Biomass Report: Direct and Indirect Use (Ed 2 - 2007)

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• Regional usage and development
• Usage patterns
• Technologies and transformation
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
• Charcoal production
• Briquetting and pelletising
• Biofuels for transportation
• Bioheat
• MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
• LFG (Landfill Gas)
• Biopower
• Biomass legislation

2. Introduction

3. Biomass as a primary fuel

• TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
• TFEC - Total Final Energy Consumption
• The Fuel Ladder
• Urban usage
• Regional distribution of biomass consumption
• Future primary energy production and consumption
• Bioenergy power generation

4. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy

• Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy

5. Biomass resources

• Agricultural crops
• Energy cropping

6. Biomass conversion technologies

• Direct use
  • Combustion
  • Cogeneration
• Transformation
• Electricity generation
  • Conventional steam boiler
  • Co-firing
  • Biogas
  • Anaerobic digestion
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Charcoal production
  • Briquetting and pelletising
• Modular systems
• Biofuels for transportation
  • Ethanol
  • Biodiesel
  • Bio refineries
• Bio-based products
• Technology developments

7. Biomass usage and technologies

• Biomass electricity and heat
• Biomass heat
  • Technology for biomass heat
  • Domestic heat production
  • Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
  • District heating
  • Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat
  • European competitiveness
  • Market characteristics
  • Infrastructure constraints
  • USA
  • Rest of world
• Liquid biofuels
  • Feedstocks
• Ethanol
  • Brazil
  • USA
  • Motor fuel applications for ethanol in the US
  • EU
• Biodiesel
  • Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
  • USA
  • EPAct 1992
  • EPAct 2005
  • Biodiesel Tax Credit
  • Credit Trading Programme
  • State incentives for use of biodiesel
  • International incentives for proportion of biodiesel
  • Australia
  • Thailand:
  • Malaysia:
  • Technology and feedstocks for ethanol and biodiesel
  • Ethanol
  • Biodiesel
  • Environmental impacts
  • Manpower requirements
  • Market position
  • Brazil, USA, EU competitiveness
  • Ethanol
  • Biodiesel
• MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
  • Technology
  • Waste reduction
  • Environmental issues
  • Global market
  • EU
  • Waste policy in Europe
  • USA
  • East Asia
  • Japan
  • Pacific
  • Future prospects
• Landfill gas,
  • Environment
  • Technology
  • Landfill gas market
  • EU
  • EU environmental regulations
  • Rest of world
  • Market problems
  • Future prospects for landfill gas
• Biogas
• Biopower
  • Technology
  • Conventional steam cycle plant
  • Gasification and other advanced processes
  • Co-firing with fossil fuels
  • Advantages of co-firing
  • Disadvantages of co-firing
  • Figure 7.13: Electricity generation from biomass, GWh 1970 to 2004
  • United States
  • Europe
  • Brazil

8. Regional and national biomass market and technology review

• United States
  • Biomass Consumption by Energy Source and Use Sector
  • Biomass Resources
  • Electricity generation from biomass
• Europe
• Transformation
  • Electricity generation
  • Biofuel
  • Equipment for biomass power generation
• National market characteristics in the EU
• Austria
  • Biomass R&D
• Belgium
  • Biomass R&D
• Denmark
  • Biomass R&D
• Finland
  • Biomass R&D
• France
• Germany
  • Biomass R&D
• Greece
  • Biomass R&D
• Ireland
  • Biomass R&D
• Italy
  • Biomass R&D
• Netherlands
  • Biomass R&D
• Portugal
  • Biomass R&D
• Spain
  • Biomass R&D
• Sweden
  • Biomass R&D
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
  • Biomass R&D
• CIS
• Asia Pacific
• Australia
• China
  • Biomass R&D and technology development
  • New technologies developed in China
  • New energy fuels and products under development
  • Government support
  • South Asia
• India
• Bangladesh
  • Government support
• Nepal
• Southeast Asia
• Indonesia
  • Government support
• Malaysia
  • Government support
• Myanmar
  • Biomass R&D and government support
• Philippines
  • Government support
• Thailand
  • Government support
  • Government support
• Vietnam
  • Biomass R&D and government support
• Latin America
• Brazil
• Mexico
• Africa

9. Environmental issues

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
• Kyoto Protocol
  • Status of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Annex 1 countries December 31, 2006
  • The "Hockey Stick Effect" and the "Medieval Warming"
  • Comment on Climate Report 2001 and Paris Report 2007
  • USA environmental legislation
• EU Environmental Directives
  • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
  • ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
  • IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
  • EU Biofuels Directive
  • The EU Landfill Directive
  • Hazardous Waste Directive
  • Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
  • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
  • End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
  • The technology and other abatement measures for carbon dioxide - CO2
  • Carbon sequestration
  • Sleipner Project

10. Comments on biomass statistics

11. Sources

12. Directory of Biomass Manufacturers

Figures

• Figure 2.1: Primary energy supply and conversion to electricity, 2004
• Figure 3.1: Total primary energy supply 2004
• Figure 3.2: Annual growth of renewable energy supply, 1990-2004
• Figure 3.3: 2001 share of total final consumption
• Figure 3.4: World Total Final Energy Consumption) by fuel 1970-2005, (Mtoe)
• Figure 3.5: Importance of biomass in different world regions, 1995
• Figure 3.6: Biomass consumption in North America, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 3.7: Biomass consumption in EU 15 countries, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 3.8: Biomass consumption in other European countries, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 3.9: Final energy demand projections by fuel, Mtoe, 1990-2030
• Figure 3.10: Renewables in electricity production
• Figure 6.1: Biomass resources and conversion routes to produce bioenegy
• Figure 7.1: World use of biomass, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 7.2: Transformation into electricity, heat and other fuel carriers, 2004
• Figure 7.3: : Production of ethanol by country, ktoe, 2005
• Figure 7.4: Ethanol production from 1995 to 2005, ktoe
• Figure 7.5: Ethanol refineries in the US, 2006
• Figure 7.6: Ethanol power aerobatic squadron
• Figure 7.7: Production of biodiesel in the EU and US, litres 1993-2005
• Figure 7.8: State incentives to spur biodiesel use
• Figure 7.9: Established waste policy in Europe
• Figure 7.10: Composition of MSW in the USA, 2005
• Figure 7.11: US Recycling rates, 2005
• Figure 7.12: Electricity generation from biomass. GWh, 1970 to 2004
• Figure 7.13: Electricity generation from biomass, GWh 1970 to 2004
• Figure 7.14: Leading countries in production of electricity from biomass, GWh, 1970 to 2004
• Figure 8.1: Proportion of renewable and biomass in the US energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.2: Composition of biomass supply in the United States, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.3: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.4: Biomass Energy Resource Hierarchy
• Figure 8.5: Generation of electricity from biomass in the United States, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.6: Consumption of biomass by type in Europe 2004
• Figure 8.7: Supply of renewable energy and biomass in European countries, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.8: Biomass electricity generation in Europe, GWh, 2004
• Figure 8.9: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Austria' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.10: Composition of biomass supply in Austria, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.11: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Austria, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.12: Generation of electricity from biomass in Austria, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.13: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Belgian energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.14: Composition of biomass supply in Belgium, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.15: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Belgium, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.16: Generation of electricity from biomass in Belgium, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.17: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Denmark' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.18: Composition of biomass supply in Denmark, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.19: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Denmark, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.20: Generation of electricity from biomass in Denmark, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.21: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Finland' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.22: Composition of biomass supply in Finland, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.23: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Finland, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.24: Generation of electricity from biomass in Finland, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.25: Proportion of renewable and biomass in France' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.26: Composition of biomass supply in France, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.27: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in France, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.28: Generation of electricity from biomass in France, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.29: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Germany' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.30: Composition of biomass supply in the Germany, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.31: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Germany, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.32: Generation of electricity from biomass in Germany, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.33: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Greece' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.34: Composition of biomass supply in Greece, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.35: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Greece, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.36: Generation of electricity from biomass in Greece, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.37: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Ireland' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.38: Composition of biomass supply in Ireland, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.39: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Ireland, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.40: Generation of electricity from biomass in Ireland GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.41: Biomass resources of Ireland
• Figure 8.42: Proportion of renewable and biomass energy in Italy' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004111
• Figure 8.43: Composition of biomass supply in Italy, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.44: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Italy, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.45: Generation of electricity from biomass in Italy, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.46: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Netherlands energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.47: Composition of biomass supply in the Netherlands, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.48: Use of biomass, final consumption, transformation in Netherlands, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.49: Generation of electricity from biomass in the Netherlands, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.50: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Portugal' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.51: Composition of biomass supply in Portugal, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.52: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Portugal, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.53: Generation of electricity from biomass in Portugal, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.54: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Spain' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.55: Composition of biomass supply in Spain, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.56: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Spain, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.57: Generation of electricity from biomass in Spain, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.58: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Sweden' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.59: Composition of biomass supply in the Sweden, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.60: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Sweden, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.61: Generation of electricity from biomass in Sweden, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.62: Jakobstad biomass power plant, 240 MW
• Figure 8.63: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Turkey' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.64: Composition of biomass supply in Turkey, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.65: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Turkey, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.66: Generation of electricity from biomass in Turkey, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.67: Proportion of renewable and biomass in the UK' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.68: Composition of biomass supply in the UK ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.69: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in the UK, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.70: Generation of electricity from biomass in the UK, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.71: Supply of renewable energy and biomass in CIS countries, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.72: Biomass production in Asia, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.73: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Australian energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.74: Composition of biomass supply in Australia, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.75: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Australia, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.76: Generation of electricity from biomass in Australia, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.77: Proportion of renewable and biomass in China' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.78: Composition of biomass supply in China, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.79: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in China, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.80: Generation of electricity from biomass in China, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.81: The current status of biomass use in China
• Figure 8.82: Proportion of renewable and biomass in India' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.83: Composition of biomass supply in India, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.84: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in India, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.85: Generation of electricity from biomass in India, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.86: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Bangladesh' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004144
• Figure 8.87: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Nepal' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.88: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Indonesia' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.89: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Indonesia, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.90: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Malaysia' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.91: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Myanmar' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.92: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Philippines energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.93: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Thailand' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.94: Generation of electricity from biomass in Thailand, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.95: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Vietnam' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.96: Biomass consumption in Latin America, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.97: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Brazil' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.98: Composition of biomass supply in Brazil, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.99: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Brazil, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.100: Generation of electricity from biomass in Brazil, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.101: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Mexico' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.102: Composition of biomass supply in Mexico, ktoe 2004
• Figure 8.103: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Mexico, ktoe, 2004
• Figure 8.104: Generation of electricity from biomass in Mexico, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 8.105: Biomass production in African countries ktoe, 2004
• Figure 9.1: Key greenhouse gases affected by human activity
• Figure 9.2: The Hockey Stick Graph
• Figure 9.3: Medieval Warm Period
• Figure 9.4: Geological storage of carbon dioxide in underground caverns
• Figure 9.5: The Sleipner project

Tables

• Table 7.1: Biomass consumption in European countries, ktoe, 1990, 2000 and 2003
• Table 7.2: Biomass consumption in European countries, ktoe, 1990, 2000 and 2003
• Table 7.3: Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
• Table 7.4: Biodiesel incentives in other countries
• Table 7.5: MSW plants with direct conversion to power generation in selected EU countries
• Table 7.6: Consumption of biogas schemes in the EU
• Table 7.7: Production of biogas by region, TJ
• Table 7.8: Installed generating capacity from biomass in OECD countries, MW, 1999 to 2004
• Table 7.9: Installed generating capacity from biomass in the USA, MW, 1999 to 2004
• Table 7.10: Installed generating capacity from biomass in OECD Europe, MW, 199 to 2004
• Table 7.11: Installed generating capacity from biomass in Europe countries, MW, 1999 to 2004
• Table 8.1: Biomass energy consumption by energy source and use sector, trn Btu, 2000-2004
• Table 8.2: Estimated Cumulative Biomass Quantities in the USA (dry ton/yr), 2003
• Table 8.3:USA Industrial Biomass Energy Consumption and Electricity Net Generation by Primary Purpose of Business and Energy Source, 2003, (Trillion Btus, GWh)
• Table 8.4: Fuel used by urban and rural households by income categories in India, 1997