The Economics of Tin, 8th Edition

Table of Contents

1. Summary

2. Properties, occurrence and resources of tin

2.1 Properties and occurrence

2.2 Occurrence

2.3 Resources

3. Mining and processing of tin

3.1 Mining of tin

3.2 Processing of tin

3.2.1 Concentration

3.2.2 Smelting and refining

3.2.3 Secondary tin

3.3 Specifications for tin

3.4 Production costs for tin

4. Tin production data

4.1 World tin output

4.1.1 Supply and demand balance

4.2 Regional tin output

4.3 Tin production by country

4.3.1 Production of tin-in-concentrates by country

4.3.2 Production of refined tin by country

4.3.3 Secondary tin production

4.4 Production of tin by company

4.4.1 Production of tin-in-concentrates by company

4.4.2 Production of refined tin by company

4.5 Future tin supplies

5. Notes on tin producing and consuming countries

5.1 Argentina

5.2 Australia

5.2.1 Tin production by company

5.2.1.1 Ardlethan mine ? Marlborough Resources

5.2.1.2 Greenbushes tantalum-tin mine ? Sons of Gwalia

5.2.1.3 Renison Bell mine ? Bluestone Nominees

5.2.1.4 Collingwood project ? Bluestone Nominees

5.2.1.5 Elsmore alluvial project ? Malachite Resources

5.2.1.6 Douglas project ? Basin Minerals

5.2.1.7 Other tin deposits

5.3 Belgium

5.3.1 Tin production

5.3.1.1 Metallo-Chimique International

5.3.1.2 Hydrometal

5.4 Bolivia

5.4.1 Tin resources

5.4.2 Mine production of tin

5.4.2.1 Huanuni tin mine

5.4.2.2 Colquiri tin mine

5.4.2.3 Caracoles tin mine

5.4.2.4 Small mines and cooperatives

5.4.2.5 Other tin mining operations

5.4.3 Refined tin production

5.5 Brazil

5.5.1 Tin resources in Brazil

5.5.2 Production of tin-in-concentrates and refined tin

5.5.2.1 Paranapanema

5.5.2.2 Ebesa and small miners

5.5.2.3 Cesbra

5.5.2.4 Best Metais e Soldas

5.5.2.5 Past operations

5.6 Burundi

5.7 Cameroon

5.8 Canada

5.9 China

5.9.1 Tin resources in China

5.9.2 Mine and refined production of tin

5.9.2.1 Yunnan Tin Corp

5.9.2.2 Liuzhou China Tin

5.9.2.3 Guangxi Nandan Longquan Mining & Smelting

5.9.2.4 Other tin mining and smelting operations

5.9.2.5 Dulong project ? International Barytex Resources

5.10 Congo (Democratic Republic)

5.11 Czech Republic

5.12 Egypt

5.13 France

5.14 Germany

5.15 Hong Kong

5.16 India

5.17 Indonesia

5.17.1 Tin resources in Indonesia

5.17.2 Mine and refined production of tin

5.17.2.1 PT Timah Tbk

5.17.2.2 PT Koba Tin

5.17.2.3 Other producers

5.17.2.4 Exploration projects

5.18 Italy

5.19 Japan

5.20 Kazakhstan

5.21 South Korea

5.22 Kyrgyzstan

5.23 Laos

5.24 Malaysia

5.24.1 Resources

5.24.2 Mine and refined production of tin

5.24.2.1 Rahman Hydraulic Tin

5.24.2.2 Delima Industries

5.24.2.3 Chin Pek Soo Holdings

5.24.2.4 Malaysian Smelting Corporation

5.25 Mexico

5.26 Mongolia

5.27 Morocco

5.28 Myanmar

5.29 Namibia

5.30 Netherlands

5.31 Niger

5.32 Nigeria

5.33 Peru

5.33.1 Minsur

5.34 Portugal

5.35 Russia

5.35.1 Novosibirsk Tin Works (NOK)

5.35.1.1 Mining

5.35.1.2 Smelting and refining

5.35.2 Other operations

5.36 Rwanda

5.37 Singapore

5.38 South Africa

5.39 Spain

5.40 Taiwan

5.41 Thailand

5.41.1 Resources

5.41.2 Mine and refined production of tin

5.41.2.1 Thailand Smelting and Refining Co (Thaisarco)

5.42 UK

5.42.1 South Crofty ? Baseresult Holdings

5.42.2 AMG Resources Corp

5.42.3 Producers of tin alloys

5.42.4 Tin Technology ? ITRI Ltd

5.43 USA

5.43.1 Secondary tin production

5.43.2 Producers of tin alloys

5.43.3 National Defense Stockpile

5.44 Vietnam

5.44.1 Tin reserves and production

5.45 Zimbabwe

6. Consumption of tin

6.1 Consumption of tin by region

6.2 Consumption of tin by country

6.3 Consumption of tin by end-use

6.4 Future demand for tin

7. Uses of tin

7.1 Solders

7.1.1 Markets for tin in solders

7.1.2 Electronic uses of solder

7.1.2.1 Lead-free solders

7.1.3 Structural uses of solder

7.1.4 Outlook for tin demand in solder

7.2 Chemicals

7.2.1 Organic tin compounds (organotins)

7.2.1.1 PVC stabilisers

7.2.1.2 Catalysts

7.2.1.3 Wood preservatives

7.2.1.4 Pesticides

7.2.1.5 Antifouling marine paints

7.2.1.6 Agrochemicals

7.2.2 Inorganic compounds

7.2.2.1 Ceramics

7.2.2.2 Glass manufacture

7.2.2.3 Flame-retardants and smoke suppressants

7.2.2.4 Gas sensors

7.2.2.5 Indium-tin oxide (ITO)

7.2.2.6 Tin plating

7.2.2.7 Pharmaceuticals

7.2.2.8 Antistatics and flame-retardants in paper packaging

7.2.3 Outlook for tin demand in chemicals

7.3 Tinplate

7.3.1 Production of tinplate

7.3.2 Producers of tinplate

7.3.3 Tin consumption in tinplate

7.3.4 Markets for tinplate

7.3.4.1 Cans

7.3.4.2 Non-packaging uses of tinplate

7.3.5 Alternatives to tinplate

7.3.6 Recycling of tinplate

7.3.7 Outlook for tin demand in tinplate

7.4 Bronze, brass, white metal, babbitt and anti-friction metal

7.4.1 Bronze and brass

7.4.1.1 Bronze

7.4.1.2 Brass

7.4.2 White metal, babbitt and anti-friction alloys

7.4.2.1 Babbitt and anti-friction alloys

7.4.2.2 Pewter and white metal

7.4.3 Outlook for tin demand in bronze, brass, white metal, babbitt and anti-friction metal

7.5 Other uses of tin

7.5.1 Tinning

7.5.2 Fusible alloys

7.5.3 Brazing alloys

7.5.4 Other alloys

7.5.4.1 Aluminium-tin

7.5.4.2 Type metal

7.5.4.3 Dental alloys

7.5.4.4 Medical alloys

7.5.4.5 Electrical alloys

7.5.4.6 Battery grid alloys

7.5.4.7 Titanium alloys

7.5.4.8 Niobium-tin superconductors

7.5.4.9 Tin-iron

7.5.4.10 Zirconium-tin

7.5.4.11 Tin-lead

7.5.4.12 Tin-cobalt

7.5.5 Wrought tin

7.5.5.1 Bottle top capsules

7.5.6 Molten tin

7.5.7 Tin powder

7.5.8 Terneplate and other tin alloy coatings

7.5.8.1 Tin-zinc coatings

7.5.8.2 Tin-nickel coatings

7.5.8.3 Terneplate

7.5.8.4 Tin-copper

7.5.9 Lead-free gunshot and fishing weights

7.5.10 Wheel weights

7.5.11 Outlook for tin demand in other uses

8. International trade in tin

8.1 Trade in tin ores and concentrates

8.2 Trade in unwrought tin metal

8.3 Trade in unwrought tin alloys

8.4 Trade in wrought articles of tin

8.5 Trade in tin waste and scrap

9. Prices of tin

9.1 Prices of tin concentrates

9.2 Prices of tin metal

9.2.1 London Metal Exchange (LME) prices

9.2.1.1 LME tin pricing

9.2.1.2 LME tin price trends

9.2.2 KLTM prices

9.2.3 Metal Bulletin prices

9.3 Comparison of price quotations

9.4 Metals Week composite price

9.5 Outlook for tin prices

List of Tables

• Table 1: World: Reserves and reserve base of tin, 2003
• Table 2: Specifications for refined tin
• Table 3: World: Approximate cost curve for primary tin production, 2001
• Table 4: World: Tin supply and demand, 1994 to 2003
• Table 5: Western world: Supply and demand balance for refined tin, 1994 to 2003
• Table 6: World: Comparison by region of tin-in-concentrate and refined tin production, 1994 to 2003
• Table 7: World: Production of tin-in-concentrates by country, 1994 to 2003
• Table 8: World: Production of tin-in-concentrates by principal country, 1994 to 2003
• Table 9: World: Production of refined tin by country, 1994 to 2003
• Table 10: World: Production of refined tin by principal country, 1994 to 2003
• Table 11: World: USGS estimates for recovery of secondary tin, 1994 to 2003
• Table 12: World: Tin mining companies, 2003
• Table 13: World: Tin refining companies, 2003
• Table 14: World: Tin mining and smelting projects, 2004