Clinical Laboratory Testing Volume 1: Reagents and Instruments

Table of Contents

1. Overview 8

• 1.1 Objectives of the Report 8
• 1.2 Methodology 9
• 1.3 Scope of the Report 10
• 1.4 Executive Summary 11

2. IVD Clinical Laboratory Market 16

• 2.1 Introduction 16
• 2.2 Independent Clinical Labs 18
  • 2.2.1 Key Players for Independent Clinical Labs 19
  • 2.2.2 Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp 19
  • 2.2.3 Competitive Advantages at Quest and LabCorp 22
  • 2.2.4 Competitive Disadvantages of Quest and LabCorp 24
  • 2.2.5 Revenue Growth of Quest and LabCorp 24
  • 2.2.6 Sector Consolidation 25
  • 2.2.7 Additional Independent Clinical Laboratories 26
• 2.3 Hospital Market 27
  • 2.3.1 Hospital Market Overview 27
  • 2.3.2 Hospital Lab Testing Drivers 27
  • 2.3.3 Evaluation Models of Laboratory Testing 28
  • 2.3.4 GPOs and IDNs 29
  • 2.3.5 Distributors 29
  • 2.3.6 Clinical Lab Testing Suppliers 30
  • 2.3.7 European Hospital Purchasing Practices 30
  • 2.3.8 Changes in Hospital Funding 31
  • 2.3.9 European Group Purchasing 31
• 2.4 POL Market 32
• 2.5 IVD Industry 33
  • 2.5.1 Industry Overview 33
  • 2.5.2 IVD Industry Leading Players Comparison and Review 34
  • 2.5.3 Biotechnology Reagents and Supplies 48
  • 2.5.3.1 Vendor Quality Assurance 49
  • 2.5.3.2 Partnership Support 50
  • 2.5.3.3 Protecting Supply of Raw Materials 51
  • 2.5.3.4 Selecting a Second Source for Chemicals 52
  • 2.5.3.5 Cost Analysis for Reagent Manufacture 52
  • 2.5.3.6 Outsourcing Production of Reagents 53
  • 2.5.4 The Fastest Growing IVD Reagent Markets 53
  • 2.5.5 Automated Instrumentation 53
  • 2.5.6 High Growth Applications Spur Industry Growth 54
• 2.6 Automated Instrument Platforms Evolution 54
• 2.7 Reagents and Supplies Market for Clinical Lab Instruments 54
• 2.8 Spending for Clinical Laboratory Testing 54
  • 2.8.1 Reimbursement Pressure 55
  • 2.8.2 Medicare Part B Spending Trends 57
  • 2.8.3 Strategies for Revenue Growth 58

3. IVD Clinical Laboratory Market 59

• 3.1 Markets 59
  • 3.1.1 Global Markets 59
  • 3.1.2 Global Drivers of Clinical Laboratory Testing 61
  • 3.1.3 Global Outlook 62
  • 3.1.4 U.S. Market 63
• 3.1.5 European IVD Market 66
  • 3.1.5.1 German Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Markets 76
  • 3.1.5.2 U.K. Clinical Laboratory Testing Diagnostic Market 77
  • 3.1.5.2.1 U.K. Competitive Analysis 78
  • 3.1.5.2.2 U.K. Market Access 79
  • 3.1.5.3 French Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Testing Market 80
  • 3.1.5.4 Italian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 81
  • 3.1.5.5 Spanish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 82
  • 3.1.5.6 Finnish Clinical Laboratory Market 83
  • 3.1.5.7 Turkish Clinical Laboratory Market 84
  • 3.1.5.8 Belgium Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 84
  • 3.1.5.9 Swiss Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 85
  • 3.1.5.10 Dutch Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 86
  • 3.1.5.11 Portuguese Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 87
  • 3.1.5.12 Austrian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 88
  • 3.1.5.13 Greek Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 89
  • 3.1.5.14 Polish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 90
  • 3.1.5.15 Romanian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 91
  • 3.1.5.16 Czech Republic Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 92
  • 3.1.5.17 Swedish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 93
  • 3.1.5.18 Norwegian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 93
  • 3.1.5.19 Irish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 94
  • 3.1.5.20 Hungarian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 94
  • 3.1.5.21 Bulgarian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 95
  • 3.1.5.22 Slovakian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 95
  • 3.1.5.23 Lithuanian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 96
  • 3.1.5.24 Latvian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 96
  • 3.1.5.25 Estonian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 97
  • 3.1.5.26 Slovenian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 97
• 3.1.6 Asian Markets 98
  • 3.1.6.1 Indian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Market 98
  • 3.1.6.1.1 Indian IVD Testing Industry 98
  • 3.1.6.2 Japanese Clinical Laboratory Testing Market 103
  • 3.1.6.3 Chinese Clinical Laboratory Market 103
• 3.1.7 Clinical Laboratory Smaller Country Markets 111
  • 3.1.7.1 Canadian Clinical Laboratory Market 111
  • 3.1.7.2 Brazilian Clinical Laboratory Market 112
  • 3.1.7.3 Australian Clinical Laboratory Market 112
• 3.1.8 ROW Clinical Laboratory Testing Market 113
• 3.1.9 Overview of Asian Healthcare Market 113
  • 3.1.9.1 Singapore 114
  • 3.1.9.2 Malaysia 115
  • 3.1.9.3 Thailand 116
  • 3.1.9.4 Indonesia 116
  • 3.1.9.5 Philippines 116
  • 3.1.9.6 South Korea 116
  • 3.1.9.7 India 117
  • 3.1.9.8 Hong Kong 117
  • 3.1.9.9 Taiwan 117
  • 3.1.10 Overview of the Latin American Diagnostics Market 118
• 3.2 Clinical Laboratory Sector 118
  • 3.2.1 Worldwide IVD Sales 118
  • 3.2.1.1 POLs 120
  • 3.2.2 Industry Players 125
  • 3.2.2.1 Manufacturing Companies 125
  • 3.2.3 Market Specialization 126
  • 3.2.4 Revenue and Reimbursement 128
  • 3.2.5 Companies 129
• 3.3 Outlook for Clinical Laboratory Testing 130
  • 3.3.1 Long-Term Changes 130
  • 3.3.2 Market Drivers 131
  • 3.3.3 The Limits to Growth 132
  • 3.3.4 Hot Sectors in the IVD Market 133
  • 3.3.5 Key Technologies 135
  • 3.3.6 Conclusion 135

4. Clinical Laboratory Instrument Market by Sector 136

• 4.1 Chemistry Analyzers 136
  • 4.1.1 Ultra-Large Throughput Laboratory Analyzers 136
  • 4.1.2 Large-Throughput Analyzers 143
  • 4.1.3 Mid-Size Clinical Laboratory Analyzers 154
  • 4.1.4 Laboratory Analyzers for the Small Volume Market 158
• 4.2 Immunochemistry Analyzers 165
  • 4.2.1 Large Immunochemistry Analyzers 165
  • 4.2.2 Small Immunoassay Analyzers 174
• 4.3 Hematology Analyzers 176
• 4.4 Point of Care Testing 192
• 4.6 Cytology Testing 196
• 4.7 Microbiology Testing 198
• 4.8 Serology Testing 198
• 4.9 Esoteric Testing 198
• 4.10 Anatomic Pathology 199
• 4.11 Drug Testing 199

5. Important Technology Trends in IVD Instrumentation and Reagents 200

• 5.1 Technology Innovations in Instrument and Reagent Development 200
• 5.2 Sensor Systems for Diagnostic Applications 200
• 5.3 Glucose Measurements 205
• 5.4 Glucose Test Methods 207
• 5.5 Cholesterol Measurements 208
• 5.6 The New Paradigm 209
• 5.7 Consolidated Workstations 209
• 5.8 Automation in the Laboratory 211
• 5.9 Laboratory Information Systems 212
• 5.10 New User-friendly Interfaces 213
• 5.11 Biosensor Technology 214
• 5.12 Data-Management Issues 216
  • 5.12.1 Wireless LANs 216
  • 5.12.2 Cepheid' s POC GBS and BCR/ABL Tests 216
  • 5.12.3 Data and Workflow Management Systems 217
  • 5.12.4 Beckman Central Command 217

6. Business Trends in the Clinical Laboratory Analyzer and Reagents Market 218

• 6.1 Key Market Developments 218
  • 6.1.1 Decreasing Revenue from Traditional IVD Markets 218
  • 6.1.2 High Growth in POCT and Molecular Diagnostics Arena 218
  • 6.1.3 Move Away from Traditional Kit Testing Methods 219
  • 6.1.4 Integrated Analytical Systems 219
  • 6.1.5 Regulatory Changes 220
  • 6.1.6 Development of a Two-Tier Industry Structure 220
  • 6.1.7 Labor Costs 220
  • 6.1.8 Increasing Value of Companies with High-Margin Technology Platforms 220
  • 6.1.9 The Joining of IVD Testing and Computer Technology 221
  • 6.1.10 User-Friendly User Interfaces 221
• 6.2 Sector Consolidation 222
  • 6.2.1 IVD Company Consolidation 222
  • 6.2.2 Lab Company Consolidation 225
  • 6.2.2.1 Acquisition Pricing 226
  • 6.2.2.2 A Closer Look at Six Big Lab Deals 226
• 6.3 Diagnostic Testing Growth Trends 228
• 6.4 Reagent and Hardware Business in Japan 228
• 6.5 New Products 228
• 6.6 Acquisition, License Agreements, Internal Development and Partnerships 229
• 6.7 Product Testing Depth in Clinical Laboratory Testing 230
• 6.8 Government Regulation of IVD Devices 230
  • 6.8.1 U.S. Regulation 230
  • 6.8.1.1 Importing Medical Devices into the U.S. 232
  • 6.8.1.2 Exporting Medical Devices from the U.S. 233
  • 6.8.2 U.K. Regulation 233
  • 6.8.3 E.U. Regulation 234
  • 6.8.3.1 France 236
  • 6.8.4 Japanese Regulation 237
  • 6.8.5 Korean Regulation 237
  • 6.8.6 Chinese Regulation 237
• 6.9 Increased Market Penetration 238
• 6.10 Costs of Doing Business in Europe 239
• 6.11 Drivers of European Diagnostics Testing 239
• 6.12 European Reimbursement Practices 239
• 6.13 Cost Containment in Europe 240
• 6.14 Hospital Outreach Programs 240
• 6.15 Electronic Procurement: New Challenges 240
• 6.16 Competition for Supply Chain Management Solutions 243
• 6.17 E-Commerce in the Hospital Supply Chain 244
• 6.17.1 Drivers of E-Commerce Solutions 244
• 6.17.2 Barriers to E-Commerce Solutions 245
• 6.18 Top Trends in Laboratory Business Practices 247
• 6.19 The Value of the New Diagnostics 247
• 6.20 Converging Technologies-Drugs and Diagnostic Tests Combine for Improved Healthcare 248
• 6.21 Emerging Technologies in the Downstream Manufacture of Bio-Materials 248
• 6.22 GMP Readiness 248
• 6.23 Harnessing Human Resource Capabilities and IT Prowess: Biotechnology in the Future 248
• 6.24 Partnering with Patient-Based Organizations to Achieve Patient Health Goals 249
• 6.25 Rumors of the Platform Company' s Demise are Greatly Exaggerated 249
• 6.26 Who' s Going to Pay for It? 249

7. Company Profiles 252

• 7.1 Abaxis 252
• 7.2 Abbott 252
• 7.3 Adaltis, Inc. 255
• 7.4 Alfa Wasserman, Inc. (formerly Electro-Nucleonics, Inc. and Schiapparelli Biosystems, Inc.) 255
• 7.5 Awareness Technology 256
• 7.6 Beckman Coulter, Inc. 256
• 7.7 Bio-Reference Laboratories, Inc. 264
• 7.8 Dade Behring, Inc. 264
• 7.9 Enzo Biochem, Inc. 265
• 7.10 Genomic Health, Inc. 265
• 7.11 Hitachi 265
• 7.12 Horiba Ltd. 266
• 7.13 JEOL Ltd. 267
• 7.14 LabCorp 268
• 7.15 MEDTOX Scientific, Inc. 268
• 7.16 Monogram Biosciences, Inc. 269
• 7.17 Myriad Genetics, Inc. 269
• 7.18 Nova Biomedical 269
• 7.19 Olympus America, Inc. Diagnostic Systems Division 270
• 7.20 Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, a J&J Company 271
• 7.21 Psychemedics Corporation 274
• 7.22 Quest Diagnostics, Inc. 274
• 7.23 Roche Diagnostics Corp. 275
• 7.24 Shimadzu 278
• 7.25 Sysmex Corporation 278
• 7.26 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. 279
• 7.27 Vital Scientific, NV 281

LIST OF FIGURES

• Figure 2.1: Clinical Laboratory Testing Sector Providers 17
• Figure 2.2: Part B Spending on Clinical Laboratory Services, 1991-2007 57
• Figure 3.1: IVD Product Demand 63
• Figure 3.2: European IVD Market by Clinical Specialty 70
• Figure 3.3: Chinese IVD Market, 2006-2012 104
• Figure 3.4: Annual Worldwide IVD Market Growth, 2003-2012 119
• Figure 3.5: POL Revenue, 2000-2006 121
• Figure 3.6: Unweighted Average Medicare Reimbursement for Ten Most Common POL Tests, 2002 vs. 2006 121
• Figure 3.7: Total Number of Non-Waived POLs, 2000-2006 122
• Figure 3.8: Number of New Tests Granted CLIA-Waived Status, 2000-2006 123
• Figure 3.9: High-Volume Waived Tests 124
• Figure 6.1: Average Revenue-Multiple Paid to Acquire Labs, 2000-2006 226
• Figure 6.2: Hospital Market Share for Outreach Programs 240

LIST OF TABLES

• Table 2.1: Total U.S. Clinical Laboratory Revenue from Third Party and Direct Payment, 2005-2012 17
• Table 2.2: U.S. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Test Market Segments, 2007 18
• Table 2.3: Independent Commercial Laboratory Testing Market Value, 2005-2012 18
• Table 2.4: Independent Commercial Laboratory Testing Test Volume, 2005-2012 18
• Table 2.5: Leading U.S. Reference Laboratories Grouped by Market Capitalization, 2008 19
• Table 2.6: Revenue Growth at Quest Diagnostics, 2000-2008 24
• Table 2.7: Revenue Growth at LabCorp, 2000-2008 25
• Table 2.8: Quest' s Total Volume of Requisitions and Net Revenues from Clinical Laboratory Testing, 2007 25
• Table 2.9: Number of Hospital Based Clinical Laboratory Tests in the U.S., 2002-2008 27
• Table 2.10: European Cardiovascular Disease Management Expenditures, 2003-2010 31
• Table 2.11: U.S. Doctor' s Office Lab Test Dollar Volume and Growth Rates, 2006 32
• Table 2.12: Worldwide Alternate Site Clinical Lab Instrument and Reagents Sales, 2005-2012 33
• Table 2.13: Thirteen Largest Diagnostic Companies Worldwide, 2007 34
• Table 2.14: Products Marketed by Abbott in the Diagnostic Market 39
• Table 2.15: Prodesse' s ASRs 49
• Table 2.16: Allowed Charges for Top 25 Clinical Laboratory Procedures, 2009 58
• Table 3.1: Worldwide IVD Testing Market, 2008 59
• Table 3.2: Worldwide Distribution of IVD Testing, 2008 59
• Table 3.3: Global Clinical Laboratory Market Sales, 1998-2012 60
• Table 3.4: Thirteen Largest Diagnostic Companies Worldwide, 2007 61
• Table 3.5: U.S. Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2003-2012 64
• Table 3.6: U.S. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Test Market Segments, 2007 64
• Table 3.7: U.S. Clinical Diagnostic POCT and Rapid Test Market Segments, 2007 65
• Table 3.8: U.S. Individual Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Diagnostic Test Markets, 2007 65
• Table 3.9: European Clinical Laboratory Testing IVD Reagents and Instruments Market, 2000-2012 66
• Table 3.10: European Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Testing Reagents and Instruments Market by Analyte, 2006 66
• Table 3.11: European Clinical Chemistry Testing IVD Reagents and Instruments Market, 2000-2012 67
• Table 3.12: European Clinical Laboratory Testing Diagnostics by Country Market, 2008 68
• Table 3.13: European Rapid POCT by Country Market, 2008 69
• Table 3.14: European Patient Self Testing OTC Diagnostics by Country Market, 2006 69
• Table 3.15: German Clinical Laboratory Testing Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 76
• Table 3.16: German Clinical Diagnostic Rapid Test Market Segments, 2008 76
• Table 3.17: U.K. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 77
• Table 3.18: U.K. Clinical Diagnostic Rapid Test Market Segments, 2008 78
• Table 3.19: Major U.K. IVD Manufacturers 79
• Table 3.20: U.S. IVD Manufacturers Doing Business in the U.K. 79
• Table 3.21: Other European Companies that Manufacture IVD Products in the U.K. 79
• Table 3.22: French Clinical IVD Testing Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 80
• Table 3.23: French Clinical Diagnostic Rapid Test Market Segments, 2008 80
• Table 3.24: Italian Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 81
• Table 3.25: Italian Clinical Diagnostic Rapid Test Market Segments, 2008 82
• Table 3.26: Spanish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 82
• Table 3.27: Spanish Clinical Diagnostic Rapid Test Market Segments, 2008 83
• Table 3.28: Finnish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 83
• Table 3.29: Turkish Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2000-2012 84
• Table 3.30: Belgium Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 84
• Table 3.31: Belgium Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 85
• Table 3.32: Swiss Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 85
• Table 3.33: Swiss Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 86
• Table 3.34: Dutch Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 86
• Table 3.35: Dutch Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 87
• Table 3.36: Portuguese Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 87
• Table 3.37: Portuguese Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 88
• Table 3.38: Austrian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 88
• Table 3.39: Austrian Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 89
• Table 3.40: Greek Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 89
• Table 3.41: Greek Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 90
• Table 3.42: Polish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 90
• Table 3.43: Polish Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 91
• Table 3.44: Romanian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 91
• Table 3.45: Romanian Clinical Reagents and Instruments Market, 2006 92
• Table 3.46: Czech Republic Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 92
• Table 3.47: Swedish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 93
• Table 3.48: Norwegian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 93
• Table 3.49: Irish Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 94
• Table 3.50: Hungarian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 94
• Table 3.51: Bulgarian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 95
• Table 3.52: Slovakian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 95
• Table 3.53: Lithuanian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 96
• Table 3.54: Latvian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 96
• Table 3.55: Estonian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 97
• Table 3.56: Slovenian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 97
• Table 3.57: Indian IVD Market for Instruments and Reagents, 2004-2012 98
• Table 3.58: Number of Automated Clinical Labs in India, 2004-2012 98
• Table 3.59: Indian IVD Market, 2008 99
• Table 3.60: Japanese Clinical Laboratory Testing Instrument and Reagents Market, 2003-2012 103
• Table 3.61: Chinese Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Products Market Sales, 2003-2012 104
• Table 3.62: Chinese IVD Market, 2008 104
• Table 3.63: Proportion of Medical Expenses Paid Privately 106
• Table 3.64: Chinese International IVD Manufacturers 107
• Table 3.65: Chinese Domestic IVD Manufacturers 108
• Table 3.66: Chinese IVD Distributors 110
• Table 3.67: Canadian Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2000-2008 111
• Table 3.68: Brazilian Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2000-2008 112
• Table 3.69: Australian Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2000-2008 112
• Table 3.70: ROW Clinical Laboratory Testing Market, 2000-2008 113
• Table 3.71: Number of Clinical Laboratories in Latin America 118
• Table 3.72: Twenty Most Common Laboratory Tests Offered at Family Physician Offices 125
• Table 3.73: Important New Waived Tests 125
• Table 3.74: Principal Marketers of Automated Clinical Laboratory Instruments 126
• Table 3.75: Key Market Drivers of Automated Clinical Laboratory Instruments 131
• Table 3.76: Key Market Limits of Automated Clinical Laboratory Instruments 133
• Table 4.1: Ultra-Large Clinical Laboratory Analyzers 143
• Table 4.2: JEOL Analyzer Comparison 151
• Table 4.3: Large Clinical Laboratory Analyzers 154
• Table 4.4: Mid-size Clinical Laboratory Analyzers 158
• Table 4.5: Small Clinical Laboratory Analyzers 164
• Table 4.6: Large Immunochemistry Analyzers 173
• Table 4.7: Small Immunoassay Analyzers 176
• Table 4.8: Linearity and Precision of Abbott CELL-DYN Hematology Analyzers 178
• Table 4.9: Accuracy of the Automated Differential of Abbott CELL-DYN Analyzers 179
• Table 4.10: Linearity and Precision of Siemens Hematology Analyzers 180
• Table 4.11: Accuracy of the Automated Differential of Siemens Hematology Analyzers 181
• Table 4.12: Linearity and Precision of Beckman Coulter Hematology Instruments 183
• Table 4.13: Accuracy of the Automated Differential of Beckman Coulter Hematology Analyzers 183
• Table 4.14: Linearity and Precision of Horiba ABX Hematology Analyzers 185
• Table 4.15: Accuracy of the Horiba ABX Hematology Analyzers 186
• Table 4.16: Linearity and Precision of Sysmex Hematology Analyzers 189
• Table 4.17: Accuracy of the Sysmex Hematology Analyzers 189
• Table 4.18: Comparison of Linearity and Precision of Top-of-the-Line Hematology Analyzers 190
• Table 4.19: Comparison of Accuracy of the Top-of-the-Line Hematology Analyzers 190
• Table 4.20: Hematology Analyzers with a Five-Part WBC Differential 191
• Table 4.21: Hematology Analyzers with a Three-Part WBC Differential 191
• Table 4.22: Point of Care Testing 193
• Table 4.23: Number of ER Visits in U.S. Hospitals, 1997-2007 195
• Table 4.24: Number of POCT in U.S., 2000-2012 195
• Table 4.25: PAP Tests in Top European Markets 197
• Table 4.26: PAP Tests in Top Asian Markets 197
• Table 5.1: Normal Glucose Values-Fasting State 207
• Table 5.2: Applications for Wireless LAN Technology 216
• Table 7.1: Products Marketed by Abbott in the Diagnostics Market 253
• Table 7.2: Comparison of JEOL Analyzers 267
• Table 7.3: The VITROS ECiQ Immunodiagnostic System 273
• Table 7.4: Sysmex Marketing Summary for China 279