cell
• Table 3.5: PC25C emissions
• Table 4.6: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell characteristics
• Table 4.7: Ballard Power Systems 250kW fuel cell prototype specification
• Table 4.8: Plug Power residential fuel cell specification
• Table 5.9: Molten carbonate fuel cell characteristics
• Table 5.10: FuelCell Energy prototype MCFC stack
• Table 5.11: MCFC fuel cell costs and cost reductions ($/kW), 1996-2006
• Table 6.12: Solid oxide fuel cell characteristics
• Table 6.13: Westervoort 100kW pilot plant
• Table 7.14: Alkaline fuel cell characteristics
• Table 8.15: Direct methanol fuel cell characteristics
• Table 9.16: The cost of fuel cells for stationary applications ($/kW)
• Table 9.17: California Energy Commission generation cost estimates for fuel cells ($/kW, $/MWh)
• Table 9.18: Cost comparison with other generation technologies, ($/kW)
• Table 9.19: Comparison of generation costs for different technologies ($/MWh)
• Table 10.20: Annual large stationary fuel cell installations (over 10kW)
• Table 10.21: Forecast large stationary fuel cell sales (number of units, cumulative capacity in MW), 2008-2009
• Table 10.22: Annual small stationary fuel cell shipments (under 10kW), (Number of units shipped), 2001-2007