The Economics of Manganese

1. Executive summary

2. History, properties, occurrence and resources of manganese

• 2.1. History of manganese
• 2.2. Properties of manganese
• 2.3. Occurrence of manganese
  • 2.3.1. Manganese minerals
  • 2.3.2. Types of manganese deposits
• 2.4. Global manganese resources
• 2.4.1. Ocean nodules

3. Mining, processing and refining of manganese

• 3.1. Manganese ore mining
• 3.2. Manganese ore processing
• 3.3. Manganese smelting and refining
  • 3.3.1. Manganese ferro-alloys
    • 3.3.1.1. High-carbon ferro-manganese
    • 3.3.1.2. Medium-carbon and low-carbon ferro-manganese
    • 3.3.1.3. Ferro-silico-manganese
    • 3.3.1.4. Manganese ferro-alloy production costs
  • 3.3.2. Manganese metal
  • 3.3.3. Manganese dioxide
  • 3.3.4. Manganese chemicals
  • 3.3.5. Manganese recycling

4. Overview of world manganese production

• 4.1. Mine production of manganese
  • 4.1.1. Principal producers of manganese ore
• 4.2. Smelter/refinery production of manganese
  • 4.2.1. Production of manganese ferro-alloys
    • 4.2.1.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys
  • 4.2.2. Production of manganese metal
  • 4.2.3. Production of manganese chemicals

5. Review of manganese projects, mining and processing by country

• 5.1. Supply of manganese products in Argentina
• 5.2. Supply of manganese products in Australia
  • 5.2.1. Producers of manganese ore in Australia
    • 5.2.1.1. Consolidated Minerals Ltd. (ConsMin)
    • 5.2.1.2. Groote Eylandt Mining Co. Pty. Ltd. (Gemco)
    • 5.2.1.3. OM Holdings Ltd. (OMH)
    • 5.2.1.4. Process Minerals International (PMI)
    • 5.2.1.5. Other
  • 5.2.2. Smelters and refiners of manganese in Australia
    • 5.2.2.1. Australian Manganese Co. Pty. Ltd.
    • 5.2.2.2. HiTec Energy Ltd.
    • 5.2.2.3. Tasmanian Electro-Metallurgical Co. Pty. Ltd. (Temco)
• 5.3. Supply of manganese products in Austria
• 5.4. Supply of manganese products in Belgium
• 5.5. Supply of manganese products in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 5.6. Supply of manganese products in Brazil
  • 5.6.1. Producers of manganese ore in Brazil
    • 5.6.1.1. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD)
    • 5.6.1.2. Mineracao Buritirama SA
    • 5.6.1.3. Past producers
  • 5.6.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Brazil
    • 5.6.2.1. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD)
    • 5.6.2.2. Other producers
  • 5.6.3. Producers of EMD in Brazil
• 5.7. Supply of manganese products in Bulgaria
• 5.8. Supply of manganese products in Burkina Faso
• 5.9. Supply of manganese products in Canada
• 5.1. Supply of manganese products in Chile
• 5.11. Supply of manganese products in China
  • 5.11.1. Producers of manganese ore in China
  • 5.11.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in China
  • 5.11.3. Producers of manganese metal in China
  • 5.11.4. Producers of EMD and CMD in China
• 5.12. Supply of manganese products in Congo (Democratic Republic)
• 5.13. Supply of manganese products in Costa Rica
• 5.14. Supply of manganese products in Croatia
• 5.15. Supply of manganese products in Egypt
• 5.16. Supply of manganese products in France
  • 5.16.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in France
    • 5.16.1.1. Eramet Comilog Manganese
    • 5.16.1.2. Rio Doce Manganese Europe (RDME)
• 5.17. Supply of manganese products in Gabon
  • 5.17.1. Producers of manganese ore in Gabon
    • 5.17.1.1. Compagnie Miniere de l' Ogooue (Comilog)
    • 5.17.1.2. Potential producers
• 5.18. Supply of manganese products in Georgia
  • 5.18.1. Producers and processors of manganese in Georgia
• 5.19. Supply of manganese products in Germany
• 5.20. Supply of manganese products in Ghana
• 5.21. Supply of manganese products in Greece
• 5.22. Supply of manganese products in Hungary
• 5.23. Supply of manganese products in India
  • 5.23.1. Producers of manganese ore in India
    • 5.23.1.1. Manganese Ore India Ltd. (MOIL)
    • 5.23.1.2. Orissa Mining Corp. Ltd.
    • 5.23.1.3. Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore Ltd. (Sandur)
    • 5.23.1.4. Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.
    • 5.23.1.5. Other
  • 5.23.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in India
    • 5.23.2.1. Baheti Metals and Ferro-Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.2. Balasore Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.3. Chhattisgarh Electricity Co. Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.4. Ferro-Alloys Corp. (Facor)
    • 5.23.2.5. Hira Ferro Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.6. Jalan Ispat Castings Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.7. Karthik Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.8. KFA Corp. (formerly Khandelwal Ferro-Alloys Ltd.)
    • 5.23.2.9. Maharashtra Elektrosmelt Ltd. (MEL)
    • 5.23.2.10. Maithan Group
    • 5.23.2.11. Manganese Ore India Ltd. (MOIL)
    • 5.23.2.12. Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd. (NBV)
    • 5.23.2.13. Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.14. Shri Ganesh Ferro-Alloys
    • 5.23.2.15. Sova Ispat Group
    • 5.23.2.16. Srinivasa Ferro-Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.17. Sun Metal & Alloys
    • 5.23.2.18. Universal Ferro and Allied Chemicals Ltd.
• 5.24. Supply of manganese products in Indonesia
• 5.25. Supply of manganese products in Iran
• 5.26. Supply of manganese products in Ireland
• 5.27. Supply of manganese products in Italy
• 5.28. Supply of manganese products in the Ivory Coast
• 5.29. Supply of manganese products in Japan
  • 5.29.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Japan
    • 5.29.1.1. Chuo Denki Kogyo Co. Ltd.
    • 5.29.1.2. Japan Metals and Chemicals (JMC)
    • 5.29.1.3. Kobe Steel
    • 5.29.1.4. Mizushima Ferroalloy Co. Ltd.
    • 5.29.1.5. Nippon Denko
  • 5.29.2. Producers of EMD in Japan
    • 5.29.2.1. Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co.
    • 5.29.2.2. Tosoh Corp.
• 5.3. Supply of manganese products in Kazakhstan
  • 5.30.1. Producers of manganese ore in Kazakhstan
    • 5.30.1.1. PJSC Alash
    • 5.30.1.2. Aluet
    • 5.30.1.3. JSC Atasuruda
    • 5.30.1.4. Elros-Zhezkazgan
    • 5.30.1.5. RU Kazmarganets
    • 5.30.1.6. Zhairem GOK
    • 5.30.1.7. PJSC Zhezkazganruda
  • 5.30.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Kazakhstan
    • 5.30.2.1. JSC Aksu
    • 5.30.2.2. LTD Temirtau Chemical-Metallurgical Plant
• 5.31. Supply of manganese products in North Korea
• 5.32. Supply of manganese products in South Korea
• 5.33. Supply of manganese products in Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic)
• 5.34. Supply of manganese products in Mexico
  • 5.34.1. Producers and processors of manganese in Mexico
    • 5.34.1.1. Minera Autlan
    • 5.34.1.2. Eramet Mexico
• 5.35. Supply of manganese products in Morocco
• 5.36. Supply of manganese products in Myanmar
• 5.37. Supply of manganese products in Namibia
• 5.38. Supply of manganese products in Norway
  • 5.38.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Norway
    • 5.38.1.1. Eramet A/S
    • 5.38.1.2. Rio Doce Manganese Norway (RDMN)
    • 5.38.1.3. Tinfos Jernverk A/S
• 5.39. Supply of manganese products in Pakistan
• 5.40. Supply of manganese products in Panama
• 5.41. Supply of manganese products in Paraguay
• 5.42. Supply of manganese products in Peru
• 5.43. Supply of manganese products in the Philippines
• 5.44. Supply of manganese products in Poland
  • 5.44.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Poland
    • 5.44.1.1. Huta A-asiska
    • 5.44.1.2. Stalmag
• 5.45. Supply of manganese products in Portugal
• 5.46. Supply of manganese products in Romania
• 5.47. Supply of manganese products in Russia
  • 5.47.1. Producers of manganese ore in Russia
    • 5.47.1.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Russia
• 5.48. Supply of manganese products in Saudi Arabia
• 5.49. Supply of manganese products in the Slovak Republic
• 5.5. Supply of manganese products in South Africa
  • 5.50.1. Producers of manganese ore in South Africa
    • 5.50.1.1. Assmang Ltd.
    • 5.50.1.2. Samancor Ltd.
    • 5.50.1.3. Other
  • 5.50.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in South Africa
    • 5.50.2.1. Assmang Ltd. Cato Ridge
    • 5.50.2.2. Metalloys
    • 5.50.2.3. Transalloys
  • 5.50.3. Producers of manganese metal and chemicals in South Africa
• 5.51. Supply of manganese products in Spain
  • 5.51.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Spain
    • 5.51.1.1. FerroAtlantica SA
    • 5.51.1.2. Hidro Nitro Espanola
• 5.52. Supply of manganese products in Taiwan
• 5.53. Supply of manganese products in Thailand
• 5.54. Supply of manganese products in Turkey
• 5.55. Supply of manganese products in Ukraine
  • 5.55.1. Producers of manganese ore in Ukraine
    • 5.55.1.1. Marganetsky GOK (MGOK)
    • 5.55.1.2. JSC Ordzhonikidzevsky GOK (OGOK)
    • 5.55.1.3. Tavrichesky GOK (TGOK)
  • 5.55.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Ukraine
    • 5.55.2.1. Konstantinovsky Metallurgical Plant
    • 5.55.2.2. Kramatorsk Metallurgical Plant
    • 5.55.2.3. JSC Nikopol (NZF)
    • 5.55.2.4. JSC Stakhanovsky (SFP)
    • 5.55.2.5. JSC Zaporozh' e (ZFZ)
• 5.56. Supply of manganese products in the UK
• 5.57. Supply of manganese products in the USA
  • 5.57.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in the USA
    • 5.57.1.1. Eramet Marietta
    • 5.57.1.2. Felman Production Inc.
  • 5.57.2. Producers of manganese metal in the USA
  • 5.57.3. Producers of EMD in the USA
    • 5.57.3.1. Erachem
    • 5.57.3.2. Eveready Battery Co.
    • 5.57.3.3. Tronox Inc.
  • 5.57.4. National Defense Stockpile
• 5.58. Supply of manganese products in Venezuela
• 5.59. Supply of manganese products in Vietnam
• 5.60. Supply of manganese products in Zambia
• 5.61. Supply of manganese products in Zimbabwe

6. Overview of world manganese consumption

• 6.1. Consumption of manganese ore
• 6.2. Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys
• 6.3. Consumption of manganese metal
• 6.4. Consumption of electrolytic manganese dioxide
• 6.5. Outlook for manganese demand

7. Uses of manganese

• 7.1. Use of manganese in iron and steel production
  • 7.1.1. Use of manganese ore in pig iron production
    • 7.1.1.1. Pig iron production
  • 7.1.2. Use of manganese ferro-alloys and metal in crude steel production
    • 7.1.2.1. Forms of manganese additions
    • 7.1.2.2. Steelmaking processes
    • 7.1.2.3. Crude steel production
  • 7.1.3. Carbon steels
    • 7.1.3.1. Markets for carbon steels
  • 7.1.4. Alloy steels
    • 7.1.4.1. Full alloy steels
    • 7.1.4.2. HSLA steels
    • 7.1.4.3. Other alloy steels
  • 7.1.5. Stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.1. Types of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.2. Uses of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.3. Production of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.4. Outlook for manganese demand in stainless steel
  • 7.1.6. Outlook for manganese demand for steel
    • 7.1.6.1. Current and medium-term outlook
    • 7.1.6.2. Long-term outlook
• 7.2. Use of manganese in non-steel alloys
  • 7.2.1. Non-ferrous alloys
    • 7.2.1.1. Aluminium alloys
    • 7.2.1.2. Copper alloys
    • 7.2.1.3. Other non-ferrous alloys
  • 7.2.2. Cast iron
  • 7.2.3. Superalloys
  • 7.2.4. Other non-steel alloys
• 7.3. Use of manganese in batteries
  • 7.3.1. Types of batteries
  • 7.3.2. Production of batteries
  • 7.3.3. Outlook for manganese demand in batteries
    • 7.3.3.1. Primary batteries
    • 7.3.3.2. Secondary batteries
• 7.4. Other uses for manganese
  • 7.4.1. Colourants and pigments
    • 7.4.1.1. Bricks and tiles
    • 7.4.1.2. Frits
    • 7.4.1.3. Glazes
    • 7.4.1.4. Glass
    • 7.4.1.5. Pigments
    • 7.4.1.6. Tumbling media
  • 7.4.2. Ferrites
  • 7.4.3. Welding fluxes
  • 7.4.4. Agriculture
    • 7.4.4.1. Animal feeds
    • 7.4.4.2. Fertilisers
  • 7.4.5. Water treatment
    • 7.4.5.1. Manganese ore
    • 7.4.5.2. Potassium permanganate
  • 7.4.6. Hydrometallurgy
    • 7.4.6.1. Zinc processing
    • 7.4.6.2. Uranium processing
    • 7.4.6.3. Other uses
  • 7.4.7. Fuel additives
  • 7.4.8. Oxidising agents
  • 7.4.9. Odour control
  • 7.4.10. Catalysts
  • 7.4.11. Sealants
  • 7.4.12. Metal coating
  • 7.4.13. Circuit boards
  • 7.4.14. Sulphur dioxide removal
  • 7.4.15. Hydroquinone production
  • 7.4.16. Other minor uses

8. International trade in manganese products

• 8.1. International trade in manganese ores and concentrates
• 8.2. International trade in manganese ferro-alloys
  • 8.2.1. International trade in ferro-manganese
  • 8.2.2. International trade in ferro-silico-manganese
• 8.3. International trade in manganese dioxide and other oxides
• 8.4. International trade in manganese metal

9. Manganese marketing and prices

• 9.1. Prices of manganese ore and concentrates
  • 9.1.1. Metallurgical-grade ore
  • 9.1.2. Non-metallurgical grade ore
• 9.2. Prices of manganese ferro-alloys
• 9.3. Prices of manganese metal
• 9.4. Prices of manganese chemicals

• Table 1: Physical properties of manganese
• Table 2: Principal manganese minerals
• Table 3: Composition of ocean-floor manganese nodules by ocean
• Table 4: World: Estimated manganese reserves and reserve base 2006
• Table 5: Principal producing countries: Typical Mn content of manganese ores produced
• Table 6: Chemical compositions of selected manganese concentrates
• Table 7: ASTM specifications for manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 8: Selected manganese chemicals: Formulae, manganese content and main markets
• Table 9: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ore in selected countries, 1995 to 2006 (000t gross wt)
• Table 10: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ore in selected countries, 1995 to 2006 (000t contained Mn)
• Table 11: World: Principal producers of manganese ore
• Table 12: World: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 2003 to 2006
• Table 13: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ferro-alloys in selected countries, 1995 to 2006
• Table 14: World: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 15: World: Principal producers of EMD (as of June 2006)
• Table 16: Argentina: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 17: Australia: Production of manganese ore and ferro-alloys, 1980 to 2006
• Table 18: Australia: International trade in manganese ore and ferro-alloys, 1980 to 2006
• Table 19: Consolidated Minerals: Manganese resources at Woodie Woodie (as of June 30th 2006)
• Table 20: Woodie Woodie: Grades of manganese ore and concentrates produced
• Table 21: Woodie Woodie: Production of manganese ore, 1999/00 to 2006/07
• Table 22: Gemco: Production of manganese ore, 2001 to 2006
• Table 23: Gemco: Grades of manganese ore and concentrates produced
• Table 24: Belgium: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 25: Brazil: Manganese reserves, 2005
• Table 26: Brazil: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2005
• Table 27: Brazil: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 28: CVRD: Summary of manganese mines in Brazil
• Table 29: Brazil: CVRD: Specifications of metallurgical manganese ore and concentrates
• Table 30: CVRD: Manganese ferro-alloy production capacity and output, 2006
• Table 31: Bulgaria: Production of manganese ore, 2001 to 2005
• Table 32: Chile: Production of manganese ore and manganese ferro-alloys, 1995 to 2005
• Table 33: China: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 34: China: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1987 to 2005
• Table 35: China: Principal manganese mines (at end 2006)
• Table 36: China: Companies producing battery-grade manganese ore powder (at end 2006)
• Table 37: China: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys (at end 2006)
• Table 38: China: Principal producers of manganese metal (at end 2006)
• Table 39: China: Principal producers of EMD and CMD (at end 2005)
• Table 40: France: Production of manganese ferro-alloys by type, 1984 to 2006
• Table 41: France: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 42: Georgia: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 43: Germany: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 44: India: Reserves of manganese ore by state, 2005
• Table 45: India: Production of manganese ore by state and Mn content, 2004/05
• Table 46: India: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 47: MOIL: Reserves of manganese by mine (Mt ore)
• Table 48: MOIL: Production of manganese ore and refined products, 2000 to 2007
• Table 49: India: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 50: Iran: Production of manganese, 2000 to 2005
• Table 51: Italy: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 52: Japan: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 53: Japan: Nominal capacity of manganese ferro-alloy producers
• Table 54: Kazakhstan: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 55: South Korea: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 56: South Korea: Manganese ferro-alloy producers
• Table 57: Mexico: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 58: Norway: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 59: Poland: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 60: Romania: Production and exports of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2006
• Table 61: Russia: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 62: OFZ: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 2003 to 2006
• Table 63: South Africa: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 64: Assmang: Summary of manganese reserves
• Table 65: Assmang: Specification of manganese ores
• Table 66: Samancor: Summary of manganese reserves (at 30th June 2006)
• Table 67: Spain: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 68: Ukraine: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 69: UK: Summary of manganese imports, 1995 to 2006
• Table 70: USA: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 71: USA: Manganese stockpile status, September 2006
• Table 72: Venezuela: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 73: World: Consumption of manganese by region, 2006
• Table 74: World: Manganese ore supply-demand balance, 2005
• Table 75: World: Apparent consumption of manganese ores and concentrates by country, 2000 to 2006
• Table 76: World: Manganese ferro-alloys supply-demand balance, 2005
• Table 77: World: Manganese ferro-alloys supply-demand balance, 2003 to 2007
• Table 78: Selected countries: Apparent consumption of manganese ferro-alloys, 2000 to 2006
• Table 79: World: Forecast growth in manganese demand by type of steel, 2006 to 2015
• Table 80: Typical manganese content of carbon and alloy steels
• Table 81: World: Production of pig iron by country, 1998 to 2006
• Table 82: World: Estimated consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by type and steelmaking process
• Table 83: Typical unit consumption of manganese in steelmaking, 2000 to 2005
• Table 84: China: Unit consumption of manganese ferro-alloys in steelmaking, 1998 to 2004
• Table 85: World: Production of crude steel by region and leading countries, 1998 to 2006
• Table 86: World: Leading steel-producing companies, 2002 and 2006
• Table 87: World: Production of passenger cars by country, 1997 to 2006
• Table 88: World: Production of light commercial vehicles by country, 1997 to 2006
• Table 89: USA: Value of construction put in place, 2002 to 2006
• Table 90: Selected countries: Production of alloy steel ingot, 1999 to 2005
• Table 91: China: Production of alloy steels by type, 2006
• Table 92: Typical compositions of full alloy steels
• Table 93: Alloying additions and properties of selected ASTM grades of HSLA steel
• Table 94: Compositions of air-cooled microalloy forging steels
• Table 95: Selected countries: Production of tool and high-speed steels, 1999 to 2005
• Table 96: Chemical composition of selected 200 series stainless steels
• Table 97: World: Production of stainless steel by country, 1995 to 2006
• Table 98: China: Stainless steel melting capacity by company, 2004 to 2007
• Table 99: World: Capacities of principal stainless steel producing companies, 2006 and 2008
• Table 100: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 2000 to 2006
• Table 101: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by leading countries, 2000 to 2006
• Table 102: World: Short-range outlook for apparent steel use, 2006-2008
• Table 103: Selected countries: Per capita consumption of crude steel, 1998 to 2005
• Table 104: World: Forecast growth in steel demand to 2010 and 2015
• Table 105: Chemical composition and applications of wrought aluminium alloys containing manganese
• Table 106: Typical compositions of cast irons by type
• Table 107: World: Production of iron castings by type, 1970 to 2005
• Table 108: World: Production of iron castings by country, 2005
• Table 109: Compositions of selected superalloys and high-performance alloys containing manganese
• Table 110: Specifications and typical analysis of NMD, EMD and CMD
• Table 111: Europe: Sales of batteries by type, 2003 (weight to market)
• Table 112: Japan: Sales of primary batteries by type, 1986 to 2006
• Table 113: Japan: Sales of selected secondary batteries by type, 1986 to 2006
• Table 114: World: Sales of lithium-ion batteries, 2001 to 2006
• Table 115: World: Demand for batteries, 2005 and forecast for 2010
• Table 116: USA: Forecast sales of lithium primary batteries, 2002-2009
• Table 117: Canada: Estimated sales of primary batteries, 2004 to 2010
• Table 118: Japan: Production of ferrites 1997 to 2001
• Table 119: World: Principal exporters of manganese ores and concentrates, 2000 to 2006
• Table 120: World: Principal importers of manganese ores and concentrates, 2000 to 2006
• Table 121: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of origin, 2006
• Table 122: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of origin, 2005
• Table 123: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of destination, 2006
• Table 124: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of destination, 2005
• Table 125: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-manganese by country of origin, 2006
• Table 126: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-manganese by country of origin, 2005
• Table 127: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-manganese by country of destination, 2006
• Table 128: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-manganese by country of destination, 2005
• Table 129: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of origin, 2006
• Table 130: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of origin, 2005
• Table 131: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of destination, 2006
• Table 132: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of destination, 2005
• Table 133: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese dioxide by country of origin, 2006
• Table 134: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese dioxide by country of origin, 2005
• Table 135: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese dioxide by country of destination, 2006
• Table 136: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese dioxide by country of destination, 2005
• Table 137: Reporting countries: Exports of other manganese oxides by country of origin, 2006
• Table 138: Reporting countries: Exports of other manganese oxides by country of origin, 2005
• Table 139: Reporting countries: Imports of other manganese oxides by country of destination, 2006
• Table 140: Reporting countries: Imports of other manganese oxides by country of destination, 2005
• Table 141: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2006
• Table 142: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2005
• Table 143: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2006
• Table 144: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2005
• Table 145: Europe: Prices of metallurgical-grade manganese ore, 1980 to 2007
• Table 146: Europe: Prices of non-metallurgical grade manganese ore, 1980 to 2002
• Table 147: Europe: Bulk manganese ferro-alloy prices, 2006/07
• Table 148: Europe, Hong Kong & USA: Year-end prices of HC Fe-Mn, 1980-2007
• Table 149: Europe, Hong Kong & USA: Year-end prices of Fe-Si-Mn, 1980-2007
• Table 150: World: Year-end free market prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn, electrolytic flake, 1997 to 2007
• Table 151: USA: Published prices of selected manganese chemicals, 1980 to 2000

• Figure 1: World production of steel and manganese, 1995 to 2006 and forecasts to 2015
• Figure 2: World consumption of manganese by region, 2005/06
• Figure 3: Per capita consumption of crude steel in selected countries, 2005
• Figure 4: Ownership of the global manganese mining industry
• Figure 5: Average cost structure for manganese ferro-alloys
• Figure 6: World: Production of crude steel and manganese, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 7: World: Production of manganese ore by principal countries, 2006
• Figure 8: World: Production of manganese ore by principal countries, 2006
• Figure 9: Principal producing countries: Comparison of gross weight and metal content of manganese ore produced, 2006
• Figure 10: World: Production of manganese ferro-alloys by region, 2005
• Figure 11: World: Estimated production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 12: World: Estimated production of ferro-manganese and silico-manganese, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 13: Australia: Production and exports of manganese ore, 1980 to 2006
• Figure 14: Brazil: Production of manganese concentrate, 1985 to 2006
• Figure 15: Brazil: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2005
• Figure 16: China: Production of manganese ore, 1984 to 2006
• Figure 17: China: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1987 to 2005
• Figure 18: Gabon: Production of manganese ores and concentrates, 1984 to 2006
• Figure 19: Ghana: Production of manganese ores and concentrates, 1993 to 2005
• Figure 20: World: Estimated end use of manganese ore by end use
• Figure 21: China: Consumption of manganese ore by type of manganese product, 2005
• Figure 22: Principal countries: Apparent consumption of Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 2000 to 2007
• Figure 23: World: Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by type, 2006
• Figure 24: Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by steelmaking process
• Figure 25: USA: Consumption of manganese metal by end use, 2005
• Figure 26: World: Estimated consumption of manganese by type of steel, 2006
• Figure 27: World: Production of pig iron by principal countries, 1998 and 2006
• Figure 28: World: Production of Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 1996 to 2006
• Figure 29: World: Production of crude steel by process, 1986 to 2006
• Figure 30: World: Production of DRI, 1970 to 2006
• Figure 31: World: Production of crude steel by principal region, 1998 to 2006
• Figure 32: World: Consumption of stainless steel by market segment, 2006
• Figure 33: World: Production of stainless steel, and year-on-year change, 1992 to 2006
• Figure 34: World: Average monthly prices for manganese metal and nickel, 2007
• Figure 35: World: Demand for stainless steel by type, 2003 to 2007
• Figure 36: Japan: Sales of primary batteries by type, 1993 to 2006
• Figure 37: Japan: Market shares for primary and secondary batteries, 1986 to 2006
• Figure 38: Japan: Sales of selected secondary batteries by type, 1993 to 2006
• Figure 39: Japan: Average sales price of lithium-ion batteries, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 40: Japan: Production of primary and secondary batteries by type, 2006
• Figure 41: USA: Average value of manganese imports by product type, 2006
• Figure 42: USA: Annual prices of imported manganese ferro-alloys, 1999 to 2007
• Figure 43: USA: Monthly prices of HC Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 1999 to 2007
• Figure 44: US and Hong Kong: Monthly prices for Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 2007
• Figure 45: World: Prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn, electrolytic flake, 1997 to 2007
• Figure 46: World: Monthly prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn electrolytic flake, 2007
• Figure 47: Selected countries: Average values of exports of manganese dioxide, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 48: Selected countries: Average values of imports of manganese dioxide, 2002 to 2006