Report: The Economics of Iodine TOC

1. Summary 1

2. Properties of iodine 5

3. Reserves of iodine 6

3.1 Iodine reserves in Azerbaijan 6
3.2 Iodine reserves in Chile 7
3.3 Iodine reserves in Indonesia 7
3.4 Iodine reserves in Japan 7
3.5 Iodine reserves in Russia 8
3.6 Iodine reserves in Turkmenistan 9
3.7 Iodine reserves in the USA 9

4. Iodine production processes 10

4.1 Mining and processing of caliche and repasos deposits 10
4.2 Extraction of iodine from brines 10
- 4.2.1 Blowing-out process 11
- 4.2.2 Carbon absorption process 12
- 4.2.3 Ion-exchange process 12
- 4.2.4 Other methods for extracting iodine from brine 13
4.3 Extraction of iodine from seaweed 13

5. Iodine derivatives 14

5.1 Inorganic iodine compounds 14
- 5.1.1 Inorganic iodides 14
  - 5.1.1.1 Hydrogen iodide (HI) 14
  - 5.1.1.2 Iodine monochloride (ICl) 15
  - 5.1.1.3 Alkali iodides 15
- 5.1.2 Inorganic iodates 15
5.2 Organic iodine derivatives 15
- 5.2.1 Aliphatic iodine derivatives 16
  - 5.2.1.1 Ethyl iodide (C2H5I) 16
  - 5.2.1.2 Iodoform (CHI3) 16
  - 5.2.1.3 Methylene iodide (CH2I2) 16
  - 5.2.1.4 Methyl iodide (CH3I) 16
  - 5.2.1.5 Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (C3H9IS), 17
- 5.2.2 Aromatic iodine derivatives 17

6. World iodine production capacity by country and company 18

6.1 Iodine production capacity by country 19
6.2 Iodine production capacity by company 20
6.3 Historical capacity compared to production 21

7. World production of iodine by country and company 23

7.1 Production of iodine by country 23
7.2 Production of iodine by company 25

8. Production of iodine, iodine derivatives and iodine products by country and company 26

8.1 Azerbaijan 26
- 8.1.1 Producers of iodine in Azerbaijan 27
  - 8.1.1.1 Bakinsky Iodine Plant 27
  - 8.1.1.2 Novo-Neftechalinsky Iodine Plant 27
- 8.1.2 Azerbaijani exports of iodine 28
8.2 Belarus 28
- 8.2.1 Potential iodine projects in Belarus 28
8.3 Belgium 29
- 8.3.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Belgium 30
  - 8.3.1.1 International Brachytherapy SA (IBt) 30
  - 8.3.1.2 MDS Nordion 31
  - 8.3.1.3 Omnichem 31
- 8.3.2 Exports of iodine derivatives from Belgium 31
8.4 Brazil 32
- 8.4.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Brazil 32
- 8.4.2 Imports of iodine derivatives into Brazil 33
- 8.4.3 Consumption of iodine salt iodisation in Brazil 33
8.5 Canada 33
- 8.5.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Canada 34
  - 8.5.1.1 BGR Chemical Products 34
  - 8.5.1.2 Caledon Laboratory Chemicals 34
  - 8.5.1.3 MDS Nordion 34
  - 8.5.1.4 Melrose Chemicals Limited 35
- 8.5.2 Exports of iodine derivatives from Canada 35
8.6 Chile 36
- 8.6.1 Producers of iodine in Chile 36
  - 8.6.1.1 ACF Minera Limitada 37
  - 8.6.1.2 Atacama Minerals Corporation 38
  - 8.6.1.3 Compania de Salitre y Yodo de Chile (Cosayach) 40
  - 8.6.1.4 DSM Minera SA 42
  - 8.6.1.5 SQM 43
- 8.6.2 Potential iodine projects in Chile 47
- 8.6.3 Exports of iodine from Chile by country 48
- 8.6.4 Exports of iodine from Chile by company 48
- 8.6.5 Producers of iodine derivatives products in Chile 49
  - 8.6.5.1 Ajay-SQM Chile SA 50
  - 8.6.5.2 DSM Minera SA 51
  - 8.6.5.3 Iodonix Chile Limitada 52
- 8.6.6 Exports of iodine derivatives from Chile 52
- 8.6.7 Traders of iodine in Chile 53
  - 8.6.7.1 Franmar Limitada 53
- 8.6.8 Apparent consumption of iodine in Chile 54
8.7 China 54
- 8.7.1 Producers of iodine in China 55
  - 8.7.1.1 Daishan Jili Seaweed Company Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.2 Ganyu Hongyuan Seaweed Industrial Company Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.3 Lianyungang Seaweed Industrial Company Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.4 Lianyungang Zhongda Seaweed Industrial Company Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.5 Penglai Huaxiang Seaweed Industrial Corporation Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.6 Qingdao Haihua Chemicals Company Limited 56
  - 8.7.1.7 Qingdao Jiaonan Bright Moon Seaweed Industrial Company Limited 57
  - 8.7.1.8 Qingdao Lizhu Sea Chemical Factory 57
  - 8.7.1.9 Qingdao Nanyang Seaweed Industrial Company Limited 57
  - 8.7.1.10 Qingdao Yulong Algae Company Limited 57
  - 8.7.1.11 Shandong Jiejing Group Corporation 57
  - 8.7.1.12 Tianjin Wuyang Seaweed Products Factory 57
  - 8.7.1.13 Yantai Xingfu Seaweed Industry Company Limited 58
- 8.7.2 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in China 58
  - 8.7.2.1 Chongqin Lianhua Chemical Factory 58
  - 8.7.2.2 Jinhua Additives Company Limited 58
  - 8.7.2.3 Shine Star (Hubei) Biological Engineering Company Limited 58
  - 8.7.2.4 Zigong City Jindian Chemical Company Limited 58
  - 8.7.2.5 Other producers of iodine derivatives and products in China 59
- 8.7.3 Imports of iodine into China 59
8.8 Czech Republic 59
- 8.8.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in the Czech Republic 59
8.9 France 60
- 8.9.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in France 60
  - 8.9.1.1 Ajay Europe 60
  - 8.9.1.2 Corporation Français de Produits Industriels (CFPI) 61
  - 8.9.1.3 Simafex 61
- 8.9.2 Exports of iodine derivatives from France 61
8.10 Germany 62
- 8.10.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Germany 63
  - 8.10.1.1 BASF Pharma Solutions 63
  - 8.10.1.2 Chemetall 63
  - 8.10.1.3 Metall-Chemie Goerrig GmbH and Company Kg (MCG) 63
  - 8.10.1.4 Schering AG 63
  - 8.10.1.5 Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH 64
  - 8.10.1.6 Spezial Chemie Leuna GmbH and Company KG 64
  - 8.10.1.7 Dr. Theodor Schuchardt & Company 65
- 8.10.2 German trade in iodine derivatives 65
8.11 India 66
- 8.11.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in India 67
  - 8.11.1.1 Astro Chemical Industries (Astrochem) 67
  - 8.11.1.2 Calibre Group 67
  - 8.11.1.3 Champa Purie-Chem Industries 67
  - 8.11.1.4 Micron Laboratories 68
  - 8.11.1.5 Salvi Chemical Industries 68
  - 8.11.1.6 Samrat Pharmachem Limited 68
8.12 Indonesia 68
- 8.12.1 Producers of iodine in Indonesia 68
- 8.12.2 Exports of iodine from Indonesia 69
8.13 Italy 70
- 8.13.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Italy 70
  - 8.13.1.1 Bracco Group 70
  - 8.13.1.2 Uquifa 71
8.14 Japan 71
- 8.14.1 Producers of iodine in Japan 72
  - 8.14.1.1 Godo Shigen Sangyo Company Limited 73
  - 8.14.1.2 Ise Chemicals Corporation 73
  - 8.14.1.3 Japan Energy Corporation 74
  - 8.14.1.4 Kanto Natural Gas Development Company Limited (KNG) 74
  - 8.14.1.5 Nihon Tennen Gas Company Limited 75
  - 8.14.1.6 Nippoh Chemicals Company Limited 75
  - 8.14.1.7 Teikoku Oil Company Limited 75
  - 8.14.1.8 Toho Earthtech Incorporated 76
- 8.14.2 Japanese trade in iodine 76
- 8.14.3 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Japan 78
  - 8.14.3.1 Daikin Industries 78
  - 8.14.3.2 Mitsui Chemicals 78
  - 8.14.3.3 Tokyo Kasei Kogyo (TCI) 78
- 8.14.4 Japanese trade in iodine derivatives 78
- 8.14.5 Apparent consumption of iodine in Japan 79
8.15 Mexico 81
- 8.15.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Mexico 81
  - 8.15.1.1 Diafra SA de CV 81
  - 8.15.1.2 High Purity Mexico SA de CV 81
  - 8.15.1.3 Uquifa 82
8.16 Netherlands 82
- 8.16.1 Former producers of iodine derivatives in the Netherlands 83
- 8.16.2 Dutch trade in iodine derivatives 83
8.17 Norway 84
- 8.17.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Norway 84
  - 8.17.1.1 Amersham Health 85
  - 8.17.1.2 Isopharma AS 85
8.18 Russia 85
- 8.18.1 Standard and specifications of iodine in Russia 85
- 8.18.2 Producers of iodine in Russia 86
  - 8.18.2.1 Perm Chemical Company 87
  - 8.18.2.2 Troitsky Iodine plant 88
- 8.18.3 Potential iodine projects in Russia 90
  - 8.18.3.1 JSC Arkhangelskgeoldobycha 90
  - 8.18.3.2 LLC GDK Astrakhangazprom 90
  - 8.18.3.3 JSC Surgutneftegaz 90
  - 8.18.3.4 JSC Tobbi (Tobolsk Bromine Iodine Plant) 91
  - 8.18.3.5 JSC Tyumeniodobrom 91
- 8.18.4 Production of iodised salt in Russia by company 91
- 8.18.5 Russian trade in iodine 92
- 8.18.6 Apparent consumption of iodine in Russia 93
8.19 Spain 93
- 8.19.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in Spain 94
  - 8.19.1.1 Almirall Prodesfarma 94
  - 8.19.1.2 Uquifa 94
- 8.19.2 Exports of iodine derivatives from Spain 94
8.20 Turkmenistan 95
- 8.20.1 Producers of iodine in Turkmenistan 95
  - 8.20.1.1 JSC TurkmenDokun 96
  - 8.20.1.2 Joint Venture Senagatsuw 97
- 8.20.2 Exports of iodine from Turkmenistan 98
8.21 Ukraine 99
- 8.21.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in the Ukraine 99
8.22 UK 100
- 8.22.1 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in the UK 101
  - 8.22.1.1 Amersham Health 101
  - 8.22.1.2 Antec International 101
  - 8.22.1.3 Crystran Limited 102
  - 8.22.1.4 Evans Vanodine 102
  - 8.22.1.5 Hilger Crystals Limited 102
  - 8.22.1.6 Johnson Matthey Catalysts 102
  - 8.22.1.7 Kilco Chemicals Limited 103
  - 8.22.1.8 Lansdowne Chemicals Plc 103
  - 8.22.1.9 William Blythe 104
- 8.22.2 UK trade in iodine derivatives 104
8.23 USA 106
- 8.23.1 Producers of iodine in the USA 107
  - 8.23.1.1 IOCHEM Corporation 107
  - 8.23.1.2 North American Brine Resources (NABR) 108
  - 8.23.1.3 Woodward Iodine Corporation (WIC) 108
- 8.23.2 US trade in iodine 108
- 8.23.3 Producers of iodine derivatives and products in the USA 110
  - 8.23.3.1 Ajay North America LLC 111
  - 8.23.3.2 Anbex Incorporated 111
  - 8.23.3.3 BASF Pharma Solutions 112
  - 8.23.3.4 Bracco Diagnostics 112
  - 8.23.3.5 Camphor Technologies Corporation 112
  - 8.23.3.6 Cardinal Health 112
  - 8.23.3.7 Deepwater Chemicals Corporation 112
  - 8.23.3.8 Dynarex Corporation 113
  - 8.23.3.9 Geoliquids 113
  - 8.23.3.10 H&S Chemical Company 113
  - 8.23.3.11 IodiTech 114
  - 8.23.3.12 IoGold Systems Incorporated 114
  - 8.23.3.13 Iomate Corporation 115
  - 8.23.3.14 Preserve International 115
  - 8.23.3.15 Purdue Pharma 115
  - 8.23.3.16 Sigma-Aldrich Company 115
  - 8.23.3.17 Symbollon Pharmaceuticals 116
  - 8.23.3.18 Troy Corporation 116
  - 8.23.3.19 Tyco Healthcare 116
  - 8.23.3.20 West Agro Incorporated 116
- 8.23.4 US trade in iodine derivatives 117
- 8.23.5 US strategic stocks of iodine 119
- 8.23.6 Consumption of iodine by product in the USA 119
8.24 Uzbekistan 121

9. International trade in iodine and iodine derivatives 122

9.1 Exports of iodine by country 122
- 9.1.1 European exports of iodine 124
- 9.1.2 North American exports of iodine 124
- 9.1.3 South American exports of iodine 124
- 9.1.4 Asian exports of iodine 125
- 9.1.5 Trade flow of iodine exports in 2004 125
9.2 Imports of iodine by country 126
- 9.2.1 European imports of iodine 128
- 9.2.2 North American imports of iodine 128
- 9.2.3 South American imports of iodine 129
- 9.2.4 Asian imports of iodine 129
- 9.2.5 Trade flow of iodine imports in 2004 129
9.3 Exports of iodides 130
9.4 Imports of iodides 132

10. World consumption of iodine 134

10.1 Current consumption of iodine 134
10.2 Future demand for iodine 135

11. Markets for iodine 138

11.1 Use of iodine in x-ray contrast media 138
11.2 Use of iodine in biocides 140
11.3 Use of iodine in catalysts 141
- 11.3.1 Use of iodine in synthetic rubber production 142
  - 11.3.1.1 Production of synthetic rubber 142
  - 11.3.1.2 World consumption of synthetic rubber 145
- 11.3.2 Use of iodine in perfluorinated ion-exchange membranes 146
- 11.3.3 Use of iodine in acetic acid synthesis 147
- 11.3.4 Use of iodine in synthetic blood manufacture 148
- 11.3.5 Use of iodine in other catalytic applications 148
11.4 Use of iodine in feed additives 148
11.5 Use of iodine in pharmaceuticals 150
- 11.5.1 Use of iodine in protection from radioactivity 150
- 11.5.2 Use of radioactive iodine in cancer treatment 151
11.6 Use of iodine in human nutrition 151
11.7 Use of iodine in heat stabilisers 152
- 11.7.1 Polyamide production 152
- 11.7.2 Polyamide consumption 153
- 11.7.3 Use of iodine in tall oil production 155
11.8 Use of iodine in electrical applications 156
11.9 Use of iodine in herbicides 157
11.10 Use of iodine in photography 158
11.11 Other uses for iodine 159
- 11.11.1 Use of iodine in batteries 159
- 11.11.2 Use of iodine in fire extinguishers 159
- 11.11.3 Use of iodine in lamps 159
- 11.11.4 Use of iodine in metallurgy 160
- 11.11.5 Use of iodine in water treatment 160

12. Prices of iodine 161

12.1 Published iodine prices 162
12.2 Average value of iodine exports from Chile, Japan and the USA 166
- 12.2.1 Average value of iodine exports from Chile by company 167
  - 12.2.1.1 ACF Minera 168
  - 12.2.1.2 Atacama Minerals 169
  - 12.2.1.3 DSM Minera 169
  - 12.2.1.4 Cosayach 169
  - 12.2.1.5 SQM 170
- 12.2.2 Japanese average values of iodine exports 170
- 12.2.3 US average values of iodine exports 171
12.3 Factors affecting future iodine prices 172

List of Tables

Table 1: Physical characteristics of iodine 5
Table 2: World: Reserve and reserve base of elemental iodine, 2004 6
Table 3: Azerbaijan: Details of main iodine deposits, 2001 7
Table 4: Mineral content of brine in South Kwanto gasfield compared to seawater (mg/l), 2005 8
Table 5: Russia: Details of main iodine deposits, 2005 9
Table 6: Turkmenistan: Details of main iodine deposits, 2001 9
Table 7: World: Estimated iodine production capacity by country and company, 2005 18
Table 8: World: Iodine capacity and production 1995-2004, forecast capacity additions 2005-2010 22
Table 9: World: Production of iodine by country, 1996 to 2004 24
Table 10: Azerbaijan: Production of iodised salt, 1999 to 2003 27
Table 11: Azerbaijan: Exports of iodine by country, 1994 to 2004 28
Table 12: Belgium: Imports of iodine by country, 1990 to 2004 29
Table 13: Belgium: Exports of iodine by country, 1990 to 2004 30
Table 14: Belgium: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by country, 1993 to 2004 31
Table 15: Brazil: Imports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 32
Table 16: Incasa: Iodine products by market 32
Table 17: Brazil: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by type, 1999 to 2004 33
Table 18: Canada: Imports of iodine by country, 1993 to 2004 34
Table 19: MDS Nordion: Details of main plants, 2005 35
Table 20: Canada: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by country, 1997 to 2004 35
Table 21: Chile: Production of iodine by company, 1990 to 2004 37
Table 22: ACF Minera: Exports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 38
Table 23: Atacama Minerals: Resources and reserves of iodine, sodium sulphate and potassium nitrate, 2005 39
Table 24: Atacama Minerals: Production and sales of iodine, 2003 and 2004 40
Table 25: Atacama Minerals: Exports of iodine by country, 2001 to 2004 40
Table 26: Cosayach: Exports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 41
Table 27: DSM Minera: Exports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 43
Table 28: SQM: Sales of iodine and derivatives, 2000 to 2005 45
Table 29: SQM and subsidiaries: Exports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 47
Table 30: Chile: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1997 to 2004 48
Table 31: Chile: Exports of iodine by producing companies, 1997 to 2004 48
Table 32: Chile: Exports of iodine by other companies, 1998 to 2004 49
Table 33: SQM: Exports of sodium and potassium iodides by country, 2000 to 2004 50
Table 34: SQM: Exports of potassium and calcium iodates by country, 2000 to 2004 51
Table 35: DSM Minera: Exports of sodium and potassium iodides by country, 2002 to 2004 51
Table 36: Iodonix: Exports of sodium and potassium iodides by country, 2000 to 2004 52
Table 37: Chile: Exports of sodium and potassium iodides by country, 1997 to 2004 52
Table 38: Chile: Exports of sodium and potassium iodides by company, 2000 to 2004 53
Table 39: Chile: Exports of potassium and calcium iodates by company, 2000 to 2004 53
Table 40: Chile: Production, trade and apparent consumption of iodine, 1997 to 2004 54
Table 41: China: Trade balance in iodine, 1994 to 2004 55
Table 42: China: Producers of iodine, 2005 55
Table 43: China: Imports of iodine by country, 1997 to 2004 59
Table 44: France: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1990 to 2004 60
Table 45: France: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1990 to 2004 61
Table 46: Germany: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1990 to 2004 62
Table 47: Germany: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 62
Table 48: Schering: Sales of diagnostics and radio pharmaceuticals by region and application, 2000 to 2004 64
Table 49: Germany: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 65
Table 50: Germany: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 66
Table 51: India: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 66
Table 52: Indonesia: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 69
Table 53: Italy: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 70
Table 54: Kanto Natural Gas Development Company Limited: Production and sales of iodine, 1996 to 2004 75
Table 55: Teikoku Oil Company Limited: Sales of natural gas, LPG and iodine, 1996 to 2004 76
Table 56: Japan: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1990 to 2004 77
Table 57: Japan: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1990 to 2004 77
Table 58: Japan: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 79
Table 59: Japan: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 79
Table 60: Japan: Production, trade and apparent consumption of iodine, 1990 to 2004 80
Table 61: Mexico Imports of iodine by country, 1995 to 2004 81
Table 62: Netherlands: Imports of iodine, 1998 to 2004 82
Table 63: Netherlands: Exports of iodine recorded by main importing countries, 1998 to 2004 82
Table 64: DSM: Iodine derivatives manufactured by the Maarssen plant 83
Table 65: Netherlands: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by country, 1998 to 2004 83
Table 66: Netherlands: Exports of iodide and iodide oxides recorded by main importing countries, 1995 to 2004 84
Table 67: Norway: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1997 to 2004 84
Table 68: Isopharma AS: Iodine radio pharmaceuticals and radio chemicals 85
Table 69: Specifications of technical grade iodine in Russia 86
Table 70: Specifications of pure grade iodine in Russia 86
Table 71: Russia: Production of iodine by company, 1995 to 2004 87
Table 72: Troitsky Iodine Plant: Specifications of potassium iodide by grade 89
Table 73: Russia: Details of iodised salt capacity and production by company, 2000 to 2002 92
Table 74: Russia: Trade in iodine by main countries, 1997 to 2004 92
Table 75: Russia: Apparent consumption of iodine, 1997 to 2004 93
Table 76: Spain: Imports of iodine by country, 1990 to 2004 93
Table 77: Spain: Exports of iodide and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 95
Table 78: Turkmenistan: Production of iodine, 1992 to 2004 95
Table 79: Turkmenistan: Exports of iodine recorded by importing countries, 1997 to 2004 98
Table 80: Ukraine: Imports of iodine by country, 2002 to 2004 99
Table 81: Iodobrom: Prices of iodine and iodine derivatives, 2005 100
Table 82: UK: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1990 to 2004 100
Table 83: UK: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 101
Table 84: Lansdowne Chemicals: Iodine compound product list 103
Table 85: UK: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by company, 1993 to 2004 105
Table 86: UK: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1993 to 2004 105
Table 87: USA: Historical iodine statistics, 1990 to 2004 106
Table 88: IOCHEM Corporation: Specifications of iodine, 2005 108
Table 89: USA: Exports of iodine by main countries, 1993 to 2004 109
Table 90: USA: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1992 to 2004 109
Table 91: USA: Imports of iodine by district and country of origin, 2002 to 2004 110
Table 92: USA: Number of plants producing iodine derivatives by product, 1998 to 2004 110
Table 93: USA: Quarterly production and interplant transfers of potassium iodide, 2001 to 2005 111
Table 94: Deepwater Chemicals: Iodine derivate products, 2005 113
Table 95: IodiTech: Iodine products by markets 114
Table 96: USA: Exports of potassium iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1995 to 2004 117
Table 97: USA: Exports of other iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1995 to 2004 117
Table 98: USA: Imports of calcium or copper iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1995 to 2004 118
Table 99: USA: Imports of potassium iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1995 to 2004 118
Table 100: USA: Imports of other iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1995 to 2004 118
Table 101: USA: National Defence Stockpile: Inventory and sales of iodine, 1999 to 2004 119
Table 102: USA: Consumption of crude iodine by product, 1998 to 2004 120
Table 103: World: Exports of iodine by producing countries, 1996 to 2004 122
Table 104: World: Exports of iodine by region and country, 1996 to 2004 123
Table 105: Exports of iodine by main countries by source, 2004 126
Table 106: World: Imports of iodine by main countries, 1996 to 2004 127
Table 107: Imports of iodine by main countries by source, 2004 130
Table 108: World: Exports of iodides and iodide oxides by main countries, 1997 to 2004 131
Table 109: World: Imports of iodides and iodide oxides by principal exporting countries, 1997 to 2004 132
Table 110: World: Estimated consumption of iodine by market, 2004 135
Table 111: World: Forecast demand for iodine by market, 2004 and 2010 136
Table 112: Typical applications of iodine compounds 138
Table 113: World Reported and estimated synthetic rubber production capacity by type and country, 2003 143
Table 114: World: Production of synthetic rubber by region, 1990 to 2003 144
Table 115: World: Consumption of synthetic rubber by country, 1996 to 2003 145
Table 116: US Food and Drug Administration: Revised guidelines for potassium iodide required to protect thyroid gland against radioactivity 150
Table 117: World: Summary of regional iodine nutrition, 2002 152
Table 118: Western Europe: Consumption of all types of nylon by end use, 1992 to 2000 154
Table 119: USA: Consumption of all types of nylon by end use, 1992 to 2000 154
Table 120: USA: Production of tall oil, 1997 to 2004 155
Table 121: World: Consumption of silver in photography by region and main countries, 1994 to 2003 158
Table 122: USA: Year end prices of elemental iodine and selected compounds, 1981 to 2004 163
Table 123: UK: Monthly price of crude iodine crystal, 50kg drums, delivered UK, 1991 to 2002 164
Table 124: Monthly spot and contract price of iodine crystal, 99.5% minimum, drums, 2001 to 2005 166
Table 125: Chile: Quantity, value and average value of iodine exports, 1990 to 2004 168
Table 126: ACF Minera Limitada: Average value of iodine exports by country, 2000 to 2004 168
Table 127: Atacama Minerals: Average value of iodine exports by country, 2001 to 2004 169
Table 128: DSM Minera: Average value of iodine exports by main countries, 2000 to 2004 169
Table 129: Cosayach: Average value of iodine exports to main countries, 1998 to 2004 170
Table 130: SQM: Average value of iodine exports by main countries, 2000 to 2004 170
Table 131: Japan: Average value of iodine exports by main countries, 1996 to 2004 171
Table 132: USA: Average value of iodine exports by main countries, 1996 to 2004 171

List of Figures

Figure 1: World: Iodine capacity and production by main countries, 2004 1
Figure 2: World: Estimated consumption of iodine by region and main countries, 2004 3
Figure 3: World iodine production compared to average end of year UK price for iodine, 1990 to 2004 4
Figure 4: Flow chart of the blowing out method of producing iodine 11
Figure 5: Flow chart of the ion-exchange method of producing iodine 12
Figure 6: World: Estimated iodine production capacity by country, 2005 19
Figure 7: World: Estimated iodine production capacity by main companies, 2005 20
Figure 8: World: Production of crude iodine by main countries, 1985 to 2004 23
Figure 9: World: Production of iodine by company, 2004 25
Figure 10: Chile: Estimated iodine production capacity by company, 2005 36
Figure 11: Chile: Exports of iodine by producing company, 1997 to 2004 49
Figure 12: Chile: Production, trade and apparent consumption of iodine, 1997 to 2004 54
Figure 13: Japan: Production of iodine and natural gas, 1991 to 2004 72
Figure 14: Japan: Estimated iodine production capacity by company, 2004 73
Figure 15: Japan: Production, trade and apparent consumption of iodine, 1990 to 2004 80
Figure 16: Russia: Production of iodine by company, 1992 to 2004 87
Figure 17: USA: Production, trade and apparent consumption of iodine, 1990 to 2004 106
Figure 18: USA: Consumption of iodine in organic compounds, 1990 to 2004 120
Figure 19: USA: Consumption of iodine in inorganic compounds, 1990 to 2004 121
Figure 20: World: Estimated consumption of iodine by market, 2004 134
Figure 21: World: Forecast demand for iodine by market, 2010 135
Figure 22: World: Production of synthetic rubber by region, 1977 to 2003 144
Figure 23: USA and EU: Number of cattle, 1987 to 2004 149
Figure 24: World production of nylon, 1985 to 2004 153
Figure 25: USA: Breakdown of tall oil distillation products, 2003 155
Figure 26: USA: End of year high/low price of crude iodine in drums, 1973 to 2004 162
Figure 27: UK: Monthly price of crude iodine crystals, 50kg drums, delivered UK, 1991 to 2002 164
Figure 28: Monthly spot and contract price of iodine crystal, 99.5% minimum, drums, 2001 to 2005 165
Figure 29: Average annual value of iodine exports from Chile, Japan and the USA, 1996 to 2004 167

The Economics of Iodine

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